Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Transpedicular Biopsy Versus Posterolateral Endoscopy for Infective Spondylodiskitis Diagnosis: A Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the concordance in frequency of microbiologic isolation and species identification in specimens obtained by 2 methods. METHODS: Intervertebral disk specimens were taken simultaneously from each patient using percutaneous needle and posterolateral endoscopic biopsies. The isolates were reported in frequencies and concordance using the chi square and Cohen kappa tests. RESULTS: Thirty patients were recruited. The average age was 58.1 years, and 15 patients were women. The clinical evolution time was 7 ± 4 months. The causative organism was identified in 12 (40%) specimens obtained by fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transpedicular biopsy and in 14 (46.6%) obtained by posterolateral endoscopy. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus in 3 patients with the percutaneous technique and in 5 with the endoscopic one; Escherichia coli was isolated in 3 patients with each method. The kappa test showed a high degree of agreement between both methods (kappa = 0.86); the agreement in bacterial species identification was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous biopsy and endoscopic sampling have a good degree of concordance for both, frequency of organism isolation and identification in patients with infectious spondylodiskitis.

Candida Tropicalis Spondylodiscits in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background Fungal spondylodiscitis is not common but should be suspected in some cases. Candida tropicalis infections are being more frequently diagnosed due to some factors related to the microorganism. Case Description A C. tropicalis spondylodiscitis is described in a 72-year-old man who was treated with a combination of echinocandin (micafungin) and surgery. Conclusion The presence of some risk factors should promptly raise the suspicion of fungal spondylodiscitis. Treatment should be instituted as early as possible for the best outcome for the patient.

Spondylodiscitis treated with freeze-dried bone allograft alone or combined with autograft: A randomized and blinded trial.

PURPOSE: To compare the bone fusion of freeze-dried allograft alone versus freeze-dried allograft combined autograft in spinal instrumentation due to spondylodiscitis. METHODS: A randomized prospective trial of patients with spondylodiscitis treated with surgical debridement and spinal fixation with freeze-dried bone allograft and autograft (Group 1) or freeze-dried bone allograft alone (Group 2) was performed. Patient follow-up was assessed with a CT-scan for bone fusion; consecutive serum inflammatory marker detection (C-reactive protein, [CRP], and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, [ESR]) and clinical assessment (pain, functional disability, and spinal cord injury recovery) were other outcome parameters. The primary outcome was the grade of bone allograft integration with the scale of Tan (which ranges from 1 to 4, with lower scores indicating a better fusion rate) at 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were evaluated, 13 (65%) men and 7 (35%) women with a mean age of 47.2 (±14.3) years. Homogeneous distribution of demographic data was observed. A similar satisfactory bone graft fusion grade was observed in both graft groups at 1 year after surgery (p = 1.0000). Serum inflammatory markers gradually decreased in both groups after surgical intervention (CRP, p < 0.001; ESR, p < 0.01). At one-year follow-up, gradual improvement of pain, functional disability, and neurological spinal injury recovery in both graft groups were achieved. CONCLUSION: Freeze-dried allograft alone could be a therapeutic option for spinal fixation surgery due to spondylodiscitis since it achieves a satisfactory graft fusion rate and clinical improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 1. Treatment. REGISTER: NCT03265561.

An Independent Validation of the Brighton Spondylodiscitis Score and a Proposal to Modify the Score.

INTRODUCTION: The Brighton Spondylodiscitis Score (BSS) aims to identify patients with pyogenic spinal infections (PSIs) requiring surgery; an independent assessment of the BSS is required. METHODS: We evaluated 60 patients with PSIs. Using the BSS, we determined whether patients with low, moderate, and high risk (LMHR) had different rates of surgery. We proposed a modified score (MS) using a logistic regression (LOGR). Applying the MS, we determined whether patients with LMHR exhibited different rates of surgery. Another LOGR determined the association of the BSS and the MS with surgery. A C-statistic using the BSS and the MS was generated. RESULTS: We studied 60 patients (mean age = 63 years); 37 (62%) were men; 30 (50%) required surgery. Using the BSS, patients with LMHR had similar rates of surgery (P = 0.53). LOGR showed that cervical PSIs had a larger chance of surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 7.3 [1.1 to 51.3]) than other locations. Using the MS, patients with moderate- and high-risk were operated more frequently than low-risk patients (P = 0.04). The BSS did not predict surgery (OR = 1.07; P = 0.31), but the MS did (OR = 1.16; P = 0.02). The C-statistic using the BSS (0.59) improved using the MS (0.69), P = 0.03. DISCUSSION: The discriminatory capacity to predict surgery of the BSS augmented using the MS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II (Diagnostic study: Transverse study).

Spondylodiscitis with Extensive Spine Involvement ­ Case Report

Spondylodiscitis consists of an inflammatory process of infectious origin that affects primarily the intervertebral disc and spreads to the adjacent vertebral bodies, often evolving into osteomyelitis, with consequent associated neurological damage. The diagnosis is often delayed, with an average of 2 to 6 months between the appearance of the first symptoms and the confirmation of the disease. Therefore, the laboratorial and imaging exams play an important role in the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, as well as in the orientation for the treatment to be followed (conservative or surgical). We report a case of extensive involvement of the spine and discuss about the epidemiology of the disease, its diagnosis, and therapeutic principles.

Mal de Pott en un indígena colombiano / Pott´s disease in a Colombian indigenous man

Cada año mueren alrededor de dos millones de personas a causa de la tuberculosis y se estima que un tercio de la población mundial está infectada con el bacilo que la causa, pero solo entre 5 y 10 % desarrolla la enfermedad. El riesgo de que la enfermedad progrese al estado activo depende de factores endógenos y exógenos. Las comunidades indígenas son un grupo con un alto riesgo de infectarse y enfermar de tuberculosis; además de factores como el aislamiento geográfico, el abandono social y cultural y la desnutrición, se han identificado en ellos polimorfismos genéticos que los hacen más propensos a la infección. La tuberculosis vertebral es la forma más destructiva de la enfermedad y representa cerca de la mitad de los casos de tuberculosis esquelética. Se presenta el caso de un paciente indígena colombiano con tuberculosis vertebral y resultado negativo para HIV. El diagnóstico se basó en los hallazgos clínicos y en los estudios de imaginología, y se confirmó mediante la prueba molecular rápida Genotype MTBDR plus ® y de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa PCR IS6110; el cultivo fue negativo a las 16 semanas de incubación. Se discuten brevemente la patogénesis, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, y se comentan algunos aspectos relacionados con la situación de la tuberculosis en las comunidades indígenas colombianas.

Approximately 2 million people die each year from tuberculosis. One third of the world´s population is estimated to be infected with the tuberculosis bacillus, although only 5-10% will develop the disease in their lifetime. The disease progression risk depends on endogenous and exogenous factors. Indigenous communities are a high-risk group for infection and development of tuberculosis. In addition to factors such as geographical isolation, social and cultural neglect and malnutrition, susceptibility to genetic polymorphisms has been identified in them. Spinal tuberculosis is the most destructive form of the disease, which represents approximately half of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. The case of an HIV negative, indigenous Colombian man is presented. His diagnosis was done based on clinical and image findings, and it was confirmed with the rapid molecular assay Genotype MTBDRplus ® and IS6110 PCR.The culture in solid media was negative after 16 weeks. We briefly discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we comment on some aspects of the situation of tuberculosis among indigenous Colombian communities.

[Pott's disease in a Colombian indigenous man]. / Mal de Pott en un indígena colombiano.

Approximately 2 million people die each year from tuberculosis. One third of the world´s population is estimated to be infected with the tuberculosis bacillus, although only 5-10% will develop the disease in their lifetime. The disease progression risk depends on endogenous and exogenous factors. Indigenous communities are a high-risk group for infection and development of tuberculosis. In addition to factors such as geographical isolation, social and cultural neglect and malnutrition, susceptibility to genetic polymorphisms has been identified in them. Spinal tuberculosis is the most destructive form of the disease, which represents approximately half of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. The case of an HIV negative, indigenous Colombian man is presented. His diagnosis was done based on clinical and image findings, and it was confirmed with the rapid molecular assay Genotype MTBDRplus® and IS6110 PCR.The culture in solid media was negative after 16 weeks. We briefly discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we comment on some aspects of the situation of tuberculosis among indigenous Colombian communities.

Infectious spondylodiscitis: has there been any evolution in the diagnostic and treatment outcomes? / Espondilodiscite infecciosa: houve evolução nos resultados do diagnóstico e tratamento? / ¿Espondilodiscitis infecciosa: hubo evolución en los resultados del diagnóstico y tratamiento?

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of treatment of patients with spondylodiscitis. Methods: Imaging exams used in this study were plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. Results: Data from 33 patients, 10 (30.3%) females and 23 (69.7%) males were evaluated. The average time to diagnosis was four months and 28 days (SD ± 1 month and 28 days) and 19 patients (57.5%) presented neurological deficit. Surgical treatment was performed in 22 patients (66.6%) and three patients (9.1%) had complications from the surgery. Conclusions: Despite technological advances in complementary exams, early diagnosis of spondylodiscitis remains a challenge. However, drug treatment associated with surgery shows good results. .

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos do tratamento de pacientes portadores de espondilodiscite. Métodos: Os exames de imagem utilizados neste estudo foram radiografias simples e ressonância magnética da coluna vertebral. Resultados: Foram avaliados os dados de 33 pacientes, sendo 10 (30,3%) do sexo feminino e 23 (69,7%) do sexo masculino. O tempo médio gasto para o diagnóstico foi de 4 meses e 28 dias (DP ± 1 mês e 28 dias) e 19 pacientes (57,5%) apresentavam déficit neurológico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 22 pacientes (66,6%) e três pacientes (9,1%) apresentaram complicações decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: Apesar do avanço tecnológico nos exames complementares, o diagnóstico precoce da espondilodiscite continua sendo um desafio. No entanto, o tratamento medicamentoso associado ao procedimento cirúrgico apresenta bons resultados. .

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de tratamiento de pacientes con espondilodiscitis. Métodos: Las pruebas de imagen utilizadas en este estudio fueron las radiografías simples y resonancia magnética de la columna vertebral. Resultados: Los datos de 33 pacientes, 10 (30,3 %) del sexo femenino y 23 (69,7%) del sexo masculino fueron evaluados. El tiempo medio hasta el diagnóstico fue de 4 meses y 28 días (DE ± 1 mes y 28 días) y 19 pacientes (57,5%) tuvieron déficit neurológico. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en 22 (66,6%) pacientes y 3 (9,1%) tuvieron complicaciones de la cirugía. Conclusiones: A pesar de los avances tecnológicos en los exámenes complementares, el diagnóstico precoz de espondilodiscitis sigue siendo un desafío. Sin embargo, el tratamiento farmacológico asociado con la cirugía presenta buenos resultados. .

Low back pain in a diabetic on chronic haemodialysis: pyogenic spondylodiscitis.

Spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spine is described in a 67-year-old-man receiving chronic haemodialysis via a central venous catheter for diabetic nephropathy. He also had a forearm arteriovenous fistula created 1 month earlier. Clinical, MRI and surgical findings are described. The patient died despite spinal surgery and 1 month of antibiotic therapy from suspected pulmonary embolism. Early recognition by MRI or other imaging technique, prompt antibiotic therapy and often surgery are necessary for a successful outcome in this increasingly recognised complication in patients on chronic haemodialysis. Diabetes mellitus may be an added risk factor.

Espondilodiscite: revisão de literatura / Spondylodiscitis: literature review

A espondilodiscite é a junção de osteomielite vertebral, espondilite e discite, sendo causada por vários agentes. O Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus e Mycobacterium tuberculosis são os mais comuns no Brasil, e o reconhecimento dos patógenos é de extrema importância para a definição do tratamento antimicrobiano específico. Os exames de imagem são os exames de escolha para o diagnóstico da espondilodiscite, sendo a ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) o padrão-ouro para fechar o diagnóstico, além de poder ser utilizado como método avaliativo da eficácia terapêutica. O tratamento conservador é feito com base no uso de antibióticos, uso de órteses e repouso. Já o tratamento cirúrgico consiste na descompressão da coluna, desbridamento da área infectada e fusão vertebral. O seguinte trabalho é uma análise das publicações ligadas ao assunto com o objetivo de esclarecer e elucidar dúvidas sobre um tema ainda pouco estudado no nosso meio neurocirúrgico, evidenciada pela escassez de trabalhos brasileiros nessa área.

The spondylodiscitis is the junction of vertebral osteomyelitis, spondylitis and discitis, being caused by various agents. The Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most common in Brazil, and the recognition of pathogens is extremely important to define the specific antimicrobial treatment. Imaging tests are the tests of choice for the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard to make the diagnosis, and can be used as a method evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. The conservative treatment is based on the use of antibiotics, use of orthoses and repose. The surgical treatment consists in decompression of the column, debridement of infected area and spinal fusion. This article is an analysis of the publications related to the subject in order to clarify and elucidate questions about a subject still little studied in our midst neurosurgical, evidenced by the paucity of Brazilians studies in this area.

Spinal infections in children: a review.

Spondylodiscitis affects children aged between two and eight years, and mainly involves the lumbar or lumbosacral spine. Diagnosis is difficult because the symptoms are not very specific and due to the children's difficulty in communicating. Unlike adults, children have vascularised intervertebral discs, which explains the higher incidence of this disease in this age group. C-reactive protein, and blood and urine cultures are important laboratory tests. In most cases, fine needle or traditional biopsy helps identify the pathogen particularly in patients who do not respond to the antibiotic therapy test. Magnetic resonance imaging has high sensitivity and specificity in the investigation of pyogenic infection of the spine, particularly in the early stages, when these changes are not shown in other imaging tests. X-rays can take up to six weeks to show changes. The first radiographic sign of infection is the irregularity of the vertebral endplates in the infection area, followed by their erosion and that of the adjacent bone, decreased disc space, segmental collapse, loss of lordosis (in cases of low back involvement) and ultimately, permanent structural deformity. After eight to twelve weeks, local regeneration occurs, accompanied by bone sclerosis arising from the formation of new trabecular bone, replacing the necrotic cancellous bone. Effective treatment often leads to bone fusion of the affected disc space. However, when no therapy is adopted, total vertebral collapse can occur. The treatment involves immobilisation, antibiotic therapy, and surgical decompression in more advanced cases.

Espondilodiscitis cervical hematogena: Diagnostico y tratamiento: Serie consecutiva de once pacientes / Hematogenous cervical spondylodiscitis: Diagnosis and treatment: Eleven consecutive patient`s series

Introducción: La espondilodiscitis cervical hematógena se manifiesta con diversos signos y síntomas. La íntimarelación de la médula espinal con este sector móvilconcede a las infecciones cervicales un trato especial.Por su baja incidencia no existen pautas precisas de tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar retrospectivamente el tratamiento de una serie consecutiva de pacientes adultos con espondilodiscitis cervical hematógena. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 11 pacientes con un seguimiento promedio de 60 meses. Los 7 pacientes con diagnóstico de inestabilidad mecánica, compromiso neurológico o presencia de abscesos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con desbridamiento y artrodesis por vía anterior; los 4 restantes fueron tratados en forma conservadora. Todos recibieron inmovilización externa y antibioticoterapiaintravenosa. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaron remisión de los signos clínicos, radiológicos y de laboratorio de infección. En los 3 pacientes con compromiso medular la recuperación fue completa, mientras que, de los 3 pacientes con compromiso radicular, uno permanece con parestesias. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con nuestras pautas de selección, la combinación de la antibioticoterapia y la inmovilizaciónexterna o la cirugía resultó ser un tratamientoadecuado en esta pequeña serie de pacientes con espondilodiscitis cervical.

[Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess]. / Espondilodiscitis y absceso epidural candidiásico.

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epidural abscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapy and developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess.

Espondilodiscitis y absceso epidural candidiásico / Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epidural abscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapy and developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess (AU)

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epiduralabscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapyand developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epiduralabscess (AU)

Espondilodiscitis y absceso epidural candidiásico / Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epidural abscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapy and developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epiduralabscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapyand developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epiduralabscess

Espondilodiscitis y absceso epidural candidiásico / Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epidural abscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapy and developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epidural abscess (AU)

Candida spondylodiscitis associatd with epiduralabscess is rarely seen. We present a patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who received chemotherapyand developed systemic Candida infection, which was complicated by Candida spondylodiscitis and epiduralabscess (AU)

Desbridamiento percutáneo de la espóndilo-disquitis piógena con el nucleotomo / Percutaneous debridement of the pyogenic spondilo-discitis by nucleotome

Se estudiaron 22 pacientes con espóndilo-disquitis piógena de la columna lumbar, siendo 15 hombres y siete mujeres con edad promedio de 54 años. En sólo 2/3 se encontró el foco de infección con predominio de: Salmonella, Brucella y cocos Gram positivos. El nivel más afectado fue L3-L4 y clínicamente todos tuvieron una lumbociatalgia con irradiación a algún dermatoma y los estudios radiológicos mostraron un proceso óseo destructivo en las plataformas vertebrales con reacción esclerosa, espículas óseas, compresión neurológica por el absceso e inestabilidad segmentaria. Tradicionalmente existen dos tipos de tratamiento: el conservador, con antibióticos y reposo en cama hasta por nueve meses y el quirúrgico, con un riesgo alto de morbimortalidad. Nosotros proponemos otra alternativa viable de tratamiento, con el uso de menos nucleotomo, para el desbridamiento percutáneo del absceso por ser invasivo y proporcionar muestra para estudio bacteriológico e histopatológico. Con el desbridamiento percutaneo del absceso, se descomprimen las estructuras neurológicas y la lumbociatalgia remitió en uno a cinco días con recuperación neurológica progresiva de uno a cuatro semanas en el 95 por ciento de los casos. Al drenar el absceso se observó una pronta reparación del defecto óseo y una función intersomática espontánea de cuatro a cinco meses de los 22 casos, estabilizándose la columna

Tratamiento de la espondilodisquitis piógena por aspiración percutánea automatizada: informe preliminar / Pyogenic spondylo-discitis treatment by automatized percutaneous nucelotomy: preliminary report

Se hizo un estudio prospectivo de 10 pacientes afectados por espondilo-disquitis piógena, con afección radicular, tratados de enero a diciembre de 1991 por medio de nucleotomía percutánea automatizada y administración de cefalosporina de tercera generación por 12 días. El resultado fue de fusión intesomática en promedio de los cuatro meses después de la operación en los 10 pacientes. Siete de los 10 tenían antecedentes sépticos comprobados, tres con salmonela, dos con pielonefritis, brucela en uno y artritis séptica en otro. Hubo reactivación de la infección después de la cirugía sólo en un paciente con Salmonella y typhi, que se presentó después de la quinta en dos ocasiones y persistió con actividad sistémica al momento del cierre del estudio.