Emissions of an agricultural engine using blends of diesel and hydrous ethanol / Emissões de motor agrícola utilizando misturas de óleo Diesel e etanol hidratado

The growing global demand of energy, the decrease of petroleum reserves and the current of environmental contamination problems, make it imperative to study renewable energy sources for use in internal combustion engines, in order to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels and reduce emissions of pollutant gases. This study aimed to evaluate the emissions of a diesel-cycle engine of an agricultural tractor that uses diesel S500 (B5) mixed with 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% of hydrous ethanol. It determined emissions of CO2 (ppm), NOx (ppm), and opacity (k value) of gases. A standard procedure was applied considering eight operating modes (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, and M8) by breaking with an electric dynamometer in a laboratory. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 60 replicates and a 6 x 8 factorial design. Greater opacity and gas emissions were observed when the engine operated with 3% ethanol, while lower emissions occurred with 12 and 15%. With these fuels, the reduction of opacity, CO2, and NOx, in relation to diesel oil, was 24.49 and 26.53%, 4.96 and 5.15%, and 6.59 and 9.70%, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of 12 and 15% ethanol in diesel oil significantly reduces engine emissions.(AU)

A crescente demanda mundial por energia, a diminuição das reservas de petróleo e os atuais problemas de poluição ambiental, instigam o estudo de fontes renováveis de energia para utilização nos motores de combustão interna, visando à diminuição da dependência do combustível fóssil e redução das emissões de gases poluentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as emissões de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola utilizando óleo Diesel S500 (B5) e, em mistura com 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15% de etanol hidratado. As variáveis avaliadas foram as emissões de CO2 (ppm), NOx (ppm) e a opacidade (valor k) dos gases. Para a avaliação utilizou-se procedimento normalizado, com aplicação de oito modos de operação (M1; M2; M3; M4; M5; M6; M7 e M8), por meio da frenagem com um dinamômetro elétrico, em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 60 repetições e no esquema fatorial 6x8. Os maiores valores de opacidade e emissões de CO2 e NOx foram alcançados com 3% de etanol, enquanto que os menores valores foram obtidos quando o motor utilizou 12 e 15%. Com estes combustíveis, a redução da opacidade, CO2 e NOx, em relação ao óleo diesel, foi de 24,49 e 26,53%; 4,96 e 5,15% e 6,59 e 9,70%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, a adição de 12 e 15% de etanol no óleo diesel reduz significativamente as emissões do motor.(AU)

Emissions of an agricultural engine using blends of diesel and hydrous ethanol / Emissões de motor agrícola utilizando misturas de óleo Diesel e etanol hidratado

The growing global demand of energy, the decrease of petroleum reserves and the current of environmental contamination problems, make it imperative to study renewable energy sources for use in internal combustion engines, in order to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels and reduce emissions of pollutant gases. This study aimed to evaluate the emissions of a diesel-cycle engine of an agricultural tractor that uses diesel S500 (B5) mixed with 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% of hydrous ethanol. It determined emissions of CO2 (ppm), NOx (ppm), and opacity (k value) of gases. A standard procedure was applied considering eight operating modes (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, and M8) by breaking with an electric dynamometer in a laboratory. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 60 replicates and a 6 x 8 factorial design. Greater opacity and gas emissions were observed when the engine operated with 3% ethanol, while lower emissions occurred with 12 and 15%. With these fuels, the reduction of opacity, CO2, and NOx, in relation to diesel oil, was 24.49 and 26.53%, 4.96 and 5.15%, and 6.59 and 9.70%, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of 12 and 15% ethanol in diesel oil significantly reduces engine emissions.

A crescente demanda mundial por energia, a diminuição das reservas de petróleo e os atuais problemas de poluição ambiental, instigam o estudo de fontes renováveis de energia para utilização nos motores de combustão interna, visando à diminuição da dependência do combustível fóssil e redução das emissões de gases poluentes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as emissões de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola utilizando óleo Diesel S500 (B5) e, em mistura com 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15% de etanol hidratado. As variáveis avaliadas foram as emissões de CO2 (ppm), NOx (ppm) e a opacidade (valor k) dos gases. Para a avaliação utilizou-se procedimento normalizado, com aplicação de oito modos de operação (M1; M2; M3; M4; M5; M6; M7 e M8), por meio da frenagem com um dinamômetro elétrico, em laboratório. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 60 repetições e no esquema fatorial 6x8. Os maiores valores de opacidade e emissões de CO2 e NOx foram alcançados com 3% de etanol, enquanto que os menores valores foram obtidos quando o motor utilizou 12 e 15%. Com estes combustíveis, a redução da opacidade, CO2 e NOx, em relação ao óleo diesel, foi de 24,49 e 26,53%; 4,96 e 5,15% e 6,59 e 9,70%, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, a adição de 12 e 15% de etanol no óleo diesel reduz significativamente as emissões do motor.

Chemical composition and metabolizable energy values of corn germ meal obtained by wet milling for layers

An experiment was carried out to determine the chemical composition, metabolizable energy values, and coefficients of nutrient digestibility of corn germ meal for layers. The chemical composition of corn germ meal was determined, and then a metabolism assay was performed to determine its apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) values and its dry matter and gross energy apparent metabolizability coefficients (CAMDM and CAMGE, respectively). In the 8-day assay (four days of adaptation and four days of total excreta collection), 60 29-week-old white Lohman LSL layers were used. A completely randomized experimental design, with three treatments with five replicates of four birds each, was applied. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and two test diets, containing 20 or 30% corn germ meal. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey tests at 5% probability level. The chemical composition of corn germ meal was: 96.39% dry matter, 49.48% ether extract, 1.87% ashes, 7243 kcal gross energy/kg, 11.48% protein, 0.19% methionine, 0.21% cystine, 0.48% lysine, 0.40% threonine, 0.72% arginine, 0.35% isoleucine, 0.83% leucine, 0.57% valine, and 0.37% histidine, on as-fed basis. There were no statistical differences in AME, AMEn, CAMDM, and CAMGE values with the inclusion of 20 and 30% corn germ meal in the diets. On dry matter basis, AME, AMEn, CAMDM, and CAMGE values of corn germ meal were: 4,578 and 4,548 kcal/kg, 4,723 and 4,372 kcal/kg, 64.95 and 61.86%, respectively.(AU)