RESUMEN
Breakthroughs in international biomedical science circa 1900 meant that plague could be contained through strict quarantine regulations. These measures were successfully deployed with help from local governments during outbreaks of pneumonic plague in Manchuria (1910-11), Shanxi (1918), and elsewhere in North China. This containment shows the effectiveness of uniting international knowledge and local cooperation in disaster response. Yet, in later outbreaks in similar locations, control measures identical to those instituted a decade earlier were rejected, and plague spread largely unchecked. Historical case studies of the control and spread of infectious disease in North China reveal the complexities of the relationship between global knowledge and its broader, local integration, variation in what constitutes effective 'local' cooperation in adopting international knowledge, and the paramount importance of the locality to the landscape of disaster response. History can reveal critical issues in localisation of disaster response still salient today.
Asunto(s)
Peste , Peste/historia , China/epidemiología , Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Cooperación Internacional/historia , Cuarentena/historiaRESUMEN
During the late Qing Dynasty, Tianjin Customs gradually established the seaport quarantine system to prevent the spread of epidemics from Japan, Hong Kong, and the Northeast. The major infectious diseases inspected by the quarantine institution of Tianjin Port include cholera, plague, smallpox, typhus and yellow fever, of which cholera is the most frequent and influential infectious disease in modern Tianjin, followed by plague and smallpox, and no large-scale epidemics of typhus and yellow fever have been found.In the process of preventing the spreading of foreign infectious diseases, the quarantine institution of Tianjin Port has gradually developing. A set of business system has been established, which is based on ship inspection and takes preventive injection, rat flea research and disease diagnosis and treatment as the core.In conclusion,the seaport quarantine institutions in Tianjin played an active role in the prevention, detection, and response to major infectious diseases ,opened up a precedent for Chinese people to independently handle border health quarantine.Its historical practice and quarantine mode are a window for understanding the development history of quarantine infectious diseases in modern China, which has very important reference value.
Asunto(s)
Cólera , Cuarentena , Cuarentena/historia , Humanos , China , Cólera/historia , Cólera/prevención & control , Peste/historia , Peste/prevención & control , Navíos/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Viruela/historia , Viruela/prevención & control , Fiebre Amarilla/historia , Fiebre Amarilla/prevención & control , Enfermedades Transmisibles/historiaRESUMEN
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of establishing a quarantine system based on medical inspection by Shanghai Customs. England was the first to introduce a quarantine system based on medical inspection during the nineteenth century; with the majority of the Shanghai Customs administration being English, this system was able to be adopted with ease, and it was later transformed and accepted in Joseon. This paper further investigates the details of the actual medical inspection conducted by the Customs Medical Officer (CMO) who worked at the forefront of the actual quarantine as a medical inspector. In the nineteenth century, International Sanitary Conferences were held in Paris, Vienna, and Constantinople to discuss the process of quarantine and public health. Furthermore, the Public Health Act was passed in England in 1872. This Act established port sanitary authorities in each of England's ports to carry out medical inspections. This medical inspection enabled healthy and infected people to be separated from each other instead of conventional isolation. The duties of the CMO would consist of boarding any incoming ship to check for any infected people. Any infected persons would then be sent to a non-quarantine hospital, and the ship was sanitized. This concept of quarantine based on medical inspection was borrowed by Shanghai Customs. The unique political situation in Shanghai, which consisted of multiple imperial concessions, necessitated the adaptation of England's medical quarantine concept to suit the special environment in which the Shanghai Customs was located, and by 1875, the Shanghai Customs quarantine medical inspection system was established. In this system, patients found in the Customs quarantine medical inspection were sent to a non-quarantine hospital in the settlement. Due to the extraterritoriality, the extent of the authority of the Customs Medical Officer was dependent on agreements with the possibility to be granted a one-time or temporary position after conferring with the Shanghai local government and consuls in each country. The Treaty Ports of Joseon were similar to Shanghai with regards to the presence of the Customs system alongside different settlements. The Joseon ports went through another transformation when the Commissioner of Shanghai Customs, H. F. Merrill, who also served as the Chief Commissioner of Seoul, accepted the Shanghai Customs' modified concept of medical inspection in 1887. The process of acceptance and transformation of the medical quarantine concept leading to the 'England-Shanghai-Joseon' connection shows that the concept of medical quarantine in the nineteenth century spread from England to Joseon through Shanghai Customs as a medium.
Asunto(s)
Cuarentena , Navíos , China , Cultura , Inglaterra , Humanos , Cuarentena/historiaRESUMEN
Introduction: With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the terms quarantine, contagion and infection have again become part of our everyday speech, prompting historians to reflect on the settings in which they were originally used and to make comparisons with the present time. How did people cope with epidemics in the past? What measures were taken? Objectives: Here, we analyse the institutional response of the Republic of Genoa to a calamity that shook the city - the plague of 1656-1657. In doing so, we focus particularly on the public health measures implemented, as recorded also in unpublished and archival documents. Discussion: In order to tighten control over the population, Genoa was divided into 20 zones, each of which was placed under the authority of a Commissioner endowed with criminal jurisdiction. The Commissioners' duties concerned the spheres of public health, public order and those tasks which today we would assign to "civil protection". Through the official documentation and the trial records kept by the Chancellor of one of these zones, we can shed light on the Commissioners' everyday activities and assess the impact of the public health measures on the population. Conclusions: The 17th century plague in Genoa provides us with an important testimony of a well-organised and structured public health policy - an institutional response involving the adoption of efficacious measures of safety and prevention in the field of hygiene and public health. From the historical-social, normative and public health perspectives, this meaningful experience highlights the organisation of a large port city, which was at the time a flourishing commercial and financial hub.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Salud Pública , Humanos , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Cuarentena/historia , Higiene , Italia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
La peste que golpeó Marruecos en 1799 y 1800 fue una epidemia sin precedentes. En este artículo, examino algunas observaciones hechas sobre la peste por el agente comercial británico James Grey Jackson, en particular sus ideas sobre las comprensiones islámicas locales de la agencia de los jnūn y de Dios (Allāh) en la aparición de esta enfermedad (AU)
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Peste/epidemiología , Peste/historia , Cuarentena/historia , Islamismo , Epidemias/historia , MarruecosRESUMEN
The plague epidemics wiped out large parts of the city population from the 15th to the 17th century in the Netherlands. The plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) is transmitted to humans through infected rats and fleas and has been transferred from China to Europe via the trade routes over land and sea. Meetings were banned, plague victims were isolated at home or in pest houses, and ships quarantined. In the densely populated, poor neighborhoods of the cities, however, isolation and keeping distance were not feasible, which allowed the plague to rapidly spread. The lessons we have learned from the plague epidemics are timeless. Isolation, keeping your distance and quarantine were key principles and now apply again in the approach to the current Covid-19 pandemic. How effective these measures are depends on the social context in which they are applied.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Distanciamiento Físico , Peste , Cuarentena , Animales , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Reservorios de Enfermedades , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Vectores de Enfermedades , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Pandemias/historia , Pandemias/prevención & control , Peste/epidemiología , Peste/historia , Peste/microbiología , Peste/prevención & control , Cuarentena/historia , Cuarentena/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Yersinia pestis/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Los colonizadores holandeses en Surinam afirmaban que la lepra (o enfermedad de Hansen) era muy contagiosa y se transmitía entre humanos. Se construyó un "cordón sanitario" alrededor de los pacientes, sobre todo esclavos africanos y asiáticos contratados como trabajadores y sus descendientes. Se les perseguía y eran recluidos en aldeas para afectados de lepra muy remotas localizadas en la selva tropical. Algunos pacientes obedecieron a las autoridades, mientras que otros resistieron y se rebelaron. Sus historias revelan conceptos confusos sobre la enfermedad con su cultura y el medioambiente surinamés, y contienen importantes informaciones para comprender su mundo y la vida dentro y fuera de las colonias para lepra. Combinaban prácticas sanitarias tradicionales y plantas medicinales de su hábitat natural con tratamientos biomédicos (practicando un pluralismo médico). Creían en una gran variedad de explicaciones sobre la enfermedad, predominantemente los conceptos tabúes treef, tyina y animales tótem asociados con su hábitat natural (el bioma surinamés). Algunas de las explicaciones de su imaginario (por ejemplo, la lepra es transmitida por la tierra y ciertos animales) revelan una analogía sorprendente con descubrimientos científicos recientes. Nuestra investigación revela que la naturaleza contribuye a moldear el mundo de los pacientes de Hansen. Un planteamiento ecológico puede contribuir significativamente a la hora de comprender su mundo. Hay que efectuar una investigación histórica y antropológica comparativa para trazar la influencia de distintos biomas sobre los modelos locales. Las colonias de Hansen actualmente abandonadas y sus entornos naturales son lugares importantes para el patrimonio cultural
According to the Dutch colonizers in Suriname, leprosy (or Hansen's disease) was highly contagious and transmitted from human-to-human. A "cordon sanitaire" was constructed around the patients, mainly African slaves and Asian indentured laborers and their descendants. They were tracked down and incarcerated in remote leprosy settlements located in the rainforest. Some patients obeyed the authorities while others resisted and rebelled. Their narratives, revealing conceptual entanglement of the disease with their culture and the Surinamese natural environment, contain important information for understanding their world and their life inside and outside of leprosy settlements. They combined traditional health practices and medicinal plants from their natural habitat with biomedical treatments (practicing medical pluralism). They believed in a diversity of disease explanations, predominantly the taboo concepts treef, tyina, and totem animals associated with their natural habitat (the Surinamese biome). Some of their imaginary explanations (e.g., "leprosy is carried and/or transmitted through soil and certain animals") show a surprising analogy with recent findings from leprosy scientists. Our research shows that nature contributes to shaping the world of Hansen's disease patients. An ecological approach can make a valuable contribution to understanding their world. Comparative historical and anthropological research needs to be conducted to map the influence of different biomes on local explanatory models. The now deserted Hansen's disease settlements and their natural environments are interesting research sites and important places of cultural heritage
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Lepra/historia , Colonialismo/historia , Lepra/prevención & control , Lepra/terapia , Entrevistas como Asunto , Factores Socioeconómicos , Pacientes/psicología , Características Culturales , Suriname/etnología , Hospitales de Aislamiento/historia , Cuarentena/historia , Aislamiento de Pacientes/historiaRESUMEN
Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today's Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world's history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today's Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air - LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants' health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.
Asunto(s)
Pandemias/historia , Peste/historia , Cuarentena/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia Medieval , HumanosRESUMEN
According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).
Asunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Práctica de Salud Pública/historia , Asia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Europa (Continente) , Salud Global/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Hospitales de Aislamiento/historia , Malaria/historia , Malaria/prevención & control , Política , Cuarentena/historia , Organización Mundial de la Salud/historiaRESUMEN
After the dramatic coronavirus outbreak at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, on 11 March 2020, a pandemic was declared by the WHO. Most countries worldwide imposed a quarantine or lockdown to their citizens, in an attempt to prevent uncontrolled infection from spreading. Historically, quarantine is the 40-day period of forced isolation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. In this educational paper, a historical overview from the sacred temples of ancient Greece-the cradle of medicine-to modern hospitals, along with the conceive of healthcare systems, is provided. A few foods for thought as to the conflict between ethics in medicine and shortage of personnel and financial resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 era are offered as well.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Ética Médica/historia , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud/ética , Hospitales/historia , Pandemias/historia , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Cuarentena/historia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Cólera/epidemiología , Cólera/historia , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Juramento Hipocrático , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Lepra/epidemiología , Lepra/historia , Peste/epidemiología , Peste/historia , Asignación de Recursos , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Trazado de Contacto/historia , Comunicación Persuasiva , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Trazado de Contacto/economía , Donaciones , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Cuarentena/historia , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Las enfermedades epidémicas y pandémicas se han sucedido a lo largo de los siglos hasta nuestros días. La presente revisión pretende analizar y contextualizar sus causas y remedios, en los diferentes periodos históricos, y sus repercusiones culturales y sociales, con referencia a la actual pandemia COVID-19. Los datos principales se han obtenido de revisiones y documentos oficiales del Ministerio de Sanidad (España) y Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se mencionan posibles implicaciones medioambientales que, en la actualidad, pueden incrementar la difusión de patógenos potencialmente pandémicos (PPP)
Epidemic and pandemic diseases have succeeded each other over the centuries till now. This review aims to analyse and contextualize its causes and remedies, in the different historical periods, and its cultural and social repercussions, with reference to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The main data have been obtained from reviews and official documents of the Ministry of Health (Spain) and World Health Organization. Possible environmental implications are mentioned that may currently increase the spread of potentially pandemic pathogens (PPP)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia Medieval , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Pandemias/historia , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Características Culturales/historia , Cronología como Asunto , Epidemias/historia , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Factores Culturales , Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/etiología , Bacterias , Virus , Cuarentena/historia , Cuarentena/normas , Colonias de Leprosos/historia , Medidas de Seguridad/historiaRESUMEN
Abstract According to David Fidler, the governance of infectious diseases evolved from the mid-nineteenth to the twenty-first century as a series of institutional arrangements: the International Sanitary Regulations (non-interference and disease control at borders), the World Health Organization vertical programs (malaria and smallpox eradication campaigns), and a post-Westphalian regime standing beyond state-centrism and national interest. But can international public health be reduced to such a Westphalian image? We scrutinize three strategies that brought health borders into prominence: pre-empting weak states (eastern Mediterranean in the nineteenth century); preventing the spread of disease through nation-building (Macedonian public health system in the 1920s); and debordering the fight against epidemics (1920-1921 Russian-Polish war and the Warsaw 1922 Sanitary Conference).
Resumo Segundo David Fidler, a gestão de doenças infecciosas entre meados do século XIX e e o XXI guiou-se por uma série de acordos institucionais: Regulamento Sanitário Internacional (não interferência e controle de doenças em fronteiras), programas verticais da OMS (campanhas de erradicação da malária e varíola), e posicionamento pós-vestefaliano além do estado-centrismo e interesse nacional. Mas pode a saúde pública internacional ser reduzida à tal imagem vestefaliana? Examinamos três estratégias que destacaram as fronteiras sanitárias: prevenção em estados vulneráveis (Mediterrâneo oriental, século XIX); prevenção à disseminação de doenças via construção nacional (sistema público de saúde macedônico, anos 1920); remoção de fronteiras no combate às epidemias (guerra polaco-soviética, 1920-1921 e Conferência Sanitária de Varsóvia, 1922).
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Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Práctica de Salud Pública/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Política , Asia , Organización Mundial de la Salud/historia , Cuarentena/historia , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/métodos , Salud Global/historia , Europa (Continente) , Hospitales de Aislamiento/historia , Malaria/historia , Malaria/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/historia , Infecciones por Coronavirus/historia , Pandemias/historia , Neumonía Viral/historia , Cuarentena/historia , COVID-19 , Prueba de COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/métodos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Historia del Siglo XXI , Italia , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The recent outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is posing many different challenges to local communities, directly affected by the pandemic, and to the global community, trying to find how to respond to this threat in a larger scale. The history of the Eyam Plague, read in light of Ross Upshur's Four Principles for the Justification of Public Health Intervention, and of the Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, could provide useful guidance in navigating the complex ethical issues that arise when quarantine measures need to be put in place.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Peste/historia , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Cuarentena/historia , COVID-19 , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Londres/epidemiología , Peste/prevención & control , Salud Pública/ética , Cuarentena/éticaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Cuarentena , Aislamiento Social , COVID-19 , Coronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Cuarentena/historiaRESUMEN
From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.
Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.