Differences in clinical ocular outcomes between exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Sporothrix: a systematic review of published literature.

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is an implantation mycosis caused by Sporothrix species prevalent worldwide, which occasionally can also result in intraocular infection presenting as an exogenous or endogenous infection (disseminated sporotrichosis). Knowledge in its clinical recognition and management is limited. AIMS: To systematically review and analyse data from published literature with a view to comparing clinical outcomes between exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Sporothrix. METHODS: Case reports of intraocular sporotrichosis, published from 1960 to 2016, were retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS and SciELO databases. The entire data set was divided into two patient groups: (1) exogenous endophthalmitis and (2) endogenous endophthalmitis. Primary outcomes were differences in ocular findings and clinical ocular outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: From 16 publications retrieved, a total of 8 eyes of 8 patients with exogenous endophthalmitis and 13 eyes of 10 patients with endogenous endophthalmitis were identified. Compared with exogenous endophthalmitis, endogenous endophthalmitis was more common in patients infected with HIV (p=0.001) and those from hyperendemic areas (p=0.036). Anterior uveitis (p=0.015) and posterior uveitis (p=0.04) were more common in the exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis groups, respectively. The majority of patients with endogenous endophthalmitis had partial or full clinical resolution of ocular lesions with systemic amphotericin B alone or in combination with an oral antifungal, whereas patients with exogenous endophthalmitis had poor outcomes with irreversible vision loss, enucleation and evisceration. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior uveitis is more common in exogenous endophthalmitis with worse overall outcomes and complications, compared with endogenous endophthalmitis where posterior uveitis is the most common clinical manifestation, especially in patients infected with HIV and those from hyperendemic areas. Sporothrix infection should be included in the differential diagnosis for ocular inflammation, regardless of the presence or absence of autoimmune comorbidities and whether the patient resides in an endemic area or not. Ophthalmologists should consider intravitreal and systemic antifungal therapy for exogenous and endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Sporothrix.

Sporothrix brasiliensis produces the highest levels of oxidative stress in a murine model among the species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex.

INTRODUCTION:: We compared indicators of oxidative stress in the tissue of mice infected with strains from Sporothrix schenckii complex. METHODS:: Mice were inoculated with Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix mexicana or Sporothrix albicans. The activity of catalase and glutathione were accessed in the liver and spleen. RESULTS:: Animals infected with S. brasiliensis exhibited splenomegaly and significant decrease in catalase activity, and protein and non-protein thiol content compared to animals infected with the other species. CONCLUSIONS:: Sporothrix brasiliensis exhibits higher pathogenicity compared to other species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex by increasing oxidative stress in animal tissue.

Sporothrix brasiliensis produces the highest levels of oxidative stress in a murine model among the species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We compared indicators of oxidative stress in the tissue of mice infected with strains from Sporothrix schenckii complex. METHODS: Mice were inoculated with Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix mexicana or Sporothrix albicans. The activity of catalase and glutathione were accessed in the liver and spleen. RESULTS: Animals infected with S. brasiliensis exhibited splenomegaly and significant decrease in catalase activity, and protein and non-protein thiol content compared to animals infected with the other species. CONCLUSIONS: Sporothrix brasiliensis exhibits higher pathogenicity compared to other species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex by increasing oxidative stress in animal tissue.

Esporotricose / Sporotrichosis

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente portadora de esporotricose cutâneo-linfática, com comprometimento de antebraço e braço direitos. Tratada com droga específica (itraconazol) e acompanhada durante seis meses, obteve a cura ao final do tratamento, persistindo apenas as cicatrizes das lesões.

A clinical case of a patiente bearing cutaneous-lymphatic sporotrichosis with right forearm and arm involvement is presented. She was treated with specific drug (itraconazole) and followed a 6-months and she got the cure in the end of the treatment persisting only the scars of the injuries.

Endemic of zoonotic sporotrichosis: profile of cases in children.

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis in childhood is rare in most countries. Isolated cases and small outbreaks related to recreational activities or without identification of the transmission mechanism have been reported. METHODS: Series of case reports. The isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from exudates or fragments of lesions obtained from the patients was used as the criterion of inclusion in the study. RESULTS: A total of 81 cases of sporotrichosis in children younger than 15 years of age were diagnosed at the Evandro Chagas Research Institute, Fiocruz, Brazil, between 1998 and 2004. These cases are part of the endemic disease occurring in Rio de Janeiro related to contact with domestic cats. There was a predominance of girls in the 10-14 year age group. The most frequent clinical form was the cutaneouslymphatic form located on the upper limbs. Itraconazole was used as the first-choice treatment. Sixty-six patients were cured, 9 were lost to follow-up, and 6 had spontaneous regression of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest series of childhood sporotrichosis with zoonotic transmission. The clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in children followed the same pattern of the disease in adults in this ongoing endemic.

Esporotricose felina: aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos: relato de casos (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil) / Feline sporotrichosis: clinical epidemiological aspects: case reports (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil)

Estorotricose é zoonose causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii, que é encontrado, preferencialmente, em solo rico em material vegetal em decomposição. No Brasil, é a segunda micose profunda de maior ocorrência. A forma usual de infecção é através da inoculação intracutânea do agente patogênico e raramente por via respiratória. A espécie felina tem sido descrita na literatura científica como fonte de infecção para o homem. Descrevem-se no presente relato, os dois primeiros casos clínicos de esporotricose felina em Cuiabá estado de Mato Grosso. Os dois gatos conviviam no mesmo ambiente, sendo um siamês, macho, com quatro anos de idade e o outro, sem raça definida, fêmea, com sete anos de idade. Os dois animais apresentam dermatopatia alopécicapústulo-crostosa, principalmente na face. O diagnóstico clínico foi confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. Enfocam-se aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos referentes aos dois casos

Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporpthix schenckii, that is preferentially found in soil rich in mouldering plants. In Brazil, it is second most common deep mycosis. The usual form of infection is through cutaneous inoculation of the pathogenic agent, and rarely through the respiratory system. The feline species has been described in scientific literature as a source of infection for man. This report describes the two first clinical cases of feline sporotrichosis found in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. The two cats shared the race, environment. One was a siamese male, four years old, and the other, a female of undefined race, seven years old. Both animals presented alopenic pustular scabbed dermatopathy, especially in their faces. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the histopathological exam. Clinical epidemiological aspects referring to both cases are focused on

Esporotricose felina: aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos: relato de casos (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil) / Feline sporotrichosis: clinical epidemiological aspects: case reports (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil)

Estorotricose é zoonose causada pelo fungo dimórfico Sporothrix schenckii, que é encontrado, preferencialmente, em solo rico em material vegetal em decomposição. No Brasil, é a segunda micose profunda de maior ocorrência. A forma usual de infecção é através da inoculação intracutânea do agente patogênico e raramente por via respiratória. A espécie felina tem sido descrita na literatura científica como fonte de infecção para o homem. Descrevem-se no presente relato, os dois primeiros casos clínicos de esporotricose felina em Cuiabá estado de Mato Grosso. Os dois gatos conviviam no mesmo ambiente, sendo um siamês, macho, com quatro anos de idade e o outro, sem raça definida, fêmea, com sete anos de idade. Os dois animais apresentam dermatopatia alopécicapústulo-crostosa, principalmente na face. O diagnóstico clínico foi confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. Enfocam-se aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos referentes aos dois casos(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporpthix schenckii, that is preferentially found in soil rich in mouldering plants. In Brazil, it is second most common deep mycosis. The usual form of infection is through cutaneous inoculation of the pathogenic agent, and rarely through the respiratory system. The feline species has been described in scientific literature as a source of infection for man. This report describes the two first clinical cases of feline sporotrichosis found in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. The two cats shared the race, environment. One was a siamese male, four years old, and the other, a female of undefined race, seven years old. Both animals presented alopenic pustular scabbed dermatopathy, especially in their faces. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the histopathological exam. Clinical epidemiological aspects referring to both cases are focused on(AU)

Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: description of a series of cases.

Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis in South America. Classic infection is associated with traumatic inoculation of soil, vegetables, and organic matter contaminated with Sporothrix schenckii. Zoonotic transmission has been described in isolated cases or in small outbreaks. Since 1998, we have been observing an increasing number of cases of sporotrichosis in persons from the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and surroundings. From 1998 to 2001, 178 cases of culture-proven sporotrichosis had been diagnosed. Female patients predominated, and the median age was 39 years. The most frequent clinical presentation was lymphocutaneous disease. Of the 178 patients, 156 reported domiciliary or professional contact with cats with sporotrichosis, and 97 of these patients had a history of receipt of cat scratch or bite. The patients received itraconazole as first-line treatment. This study suggests that feline transmission of sporotrichosis was associated with a large and long-lasting outbreak of the disease in Rio de Janeiro.

Subcutaneous bilateral sporotrichosis: a rare presentation.

Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis observed in Brazil as well as in different regions of the world. We report a rare case of sporotrichosis in a Caucasian male agricultural worker whose lesions occurred bilaterally and simultaneously on the upper limbs.

Localized lymphatic sporotrichosis after fish-induced injury (Tilapia sp.).

Localized lymphatic sporotrichosis generally develops after the fungus Sporothrix schenckii is traumatically introduced into skin or mucosa by contaminated plant material. An 18-year-old male fisherman was injured by spines of the dorsal fin of a fish on the left third finger. The lesion became ulcerated, edematous and suppurative and did not respond to tetracycline and cephalexin. Fifteen days after the accident, a nodular lymphangitic pattern of swelling was observed. Histopathological findings and an intradermal test were suggestive of sporotrichosis and mycological cultures confirmed the diagnosis. The lesions resolved after oral treatment with potassium iodide. Sporotrichosis is a common subcutaneous mycosis in Brazil, and there is a previous report in the literature of this disease being acquired via trauma involving fish spines.

Endemic sporotrichosis.

Although first reported more than a century ago, sporotrichosis, caused by Sporothrix schenckii, still remains a poorly studied disease. Results from recently published studies on sporotrichosis in endemic areas are summarised and assembled with previous findings, providing a comprehensive review that highlights the needs for further research.

Esporotricosis, historia natural y niveles de prevención / Sporotrichosis, natural history and levels of prevention

Se hace una revisión acerca de la esporotricosis, de acuerdo a la historia natural de la enfermedad y los niveles de prevención. Se hace énfasis en las medidas preventivas para evitar la infección, sobre todo en personas que están en contacto con productos vegetales que pudieran estar contaminados. Se revisan métodos de diagnóstico, tanto de laboratorio como de gabinete, resaltando la importancia a la intradermorreacción de la esporotriquina

Esporotricosis: linfocitos formadores de rosetas en pacientes con la forma cutanea de la enfermedad / Sporotrichosis: lymphocytes rosette formers in patients with the cutaneus form of disease

En 21 pacientes con esporotricosis linfocutanea se cuantificaron los linfocitos formadores de rosetas E totales, activas y estables. Se determinaron, ademas, posibles factores circulantes modulares de la formacion de rosetas E, tanto en el suero de casos como de controles. Los resultados demuestran la inexistencia de factores sericos moduladores y no se detectaron modificaciones en las subpoblaciones de linfocitos analizadas. Se concluye que las fallas en los mecanismos de respuesta inmune del individuo con esporotricosis tegumentaria, radican en sitios diferentes de las poblaciones linfoides, quizas en la capacidad litica de sus celulas fagociticas.