Características clínicas, electroencefalográficas, terapéuticas y recurrencia de la epilepsia en el lactante / Clinical, therapeutic, electroencephalographic characteristics and recurrence of epilepsy in nursing babies

Introducción: La epilepsia es motivo de consulta frecuente en los servicios de neuropediatría a nivel mundial, con incidencia máxima en el menor de un año, se asocia con retraso del neurodesarrollo y recurrencia de las crisis. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los lactantes con epilepsia según aspectos clínicos, electro-encefalográficos, terapéuticos y la recurrencia de las crisis epilépticas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal en 50 lactantes con epilepsia ingresados en el Hospital William Soler: 2016 a 2018. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas, tratamiento y recurrencia a los seis meses de iniciado el tratamiento antiepiléptico. Resultados: El inicio de las crisis se presentó de 1 a 4 meses en 60 por ciento, con predominio del sexo masculino (60 por ciento). El 44 por ciento presentó retraso del neurodesarrollo global y 32 por ciento parálisis cerebral. Predominaron las crisis epilépticas generalizadas motoras espasmos epilépticos (32 por ciento); la epilepsia generalizada (60 por ciento), el síndrome epiléptico: el síndrome de West (32 por ciento) y de etiología: desconocida (48 por ciento). El trazado electroencefalográfico más frecuente fue el generalizado (26 por ciento) seguido de hisparritmia (24 por ciento) La vigabatrina y el fenobarbital fueron los antiepilépticos más utilizados al inicio del tratamiento (24 por ciento cada uno. La recurrencia fue alta (62 por ciento). Conclusiones: La epilepsia en el lactante es más frecuente en varones y de inicio precoz. El retraso del neurodesarrollo global constituyó un factor asociado a la recurrencia de las crisis epilépticas. La parálisis cerebral, los hallazgos en estudios de neuroimagen y la etiología estructural son factores clínicamente significativos para la recurrencia(AU)

Introduction: Epilepsy is a reason of frequent consultation in neuropediatrics services at the global level, with peak incidence in infants of less than one year old. This is associated with neurodevelopmental delay and seizures recurrence. Objective: To characterize infants with epilepsy according to clinical, electro-encephalographic, therapeutic aspects and the seizures recurrence. Methods: Observational, prospective and longitudinal study in 50 infants with epilepsy whom were admitted in William Soler Hospital from 2016 to 2018. There were analysed demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables, and the treatment and recurrence six months after the beginning of the antiepileptic treatment. Results: The beginning of the seizures was at 1 to 4 months in the 60 percent, with predominance of males (60 percent). 44 percent presented global neurodevelopmental delay and 32 percent cerebral palsy. Generalized motor epileptic seizures and epileptic spasms predominated (32 percent); generalized epilepsy (60 percent), epilepsy syndrome: West syndrome (32 percent); and of unknown etiology (48 percent). The most frequent electroencephalographic tracing was the generalized one (26 percent) followed by hypsarrhythmia (24 percent). Vigabatrin and phenobarbital were the most commonly antiepileptic drugs used at the beginning of treatment (24 percent) each. Recurrence was high (62 percent). Conclusions: Epilepsy in the infant is more common in males and of early-onset. The delay in the global neurodevelopment was a factor associated with the recurrence of seizures. Cerebral palsy, findings in neuroimaging studies and the structural etiology are clinically significant factors for recurrence(AU).

Risk factors for developing epilepsy after neonatal seizures.

The objective of this study was to determine clinical and polysomnographic risk factors that might be early predictors for the development of postnatal epilepsy in a cohort of infants with seizures. The study sample included 158 infants who presented two or more clinically proven seizures. Gestational, perinatal, and polysomnographic data were obtained retrospectively. A questionnaire designed to detect patients with epilepsy in the community was prospectively given to all families, and the positive cases were reassessed for confirmation of epilepsy. Epilepsy rate after neonatal seizures was 22% within 12 months of follow-up and 33.8% within 48 months. Transient electrolytic imbalance and perinatal asphyxia were the most frequent etiologic factors associated with neonatal seizures. More than one seizure type was detected in 17.3% (n = 22) of cases and strongly associated with central nervous system infection (relative risk [RR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-7.40, P = 0.02). Focal symptomatic epilepsy (P = 0.01) and syndromes not determined as focal or generalized (P = 0.04) were also associated with central nervous system infection. Abnormal polysomnographic recordings (P = 0.09) and abnormal neurologic examination on discharge (P < 0.01) were correlated with postnatal epilepsy. No differences were observed between premature and term infants concerning outcome. Neonatal seizures were associated with a high incidence of postnatal epilepsy in the cohort, including epileptic syndromes with catastrophic evolution. Abnormal neurologic examination on discharge was a good predictor of an unfavorable outcome and abnormal polysomnographic recording a moderate predictor.