Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for primary pulmonary cryptococcosis.

BACKGROUND: The surgical outcome for primary pulmonary cryptococcosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for primary pulmonary cryptococcosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 49 patients with confirmed pulmonary cryptococcosis who underwent VATS for pulmonary nodules at the National Taiwan University Hospital between May 2013 and March 2019. Serum cryptococcal antigen (CryAg)-positive and CryAg-negative patients were compared. RESULTS: The diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis was confirmed using histopathology or tissue swab culture. The mean age of the patients was 56.0 ± 12.2 years, and 27 patients (55.1%) were male. Most patients were asymptomatic (67.3%) and admitted following the detection of pulmonary lesions on a computed tomography scan of the chest. A greater proportion of patients in the CryAg-positive group (62.5%) underwent lobectomy compared with those in the CryAg-negative group (7.3%, P < 0.001). Three patients (6.1%) had neurological symptoms (headache or dizziness) and all were serum CryAg-positive. One patient with Cryptococcus gattii developed fluctuating serum CryAg titers after a 12-month antifungal treatment. No relapse occurred in the remaining 48 patients, irrespective of postoperative antifungal treatment. CONCLUSION: In patients with primary pulmonary cryptococcosis, serum CryAg detection rate is low, and VATS was an effective and safe diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

Outcomes of primary total hip arthroplasty following septic arthritis of the hip : a case-control study.

AIMS: Septic arthritis of the hip often leads to irreversible osteoarthritis (OA) and the requirement for total hip arthroplasty (THA). The aim of this study was to report the mid-term risk of any infection, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), aseptic revision, and reoperation in patients with a past history of septic arthritis who underwent THA, compared with a control group of patients who underwent THA for OA. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 256 THAs in 244 patients following septic arthritis of the native hip, which were undertaken between 1969 and 2016 at a single institution. Each case was matched 1:1, based on age, sex, BMI, and year of surgery, to a primary THA performed for OA. The mean age and BMI were 58 years (35 to 84) and 31 kg/m2 (18 to 48), respectively, and 100 (39%) were female. The mean follow-up was 11 years (2 to 39). RESULTS: The ten-year survival free of any infection was 91% and 99% in the septic arthritis and OA groups, respectively (hazard ratio (HR) = 13; p < 0.001). The survival free of PJI at ten years was 93% and 99% in the septic arthritis and OA groups, respectively (HR = 10; p = 0.002). There was a significantly higher rate of any infection at ten years when THA was undertaken within five years of the diagnosis of septic arthritis compared with those in whom THA was undertaken > five years after this diagnosis was made (14% vs 5%, respectively; HR = 3.1; p = 0.009), but there was no significant difference in ten-year survival free of aseptic revision (HR = 1.14; p = 0.485). The mean Harris Hip Scores at two and five years postoperatively were significantly lower in the septic arthritis group compared with the OA group (p = 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: There was a ten-fold increased risk of PJI in patients with a history of septic arthritis who underwent THA compared with those who underwent THA for OA with a ten-year cumulative incidence of 7%. The risk of any infection had a strong downward trend as the time interval between the diagnosis of septic arthritis and THA increased, highlighted by a 3.1-fold higher risk when THAs were performed within five years of the diagnosis being made. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(2):227-234.

First case report of Cryptococcus laurentii knee infection in a previously healthy patient.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this case report was to report a case of Cryptococcus laurentii infection in the left knee of a previously healthy 29 year old male patient. CASE PRESENTATION: After an initial misdiagnosis and 7 months of failed treatment, the patient received nearly a month of treatment with voriconazole (200 mg IV q12 h) and knee irrigation with amphotericin B until the infection was controlled. The treatment continued with fluconazole for nearly 7 months and approximately 5 weeks of antibiotic treatment for a skin bacterial coinfection. In the end, the patient's symptoms disappeared completely, the left knee recovered well, and there was no recurrence of infection. CONCLUSION: The key points of successful treatment in this case were the thorough debridement, the adequate course of knee irrigation with antifungal drugs and more than 6 months of oral antifungal drugs that were able to eradicate the infection.

Clinical features of pulmonary cryptococcosis in thin-section CT in immunocompetent and non-AIDS immunocompromised patients.

RATIONAL AND OBJECTIVES: To compare thin-section computed tomography (CT) features of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) in immunocompetent and non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT findings of 18 immunocompetent and 24 non-AIDS immunocompromised patients with clinically proven PC. Different patterns of pulmonary abnormalities between the two groups of patients were compared by Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Pulmonary nodules were present in 37 of the 42 patients. Masses were detected in 16 patients and consolidation in 9. There were 12 patients with a solitary nodule or mass. Masses were associated with nodules in 12 patients. Consolidation was associated with nodules/masses in nine patients. The nodules/masses were associated with cavitations in 13 patients. Margination of nodules/masses was well defined in nine patients and ill-defined in 33. The abnormalities were predominantly distributed in the peripheral region of the lung (n = 29, 69.0%). The presence of cavitations in nodules/masses was significantly more frequent in non-AIDS immunocompromised than in immunocompetent patients (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The most common thin-section CT feature of PC was pulmonary nodules/masses, which were ill-defined and located peripherally. Cavitations within nodules/masses were more commonly found in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients. PC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules/masses.

Concomitant lung adenocarcinoma and pulmonary cryptococcosis confirmed by pathologic examinations.

To describe the characteristics of concomitant lung cancer and pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) cases.A total of 8 patients with lung cancer and coexisting PC, who were admitted to Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2015 and whose diagnoses were confirmed by pathological examinations, were studied.One patient had a history of diabetes mellitus and 1 had a history of treated with surgery. The lesions in 7 cases manifested as nodular shadows; only 1 case showed the lesion of the 2 diseases mergedmixed together, and it manifested as a large flake-like infiltrated shadow in the same lobe. The histological type in all of the patients was lung adenocarcinoma. Lung cancer stage was advanced (III-IV) in 25.0% of the cases. The 5 patients who received surgery and drug treatment are presently healthy following resection. Recurrence and metastasis of lung cancer following surgery occurred in 2 patients in whom the tumor was controlled again after anti-tumor treatment. One patient with advanced lung cancer and PC was treated with antifungal therapy in combination with antineoplastic chemotherapy, but she failed to improve and died 10 months after symptom onset during the follow-up period.PC coexisting with pulmonary carcinoma is rare. PC can manifest as pulmonary nodules and mimic malignant lesions, so it must be considered during a differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules, especially in immunosuppressed patients.

Multicentric Cryptococcomas Mimicking Neoplasia in Immunocompetent Patient.

BACKGROUND: Fungal mass lesions in the central nervous system are, as a group, extremely rare. In this group cryptococcomas are the most common mass lesions seen. These cryptococcomas/mucinous pseudocysts are commonly only 3-10 mm in diameter and occur almost exclusively in the basal ganglia through contiguous spread from a basal meningitis through the Virchow-Robbin perivascular spaces. In rare cases a chronic granulomatous process may lead to formation of mass lesions that have a tumoral appearance. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 19-year-old male presented to our Neurosurgical Unit with a 5-month history of progressive morning headaches. He also complained of progressive weakness of his R upper limb of 3 months' duration. The patient was found to be human immunodeficiency virus negative with a CD4 count of 1763. The patient had no other medical problems. Examination revealed a monoplegia of his R upper limb. While being optimized for surgery, the patient demonstrated progression of his upper limb monoplegia despite preoperative steroid therapy aimed at decreasing the perilesional vasogenic edema. He was booked for emergency resection of 2 lobar mass lesions. Histopathology analysis revealed the 2 specimens had similar features. These specimens were representative of gliotic brain parenchyma involved by extensive cryptococcosis. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosing the tumoral form of cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients is a challenge. Primary and secondary brain tumors are usually the first hypotheses in these cases. Thorough preoperative investigation through cerebrospinal fluid sampling and detailed magnetic resonance imaging may lead to consideration of this diagnosis before the histopathologic analysis has been conducted.

Cryptococcal Maxillary Osteomyelitis and Osteonecrosis in a 18-Month-Old Dog.

An 18-month-old neutered male labradoodle was treated with surgical debridement for maxillary osteomyelitis and sequestrum formation. Histopathologic findings of the necrotic bone were consistent with Cryptococcus subspecies, confirmed with latex agglutination serum titer testing. The patient responded to a combination of fluconazole and surgical debridement and was titer negative after 8 months of medical therapy. The patient never exhibited signs of systemic illness which is commonly reported with cryptococcosis. Cryptococcus subspecies infection in dogs in the Pacific Northwest is part of an ongoing outbreak in the region, first reported in 2001, and is associated with specific risk factors. This is the first published case of oral cryptococcosis from primary inoculation.

Surgical Resection during Chemotherapy of Pulmonary Cryptococcoma in a Patient with Cryptococcal Meningitis.

We herein report the case of a 72-year-old-man with pulmonary cryptococcoma along with cryptococcal meningitis who underwent surgery for pulmonary lesions while receiving chemotherapy. We noted two major clinical issues. First, the presence of pulmonary cryptococcoma had a detrimental influence on the cryptococcal meningitis. Second, resolution of the pulmonary cryptococcoma through antifungal therapy had a beneficial influence on the recovery from cryptococcal meningitis. As observed in the current case with pulmonary and meningeal cryptococcosis, surgery for pulmonary cryptococcoma with continuous antifungal treatment should be considered for cases where the symptoms respond poorly to antifungal therapy and radiographic abnormalities persist.

[Analysis of 9 cases of nodular type of pulmonary cryptococcosis with coexisting lung cancer confirmed by pathological examinations].

Objective: To describe the characteristics of the nodular type of pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) with coexisting lung cancer. Methods: A total of 9 cases of PC with coexisting lung cancer, admitted to Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian from 1st January 2009 to 31th December 2016, and confirmed by pathological examinations, were studied and the related literature were reviewed. Results: The patients consisted of 1 male and 8 females, with a mean age of (53±10) years (range, 38 to 68 years). Four patients (44.4%) had underlying diseases, 3 with diabetes mellitus and 1 with gastric cancer surgery. The main clinical manifestations of most cases were cough and phlegm. The lesions of PC on chest CT were mostly solitary or multiple nodules with a diameter < 1 cm, and the lesions of carcinoma were shown as solitary nodules with a variety of signs suggestive of malignancy. All the patients were confirmed to have concomitant PC and lung adenocarcinoma by pathological examinations. Lung cancer stage was early (Tis and Ⅰ-Ⅱ) in 88.9 % (8 cases) of the cases. All the patients received surgery and postoperative medical therapy. The prognosis was relatively good in most of them except 1 case with death due to lung cancer metastasis and 1 case with lung cancer recurrence. Conclusions: Coexistence of PC and lung cancer is rare and the clinical symptoms are not specific. When PC coexists with carcinoma and manifests as pulmonary nodule, it mimics malignant lesions and is extremely easy to be misdiagnosed. Therefore PC must be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.

Thoracolumbar Scoliosis Due to Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Cryptococcus neoformans causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, with vertebral osteomyelitis being a very rare involvement.This study is to present a case of thoracolumbar scoliosis occurring in the setting of cryptococcal osteomyelitis.Pharmacological intervention with anticryptococcal medicine and medical management of immune hemolytic anemia were administered. After initial acute stabilization, she underwent spinal debridement and fusion on October 29, 2008. She eventually recovered fully from this episode with no subsequent mechanical instability or neurological deficits on subsequent clinic follow-ups.To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports describing the onset of spinal cryptococcal osteomyelitis along with immune hemolytic anemia. We suggest a comprehensive algorithm for the diagnosis of vertebral cryptococcal osteomyelitis.

Laryngeal cryptococcosis: Literature review and guidelines for laser ablation of fungal lesions.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To describe the demographics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of laryngeal cryptococcosis. Antifungal therapy guidelines are provided and the use of laser ablation is discussed. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, and Embase databases and one patient who presented to our institution's otolaryngology department. REVIEW METHODS: A review of the English-language international medical literature was conducted using the terms ("larynx" or "laryngeal diseases") and ("Cryptococcus" or "cryptococcosis") to identify reported cases of laryngeal cryptococcosis. Databases were searched from inception through January 2015. RESULTS: Eighteen cases were identified and reviewed, including the first reported case of potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser ablation. All patients presented with hoarseness, and two (11%) presented with acute airway obstruction that required tracheotomy. Six patients (33%) were immunocompromised, including three (17%) who had an underlying human immunodeficiency virus infection. Seven cases (39%) described an exophytic mass. Histopathology indicated pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in seven of the 17 reported results (41%). Methenamine silver stain was used in 12 of the 15 described cases (80%) to identify the fungus. Lumbar puncture results were reported for seven patients, none of whom had meningitis. Antifungal therapy was used in 15 cases (83%), and two (11%) received additional laser ablation treatment. Eleven patients (61%) had complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Laryngeal cryptococcosis is a rare cause of persistent hoarseness. Most patients have complete resolution after treatment. For complex and obstructive cases, laser ablation coupled with antifungal therapy can successfully manage laryngeal cryptococcosis in select patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 126:1625-1629, 2016.

[Resected Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Suspected as Lung Cancer;Report of a Case].

We report a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis suspected of lung cancer. A 65-year-old woman had an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. A solitary nodule, 12 mm in size, with pleural indentation and spicula in S3 of the left lung was found on chest computed tomography. A serum cryptococcal antigen was negative. An abnormal accumulation of fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose(FDG)in the nodule was found with the standardized uptake value (SUV) max 5.04, suggesting lung cancer. The nodule was diagnosed as pulmonary cryptococcosis by surgical resection.

Cryptococcal infection of the femoral bone similar with pathologic features of vascular tumors: a case report and review of literature.

A rare case is presented of a 62-year-old man with primary isolated cryptococcal femoral osteomyelitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed osteolytic destruction of his left femur. Biopsy was performed firstly. Under microscope, the lesion was compose of numerous large mononuclear cells, scattered multinucleated giant cells, a few lymphocytes and neutrophils, necrosis with serious artificial deformation. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), only CD31 and CD68 were positive, while CK, CK8/18, EMA, P63, CK7, CK20, PSAP, PSA, CD34 negative. It was considered a low grade vascularsarcoma, but not confirmed. Then the operation was done. Surgical specimen showed a lot of red-sphere materials in most cells cytoplasm. The Gomorra methenamine silver staining and PAS revealed the mucopolysaccharide-containing capsule of the Cryptococcus. Laboratory culture of lesion liquid grew a kind of yeast at 37°C. Cryptococcal femoral osteomyelitis was diagnosed at last. The patient is good now after the thorough debridement and anti-fungal treatment.

Acute hind limb paralysis secondary to an extradural spinal cord Cryptococcus gattii lesion in a dog.

A 2-year-old, spayed female, German short-haired pointer was presented with a 1-day history of non-ambulatory paraplegia with absent deep pain perception. A computed tomography scan revealed an irregular eighth thoracic vertebral body and an extradural compressive lesion. Decompression was performed and abnormal tissues were submitted for analysis. Findings were consistent with a Cryptococcus gattii infection.

Paralysie aiguë du membre postérieur secondaire à une lésion de la moelle épinière extradurale due àCryptococcus gattiichez un chien. Une chienne Pointer allemand à poil court stérilisée âgée de deux ans a été présentée avec une anamnèse de 1 journée de paraplégie avec l'absence de perception de 1a douleur profonde. Une lecture par tomodensitomètre a révélé un huitième corps vertébral thoracique irrégulier et une lésion compressive extradurale. La décompression a été effectuée et les tissus anormaux ont été soumis aux fins d'analyse. Les résultats étaient conformes à une infection à Cryptococcus gattii.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Surgical algorithm for heterogeneous bilateral quadruple pulmonary nodules.

A 65-year old female with no history of smoking reported experiencing 6 months of tightness in the chest. Chest computed tomography showed two pulmonary nodules in the left upper lobe (one in S3 segment, the other in S4 segment), one nodule in the left lower lobe and a ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the right upper lobe. Synchronous bilateral thoracoscopic wedge resections of the lung were performed to investigate the nodules. Intraoperative frozen section pathology revealed that the two nodules in the left upper lobe were malignant, the nodule in the left lower lobe was a benign lesion and the GGO in the right upper lobe was an atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. As a result, a left upper lobectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. The final pathological diagnosis of the nodule in the left S3 segment was well differentiated adenocarcinoma (pT1bN0M0, IA), the nodule in the left S4 segment was moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (pT1aN0M0, IA), the nodule in the left lower lobe was cryptococcal granuloma and the GGO in the right upper lobe was adenocarcinoma in situ. The patient is currently following a favourable course in her recovery. Here, we would like to share the surgical algorithm used for the treatment of heterogeneous bilateral quadruple pulmonary nodules.

Minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules coexisting with pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking lung cancer.

A 68-year-old woman was found to have an abnormal shadow on chest X-ray. Computed tomography showed some small ground-glass opacities in the bilateral lung field and also a 22-mm tumor in the left lower lobe, which showed high accumulation on (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Each of them was difficult to distinguish from lung cancer clinically. Preoperative localization of a small ground-glass opacity nodule with computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking and resection of each using a fluoroscopic unit was performed. Pathological findings from the small nodule showed minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodule, and those from the tumor and fungal culture showed pulmonary cryptococcosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of coexisting minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules and pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking lung cancer. Thoracoscopy assisted by computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking enabled us to diagnose them.