Evapotranspiration mapping of commercial corn fields in Brazil using SAFER algorithm

SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) is a relatively new algorithm applied successfully to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) at different spatial scales of different crops in Brazil. However, its use for monitoring irrigated crops is scarce and needs further investigation. This study assessed the performance of SAFER to estimate ET of irrigated corn in a Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in São Desidério, Bahia State, Brazil, in corn-cropped areas in no-tillage systems and irrigated by central pivots. SAFER algorithm with original regression coefficients (a = 1.8 and b = -0.008) was initially tested during the growing seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016. SAFER performed very poorly for estimating corn ET, with RMSD values greater than 1.18 mm d-¹ for 12 fields analyzed and NSE values 0 in most fields. To improve estimates, SAFER regression coefficients were calibrated (using 2014 and 2015 data) and validated with 2016 data, with the resulting coefficients a and b equal to 0.32 and -0.0013, respectively. SAFER performed well for ET estimation after calibration, with r² and NSE values equal to 0.91 and RMSD = 0.469 mm d-¹. SAFER also showed good performance (r² = 0.86) after validation, with the lowest RMSD (0.58 mm d-¹) values for the set of 14 center pivots in this growing season. The results support the use of calibrated SAFER algorithm as a tool for estimating water consumption in irrigated corn fields in semiarid conditions.(AU)

Evapotranspiration mapping of commercial corn fields in Brazil using SAFER algorithm

SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) is a relatively new algorithm applied successfully to estimate actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) at different spatial scales of different crops in Brazil. However, its use for monitoring irrigated crops is scarce and needs further investigation. This study assessed the performance of SAFER to estimate ET of irrigated corn in a Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in São Desidério, Bahia State, Brazil, in corn-cropped areas in no-tillage systems and irrigated by central pivots. SAFER algorithm with original regression coefficients (a = 1.8 and b = -0.008) was initially tested during the growing seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016. SAFER performed very poorly for estimating corn ET, with RMSD values greater than 1.18 mm d-¹ for 12 fields analyzed and NSE values 0 in most fields. To improve estimates, SAFER regression coefficients were calibrated (using 2014 and 2015 data) and validated with 2016 data, with the resulting coefficients a and b equal to 0.32 and -0.0013, respectively. SAFER performed well for ET estimation after calibration, with r² and NSE values equal to 0.91 and RMSD = 0.469 mm d-¹. SAFER also showed good performance (r² = 0.86) after validation, with the lowest RMSD (0.58 mm d-¹) values for the set of 14 center pivots in this growing season. The results support the use of calibrated SAFER algorithm as a tool for estimating water consumption in irrigated corn fields in semiarid conditions.

Design and testing of a sweat meter for the cutaneous evaporation determination in cattle

The physiological processes of adaptation respond to autonomic mechanisms. Ruminants are known to regulate heat by sweating, among other mechanisms. Bos taurus cattleusually do not compensate well for exposure to high temperatures. In the tropics, sweating is the most important way for ruminants to lose heat. The objective of this research was to design and validate a non-invasive external mean to determine sweat production in Colombian Creole cattle. In a research center located in the Colombian eastern plains at4°05'N and 73°34'E, at 330 m ASL, a simple, lightweight, operational, safe, and easy-to-use device was designed to collect sweat from bovine Planum nasolabiale in 15 lactatingcows of Colombian Creole breeds. Besides, blood samples were collected and physiological constants were determinedand analyzed the relationship of this parameter with physiological measurements and heat indices. The measurement device designed and tested has proven to beefficient for sweating collection in cattle; however, the quantity of sweat collected could not reflect in a trustworthy way the overall animal response to the environmentalconditions. In contrast, the heat load index was more related to evapotranspiration and sweat production than the humiditytemperature index, indicating that a high heat load may lead to a major need for triggering high-level regulatory physiologic mechanisms like sweat production to compensate the rise of core temperature.

Reference evapotranspiration during rainy and dry seasons in Mossoró, RN, Brazil / Evapotranspiração de referência nos períodos chuvoso e seco em Mossoró-RN

Mossoró, RN, Brazil, is considered one of the fruit growing centers of the Northeast region. This municipality has a persistent water deficit, with the need to develop irrigated agriculture with efficient water use and rational management of irrigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for different climate conditions of Mossoró, comparing them with the standard Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method. A daily data series of two distinct years, a rainy (2011) and a dry year (2012), was used. The data were obtained from the weather station of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region (UFERSA). An analysis was performed to identify methods that best fit those of Penman-Monteith-FAO 56, and for this, ten methods were evaluated using statistical indices. The Penman-Original, Radiation-Temperature, and Hargreaves-Original methods stood out and satisfactorily met ETo estimation for the rainy season, while the Jensen-Haise, Radiation-Temperature, and Hargreaves-Original methods achieved satisfactory performance for the dry season. The Hargreaves-Samani method did not demonstrate viability in the use of ETo estimation, as it was the worst method in both studied periods and is not recommended for irrigation management.(AU)

O município de Mossoró-RN é considerado uns dos polos fruticultores da região Nordeste. O município apresenta constante déficit hídrico, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada com o uso eficiente da água, sendo fundamental o manejo racional da irrigação. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar para as condições climáticas de Mossoró-RN, diferentes métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), comparando-os com o método padrão de Penman-Monteith-FAO 56. Foi utilizada uma série de dados diários de dois anos distintos, um ano chuvoso (2011) e outro seco (2012). Os dados foram obtidos na estação meteorológica da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). Foi realizada análise visando identificar os métodos que melhor se ajustam ao de Penman-Monteith-FAO 56, e para isto, foram avaliados 10 métodos mediante índices estatísticos. Destacaram-se os métodos de Penman-Original, Radiação-Temperatura e Hargreaves-Original, os quais atenderam satisfatoriamente a estimativa da ETo para o período chuvoso, enquanto que os métodos de Jensen-Haise, Radiação-Temperatura e Hargreaves-Original obtiveram desempenho satisfatório para o período seco. O método de Hargreaves-Samani não demonstrou viabilidade na utilização de estimativa da ETo, pois foi o pior método em ambos os períodos estudados, não sendo recomendado para o manejo da irrigação.(AU)

Reference evapotranspiration during rainy and dry seasons in Mossoró, RN, Brazil / Evapotranspiração de referência nos períodos chuvoso e seco em Mossoró-RN

Mossoró, RN, Brazil, is considered one of the fruit growing centers of the Northeast region. This municipality has a persistent water deficit, with the need to develop irrigated agriculture with efficient water use and rational management of irrigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for different climate conditions of Mossoró, comparing them with the standard Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method. A daily data series of two distinct years, a rainy (2011) and a dry year (2012), was used. The data were obtained from the weather station of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region (UFERSA). An analysis was performed to identify methods that best fit those of Penman-Monteith-FAO 56, and for this, ten methods were evaluated using statistical indices. The Penman-Original, Radiation-Temperature, and Hargreaves-Original methods stood out and satisfactorily met ETo estimation for the rainy season, while the Jensen-Haise, Radiation-Temperature, and Hargreaves-Original methods achieved satisfactory performance for the dry season. The Hargreaves-Samani method did not demonstrate viability in the use of ETo estimation, as it was the worst method in both studied periods and is not recommended for irrigation management.

O município de Mossoró-RN é considerado uns dos polos fruticultores da região Nordeste. O município apresenta constante déficit hídrico, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento da agricultura irrigada com o uso eficiente da água, sendo fundamental o manejo racional da irrigação. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar para as condições climáticas de Mossoró-RN, diferentes métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), comparando-os com o método padrão de Penman-Monteith-FAO 56. Foi utilizada uma série de dados diários de dois anos distintos, um ano chuvoso (2011) e outro seco (2012). Os dados foram obtidos na estação meteorológica da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). Foi realizada análise visando identificar os métodos que melhor se ajustam ao de Penman-Monteith-FAO 56, e para isto, foram avaliados 10 métodos mediante índices estatísticos. Destacaram-se os métodos de Penman-Original, Radiação-Temperatura e Hargreaves-Original, os quais atenderam satisfatoriamente a estimativa da ETo para o período chuvoso, enquanto que os métodos de Jensen-Haise, Radiação-Temperatura e Hargreaves-Original obtiveram desempenho satisfatório para o período seco. O método de Hargreaves-Samani não demonstrou viabilidade na utilização de estimativa da ETo, pois foi o pior método em ambos os períodos estudados, não sendo recomendado para o manejo da irrigação.

Crop coefficients of tropical forage crops, single cropped and overseeded with black oat and ryegrass

Crop coefficient (Kc) is the ratio between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo), representing the phenological effects on crop water consumption. Kc is fundamental to estimating ETc by agrometeorological methods. This research study aimed to determine Kc and ETc values for Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.), both single cropped for one year and overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) during fall/winter. The experiment in the field comprised four plots, two for each tropical forage, with and without overseeding. At the center of each plot, there was a weighing lysimeter with an automated system for data collection. ETc was measured daily over four seasons following the lysimetric method; ETo was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation. ETc and ETo values were used to estimate Kc values. The single cropped Guinea grass showed the highest values for ETc, with mean ETc and Kc of 3.99 mm d–1 and 1.07, respectively. The single cropped Bermuda grass showed ETc and Kc values of 3.57 mm d–1 and 0.96, respectively. The results of paired t-testing for Kc showed no significant differences (p = 0.05) between single cropped and intercropped for both Guinea grass and Cynodon spp. During winter, intercropped Guinea grass did not show an ETc significantly higher than single cropped Guinea grass, with mean Kc values 0.98 for intercropped and 1.10 for single cropped. Similarly, Bermuda grass did not show significant differences between mean Kc values for intercropped (1.02) and single cropped (1.00).(AU)

Crop coefficients of tropical forage crops, single cropped and overseeded with black oat and ryegrass

Crop coefficient (Kc) is the ratio between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo), representing the phenological effects on crop water consumption. Kc is fundamental to estimating ETc by agrometeorological methods. This research study aimed to determine Kc and ETc values for Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.), both single cropped for one year and overseeded with black oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) during fall/winter. The experiment in the field comprised four plots, two for each tropical forage, with and without overseeding. At the center of each plot, there was a weighing lysimeter with an automated system for data collection. ETc was measured daily over four seasons following the lysimetric method; ETo was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation. ETc and ETo values were used to estimate Kc values. The single cropped Guinea grass showed the highest values for ETc, with mean ETc and Kc of 3.99 mm d–1 and 1.07, respectively. The single cropped Bermuda grass showed ETc and Kc values of 3.57 mm d–1 and 0.96, respectively. The results of paired t-testing for Kc showed no significant differences (p = 0.05) between single cropped and intercropped for both Guinea grass and Cynodon spp. During winter, intercropped Guinea grass did not show an ETc significantly higher than single cropped Guinea grass, with mean Kc values 0.98 for intercropped and 1.10 for single cropped. Similarly, Bermuda grass did not show significant differences between mean Kc values for intercropped (1.02) and single cropped (1.00).

Productivity and water demand of maize estimated by the modified satellite Priestley-Taylor algorithm / Produtividade e demanda hídrica do milho estimado pelo algoritmo de Priestley-Taylor modificado para satélite

The water demand of crops, as well as the relation of this variable to productivity and other important factors related to the sustainable management of agriculture, makes it relevant to estimate parameters that help in the most assertive and efficient decision-making in the agricultural environment. In this context, the work aims to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa), biomass (Bio), water productivity (WP) and crop productivity (P), using the Landsat-8 satellite, through the Modified Satellite Priestley-Taylor Algorithm (MS-PT). For this, ETa was estimated for maize culture irrigated by central pivots, using the MS-PT with six images of Landsat-8, which were free of clouds. The ETa estimate was accurate in the first 60 days after emergence (DAE) of the crop. Subsequently, the variables Bio, P, and WP were estimated using the ETa and the assumptions of the Monteith (1972) model. Therefore, we sequentially calculated the dry biomass, crop productivity and water productivity. ETa presented a high correlation with Bio from the second image (06/10/2015), due to the canopy closure of the crop and, consequently, the predominance of transpiration in the evapotranspiration phenomenon. The water productivity was constant throughout the maximum vegetative stage until the reproductive phase R4 of the crop, verifying in this interval the best efficiency in the conversion of water in biomass. From the obtained results, it is verified that the set of algorithms used in the estimation of the parameters demonstrated the potential to increase the capacity to handle agriculture in a more efficient, assertive and sustainable way.(AU)

A demanda hídrica das culturas, assim como a relação dessa com variáveis de produtividade e outros importantes fatores relacionados ao manejo da agricultura sustentável, faz com seja relevante a estimação de parâmetros que auxiliam de modo assertivo e eficiente a tomada de decisão no ambiente agrícola. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a evapotranspiração real (ETa), biomassa (Bio), produtividade da água (WP) e a produtividade da cultura (P), utilizando imagens do satélite Landsat-8, por meio do algoritmo Priestley-Taylor modificado para satélite (MS-PT). Para isso, estimou-se a ETa para a cultura do milho irrigado por pivôs central, utilizando o MS-PT com seis imagens do Landsat-8, as quais encontravam-se livre de nuvens. A estimativa da ETa foi acurada nos primeiros 60 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura. Posteriormente, as variáveis Bio, P, e WP foram estimadas utilizando a ETa e os pressupostos do modelo de Monteith (1972). A ETa apresentou alta correlação com a Bio a partir da segunda imagem (10/06/2015), em função do fechamento dossel da cultura e consequentemente a predominância da transpiração no fenômeno de evapotranspiração. A WP foi constante durante o máximo crescimento vegetativo até a fase reprodutiva da cultura denominada R4, sendo verificado nessa amplitude de tempo a melhor eficiência da conversão de água em biomassa. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que esse conjunto de algoritmos utilizados para estimativa dos parâmetros relacionados a produtividade do milho mostraram o potencial de crescimento que se tem para melhorar a capacidade de como lidar com uma agricultura mais eficiente, assertiva e sustentável.(AU)

Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of sweet orange during the initial development phase in the Rio Largo region, Alagoas / Evapotranspiração real e coeficiente da cultura da laranja lima durante a fase inicial de desenvolvimento na região de Rio Largo, Alagoas

Determining actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) is paramount for irrigation management. The principal measurement methods and physical models generally require crop and weather data that are not readily available. We determined the crop coefficient (Kc) of sweet oranges during the initial development stage and evaluated the performance of the Poulovassilis semi-empirical model coupled with a simple soil water balance for estimating the ETa. The ETa was inferred from the variation in the soil water content over time, measured by time-domain reflectometry. In the Poulovassilis model, the ETa is obtained by multiplying the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) by an adjustment coefficient (ca), which accounts for a reduction in the evapotranspiration caused by soil water depletion. Soil water storage was obtained using the daily and 10-day soil water balances, computed by considering inputs and outputs of water from the system. The empirical parameter, ca, was determined using inverse modeling. The optimal ca value obtained through inverse modeling was 0.05 and 0.03 for the daily and 10-day soil water balances, respectively. The model performed better for the daily soil water balance than the 10-day balance, with performance comparable with the other ETa models. Average Kc during the sweet orange initial crop stage was 0.85.(AU)

A determinação da evapotranspiração real da cultura (ETa) é importante para o manejo da irrigação. Os principais métodos e modelos físicos de estimativa da ETa requerem dados que não são facilmente disponíveis. Neste trabalho, obteve-se o coeficiente da cultura (Kc) da laranja lima na fase inicial de desenvolvimento e avaliou-se o desempenho do modelo semi-empírico de Poulovassilis acoplado a um balanço hídrico simplificado na estimativa da ETa. A ETa (medida) foi obtida a partir da variação temporal do conteúdo de água no solo, obtida através da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR). O modelo de POULOVASSILIS et al. (2001) assume que a redução da evapotranspiração da cultura é expressa por uma função exponencial do armazenamento de água do solo e por um coeficiente de ajuste empírico (ca). O armazenamento de água do solo foi obtido através do balanço hídrico (BH), diário e decendial, contabilizando as entradas e saídas de água do sistema. O parâmetro empírico ca foi obtido por modelagem inversa. O valor ótimo de ca obtido por modelagem inversa 0,05 para o BH diário e 0,03 para o BH decendial. O modelo apresentou melhor desempenho para o BH diário, comparável a outros modelos de estimativa da ETa. O Kc médio para fase inicial da laranja lima foi igual a 0,85.(AU)

Comparison of water consumption estimates for tropical and winter forages by FDR probes and weighing lysimeters / Consumo de água em forrageiras tropicais e de inverno obtido por sonda FDR e lisímetros de pesagem

Soil moisture determination is essential for a good use of available water resources. In this regard, the use of frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probes has as advantages mobility and practicality in relation to lysimeters. The experiment was carried out between April and June 2016 at the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), located in Piracicaba, SP at the geographical coordinates 22°42′14.6″ S and 47°37′24.1″ W and altitude of 546 m. This study aimed to assess these FDR probes to estimate water consumption in comparison to measurements by weighing lysimeters (ETcLys) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Mombaça and Bermuda grass pastures under single cultivation and overseeded with oat and ryegrass. Soil moisture was assessed daily by FDR probes by estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETcFDR probe) from soil water balance calculation, which was correlated with ETcLys and ETo (Penman-Monteith, FAO 56). For all treatments, FDR probes presented the highest water consumptions when compared to the other two evapotranspiration methods, with accumulations of 126.5 and 125.6 mm for single and overseeded Mombaça grass, respectively. For Bermuda grass, water consumption was 123.4 mm in the single cultivation and 128.5 mm when overseeded. The method of estimating evapotranspiration by FDR probes showed good correlations with ETo and ETcLys.(AU)

A determinação da umidade do solo é preponderante para o bom uso dos recursos hídricos disponíveis. Neste aspecto, as sondas de Reflectometria no Domínio da Frequência (FDR) tem a vantagem da mobilidade e praticidade em relação aos lisímetros. O experimento foi conduzido entre abril e junho de 2016 na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), localizada em Piracicaba, SP nas coordenadas geográficas 22°42′14.6″ S e 47°37′24.1″ O e altitude de 546 m. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sonda FDR para estimativa do consumo de água em relação a medidas obtidas através de lisímetros de pesagem (ETcLis) e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) em pastagens de capim Mombaça e Cynodon em cultivos exclusivos e sobressemeados com aveia e azevém. A umidade de solo foi diariamente avaliada pela sonda FDR estimando a evapotranspiração de cultura (ETcsonda FDR), a partir do cálculo de balanço hídrico no solo, que foi correlacionada com a ETcLis e a ETo (Penman-Monteith - FAO 56). A sonda FDR apresentou para todos os tratamentos os maiores consumos em relação aos outros dois métodos de evapotranspiração, com acúmulos durante o ciclo de 126,5 mm e 125,6 mm, no Mombaça exclusivo e sobressemeado, respectivamente. No Cynodon spp., o consumo foi de 123,4 mm no cultivo exclusivo e 128,5 mm no sobressemeado. O método de estimativa de evapotranspiração pela sonda FDR apresentou boas correlações com a ETo e ETcLis.(AU)

Comparison of water consumption estimates for tropical and winter forages by FDR probes and weighing lysimeters / Consumo de água em forrageiras tropicais e de inverno obtido por sonda FDR e lisímetros de pesagem

Soil moisture determination is essential for a good use of available water resources. In this regard, the use of frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probes has as advantages mobility and practicality in relation to lysimeters. The experiment was carried out between April and June 2016 at the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), located in Piracicaba, SP at the geographical coordinates 22°42′14.6″ S and 47°37′24.1″ W and altitude of 546 m. This study aimed to assess these FDR probes to estimate water consumption in comparison to measurements by weighing lysimeters (ETcLys) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Mombaça and Bermuda grass pastures under single cultivation and overseeded with oat and ryegrass. Soil moisture was assessed daily by FDR probes by estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETcFDR probe) from soil water balance calculation, which was correlated with ETcLys and ETo (Penman-Monteith, FAO 56). For all treatments, FDR probes presented the highest water consumptions when compared to the other two evapotranspiration methods, with accumulations of 126.5 and 125.6 mm for single and overseeded Mombaça grass, respectively. For Bermuda grass, water consumption was 123.4 mm in the single cultivation and 128.5 mm when overseeded. The method of estimating evapotranspiration by FDR probes showed good correlations with ETo and ETcLys.

A determinação da umidade do solo é preponderante para o bom uso dos recursos hídricos disponíveis. Neste aspecto, as sondas de Reflectometria no Domínio da Frequência (FDR) tem a vantagem da mobilidade e praticidade em relação aos lisímetros. O experimento foi conduzido entre abril e junho de 2016 na Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ/USP), localizada em Piracicaba, SP nas coordenadas geográficas 22°42′14.6″ S e 47°37′24.1″ O e altitude de 546 m. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sonda FDR para estimativa do consumo de água em relação a medidas obtidas através de lisímetros de pesagem (ETcLis) e da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) em pastagens de capim Mombaça e Cynodon em cultivos exclusivos e sobressemeados com aveia e azevém. A umidade de solo foi diariamente avaliada pela sonda FDR estimando a evapotranspiração de cultura (ETcsonda FDR), a partir do cálculo de balanço hídrico no solo, que foi correlacionada com a ETcLis e a ETo (Penman-Monteith - FAO 56). A sonda FDR apresentou para todos os tratamentos os maiores consumos em relação aos outros dois métodos de evapotranspiração, com acúmulos durante o ciclo de 126,5 mm e 125,6 mm, no Mombaça exclusivo e sobressemeado, respectivamente. No Cynodon spp., o consumo foi de 123,4 mm no cultivo exclusivo e 128,5 mm no sobressemeado. O método de estimativa de evapotranspiração pela sonda FDR apresentou boas correlações com a ETo e ETcLis.

Productivity and water demand of maize estimated by the modified satellite Priestley-Taylor algorithm / Produtividade e demanda hídrica do milho estimado pelo algoritmo de Priestley-Taylor modificado para satélite

The water demand of crops, as well as the relation of this variable to productivity and other important factors related to the sustainable management of agriculture, makes it relevant to estimate parameters that help in the most assertive and efficient decision-making in the agricultural environment. In this context, the work aims to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa), biomass (Bio), water productivity (WP) and crop productivity (P), using the Landsat-8 satellite, through the Modified Satellite Priestley-Taylor Algorithm (MS-PT). For this, ETa was estimated for maize culture irrigated by central pivots, using the MS-PT with six images of Landsat-8, which were free of clouds. The ETa estimate was accurate in the first 60 days after emergence (DAE) of the crop. Subsequently, the variables Bio, P, and WP were estimated using the ETa and the assumptions of the Monteith (1972) model. Therefore, we sequentially calculated the dry biomass, crop productivity and water productivity. ETa presented a high correlation with Bio from the second image (06/10/2015), due to the canopy closure of the crop and, consequently, the predominance of transpiration in the evapotranspiration phenomenon. The water productivity was constant throughout the maximum vegetative stage until the reproductive phase R4 of the crop, verifying in this interval the best efficiency in the conversion of water in biomass. From the obtained results, it is verified that the set of algorithms used in the estimation of the parameters demonstrated the potential to increase the capacity to handle agriculture in a more efficient, assertive and sustainable way.

A demanda hídrica das culturas, assim como a relação dessa com variáveis de produtividade e outros importantes fatores relacionados ao manejo da agricultura sustentável, faz com seja relevante a estimação de parâmetros que auxiliam de modo assertivo e eficiente a tomada de decisão no ambiente agrícola. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a evapotranspiração real (ETa), biomassa (Bio), produtividade da água (WP) e a produtividade da cultura (P), utilizando imagens do satélite Landsat-8, por meio do algoritmo Priestley-Taylor modificado para satélite (MS-PT). Para isso, estimou-se a ETa para a cultura do milho irrigado por pivôs central, utilizando o MS-PT com seis imagens do Landsat-8, as quais encontravam-se livre de nuvens. A estimativa da ETa foi acurada nos primeiros 60 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura. Posteriormente, as variáveis Bio, P, e WP foram estimadas utilizando a ETa e os pressupostos do modelo de Monteith (1972). A ETa apresentou alta correlação com a Bio a partir da segunda imagem (10/06/2015), em função do fechamento dossel da cultura e consequentemente a predominância da transpiração no fenômeno de evapotranspiração. A WP foi constante durante o máximo crescimento vegetativo até a fase reprodutiva da cultura denominada R4, sendo verificado nessa amplitude de tempo a melhor eficiência da conversão de água em biomassa. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que esse conjunto de algoritmos utilizados para estimativa dos parâmetros relacionados a produtividade do milho mostraram o potencial de crescimento que se tem para melhorar a capacidade de como lidar com uma agricultura mais eficiente, assertiva e sustentável.

Reference evapotranspiration for Londrina, Paraná, Brazil: performance of different estimation methods / Evapotranspiração de referência para Londrina, Paraná: desempenho de diferentes métodos de estimativa

Aiming at assessing the performance of alternative methods to Penman-Monteith FAO56 for estimating the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves (1974), McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne, and Blaney-Criddle were compared to that standard method recommended by FAO. The estimations were correlated by linear regression and assessed by using the Persons correlation coefficient (r), concordance index (d), and performance index (c) using a set of meteorological data of approximately 40 years. The methods modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, and Linacre should be avoided, as they did not present excellent results. The methods McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves (1974), Romanenko, and Blaney-Morin were classified as very bad, not being recommended. In contrast, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, and Makkink presented excellent performance indices and can beapplied in the study region.(AU)

Com objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de métodos alternativos ao Penmam-Monteith-FAO56 para a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) para a cidade de Londrina, Paraná, foram comparados a este método padrão recomendado pela FAO os seguintes métodos: Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982,Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-pelton, Jensen-Haise,Makkink, Hargreaves-Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banavides-Lopez, Penman-Original, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves-1974, McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne e Blaney-Criddle. Utilizando um conjunto de dados meteorológicos de aproximadamente 40 anos, as estimativas foram correlacionadas por regressão linear e avaliadas através do coeficiente de correlação de Person r, índice de concordância d e do índice de desempenho c. Os métodos Hargreaves Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banvides-Lopez, Penman-Original e Linacre devem ser evitados, pois não apresentaram resultados ótimos. Classificado como péssimo os métodos McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves-1974, Romanenko e Blaney-Morin não são recomendados. E os métodos Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982, Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise e Makkink apresentaram índices de desempenhos “ótimos”, e podem ser aplicados para a região em estudo.(AU)

Reference evapotranspiration for Londrina, Paraná, Brazil: performance of different estimation methods / Evapotranspiração de referência para Londrina, Paraná: desempenho de diferentes métodos de estimativa

Aiming at assessing the performance of alternative methods to Penman-Monteith FAO56 for estimating the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves (1974), McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne, and Blaney-Criddle were compared to that standard method recommended by FAO. The estimations were correlated by linear regression and assessed by using the Persons correlation coefficient (r), concordance index (d), and performance index (c) using a set of meteorological data of approximately 40 years. The methods modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, and Linacre should be avoided, as they did not present excellent results. The methods McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves (1974), Romanenko, and Blaney-Morin were classified as very bad, not being recommended. In contrast, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, and Makkink presented excellent performance indices and can beapplied in the study region.

Com objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de métodos alternativos ao Penmam-Monteith-FAO56 para a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) para a cidade de Londrina, Paraná, foram comparados a este método padrão recomendado pela FAO os seguintes métodos: Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982,Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-pelton, Jensen-Haise,Makkink, Hargreaves-Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banavides-Lopez, Penman-Original, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves-1974, McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne e Blaney-Criddle. Utilizando um conjunto de dados meteorológicos de aproximadamente 40 anos, as estimativas foram correlacionadas por regressão linear e avaliadas através do coeficiente de correlação de Person r, índice de concordância d e do índice de desempenho c. Os métodos Hargreaves Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banvides-Lopez, Penman-Original e Linacre devem ser evitados, pois não apresentaram resultados ótimos. Classificado como péssimo os métodos McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves-1974, Romanenko e Blaney-Morin não são recomendados. E os métodos Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982, Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise e Makkink apresentaram índices de desempenhos “ótimos”, e podem ser aplicados para a região em estudo.