Incidence and duration of incident oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections among men who have sex with men: prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective cohort study aimed to determine the natural history and incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia among a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM) over a 12-week period, and to examine risk factors associated with incident oropharyngeal infections. METHODS: MSM either aged ≥18 years and had a diagnosis of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) in the past 3 months or aged 18-35 years who were HIV-negative taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) were eligible for this study. Enrolled men were followed up for 12 weeks. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected at week 0 (baseline) and week 12 (end of study). Between these time points, weekly saliva specimens and the number of tongue kissing, penile-oral and insertive rimming partners were collected by post. Oropharyngeal swabs and saliva specimens were tested by NAAT for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Poisson regression was performed to examine the risk factors (weekly number of partners) associated with incident oropharyngeal gonorrhoea. RESULTS: A total of 100 MSM were recruited. The incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and chlamydia was 62 (95% CI 37 to 105) and 9 (95% CI 2 to 35)/100 person-years, respectively. The median duration of incident oropharyngeal infection with gonorrhoea was 28 days (IQR=21-36, n=7). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea increased with an increased number of kissing partners (IRR=1.08; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.12) an increased number of penile-oral sex partners (IRR=1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14) but not with an increased number of insertive rimming partners (IRR=1.11, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.29) or other demographic factors. The IRR and duration of incident oropharyngeal chlamydia were not calculated due to the small number of cases (n=2). CONCLUSIONS: MSM have a high incidence of oropharyngeal gonorrhoea and the median duration of infection was less than 3 months.

[Sexually transmitted diseases in Poland in 2004 and 2005]. / Choroby przenoszone droga plciowa w Polsce w 2005 roku w swietle danych z 2004 roku.

In 2005 year 809 cases of all forms of syphilis were notified in Poland; incidence 2.12 per 100,000 population (2004 year--784, incidence--2.05). The largest number of cases was in mazowiecke (205), slaskie (138), and dolnoslaskie (100) voivodeships. The lowest was registered in warminsko-mazurskie (8 cases), podkarpackie (10) swietokrzyskie(10) voivodeships. There were recognized 402 cases of gonorrhoea (in 2004 - 520). Epidemiological situation of sexually transmitted diseases was unfavourably due to growth of cases latent syphilis (early and tarda) in Poland. Its was diagnosed insufficiency due to decreases number of screening studies, particularly in blood donors and pregnant women. Prophylaxis and education actions was difficulty because money was lacking.

[Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: effect of sex and sexual orientation on the distribution of gonococcal types]. / Molekulare Epidemiologie von Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Einfluss von Geschlecht und sexueller Orientierung auf die Verteilung der Gonokokkentypen.

Auxotype/serovar (A/S) classification enables precise characterisation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In the present study we evaluated whether sex and sexual preference of the patient influence the auxotype/serovar class of the infecting gonococcal strain. In male patients prototrophic/IB-3 was the most frequently isolated A/S class. By contrast, in female patients the A/S class (P)AH(U)/IA-1/2 was significantly (p < 0.005) more frequently isolated than in male patients. Analysis of our data according to sexual preference of the patients showed that in heterosexual patients the two mentioned A/S classes were leading, whereas in homo- and bisexual patients A/S classes prototrophic/IB-2 (p < 0.0001) and Pro/IB-2/16 (p < 0.0001) were isolated significantly more often. Our data are a strong indication that the host environment is also responsible for the selection of N. gonorrhoeae strains with certain typing characteristics.

Protección específica contra el gonococo / Specific protection against gonococcus

La gonorrea constituye actualmente un problema importante de salud pública, cuyo impacto se refleja en su morbilidad y a través de sus complicaciónes y secuelas crónicas. El agente causal es Neisseria gonorrhoeae, conocido comúnmente como gonococo, y su único hospedero es el humano. Su forma de transmisión es por el contacto sexual o perinatal. cuando en 1985 se realizó el ensayo clínico de una vacuna producida con pili de gonococo en unos 3,000 voluntarios, se pensaba que las investigaciones para producir una vacuna para gonococo estaban cercanas a lograr su propósito. Sin embargo, a partir de entonces se han debido enfrentar problemas inherentes a las complejidades fisiológicas, inmunoquímicas, moleculares y genéticas de la bacteria. La obtención de una vacuna eficaz puede analizarse desde tres puntos de vista: aspectos de la bacteria, del huésped y con los de la vacuna misma. La identificación de los posibles candidatos para una vacuna se han dirigido a seleccionar componentes que sean constantes entre cepas homólogas y cepas heterólogas, que no dañen el sistema inmunológico del huésped y que estén expuestos en la pared celular de las bacterias. Se ha considerado que los pili, la proteína I, la lipoproteína y la proteína receptora de hierro reúnen estas características. En caso de que la protección que otorgue la vacuna únicamente sea para las complicaciones ocacionadas por la diseminación de la bacteria, ésta será insuficiente para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión

Concordance of auxotype/serovar classes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae between sexual contacts.

One hundred and three known sexual-contact pairs of patients with culture-proven gonorrhoea who attended St Mary's Hospital, London between May 1989 and February 1991 were identified. All isolates from these patients were serotyped and auxotyped and compared for type concordance within sexual-contact pairs. Serotype was concordant in 80 (78%) of 103 sexual-contact pairs, auxotype in 88 (85%) and auxotype/serovar (A/S) class in 66 (64%) on the first screening. All pairs of isolates showed concordance in both serotype and auxotype when typing was repeated using a single set of serotyping reagents and of auxotyping media. Seventeen serovars, 9 auxotypes and 36 A/S classes were found in this population. Our results suggest that both serotyping and auxotyping may be used as markers to allow tracing of sexual-contact pairs, but that a single set of reagents should be used to ensure maximum reliability.

The contribution of reinfection to gonorrhea incidence in Alaska, 1983 to 1987.

Gonorrhea case reports to the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services were used to study the contribution of reinfection to rates of gonorrhea infection in Alaska. The case reports of 13,910 infections among 11,132 persons who had laboratory-proven gonorrhea between 1983 and 1987 were examined. Among 1,886 persons who had multiple infections, the average number of infections per person was 2.5 (range = 2-11). These persons accounted for 33.5% of all infections and 16.9% of all patients with gonorrhea from 1983 to 1987. Compared to persons with one infection, those having multiple infections were more likely to be Alaska Natives (relative risk = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.6-1.9) and less than 21 years of age (relative risk = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.4). There was no difference in risk between men and women. Two thirds of the reinfections occurred within 12 months of the initial infection. If gonorrhea incidence were calculated based on the number of people infected rather than as a "case rate," the mean annual rate (per 100,000) from 1983 to 1987 decreased from 1,644 to 1,228 (a 25.3% decrease) for Alaska Natives and from 316 to 267 (a 15.5% decrease) for non-Natives. Reporting gonorrhea incidence rates by number of persons infected rather than by total number of cases more accurately measures gonorrhea morbidity in a population and will allow prevention efforts to be directed to those persons who contribute the most to perpetuating the disease.

Patterns of homosexually acquired gonococcal serovars in Edinburgh 1986-90.

AIM: The aim of this study was to observe the changes in gonococcal serovar pattern in homosexual men over a 5 year period. METHODS: All men who presented to the Genitourinary Medicine clinic at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between 1986 and 1990 with homosexually acquired gonococcal infection were included in the study. Gonococcal isolates were serotyped and the temporal change in isolated serovars noted. RESULTS: Over the 5 year period 32 different serovars were associated with 175 homosexually acquired infections. There was a dynamic temporal change in the dominant serovars with a continual influx of new strains some of which become established in the community but most of which appeared only transiently. Rapid variation in incidence over time was observed for certain serovars while others remained at more constant levels. There was a marked association between certain serovars (Ae/Av; Back/Bropyt; Bacejk/Brpyut; Bacejk/Brpyust; Baejk/Brpyut) and homosexually acquired infection. CONCLUSIONS: Possible determinants for the patterns observed are discussed but the underlying mechanism is probably multifactorial.