A brief review of Rhazes, Avicenna, and Jorjani's views on diagnosis of diseases through urine examination.

The present survey aims at studying the opinions of three famous medical scholars in history (Rhazes, Avicinna, and Jorjani) on the diagnosis of diseases via urine examination and their compatiblity with modern science. Refering to original authentic sources in traditional medicine, including Al-Hawi (The Virtuous Life), Zakhireh-i Kharazmshahi (Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm), and Al-Canon fi al Tibb (The Canon on Medicine), we compared the ideas of the authors with modern medicine. In traditional medicine, physicians would pay attention to the methods of urine collection and urinary features such as color, consistency, volume, frequency, odor, and foam as the means of diagnosis, all of which still serve as the bases for today's diagnostic approach. Moreover, symptoms of the diagnosis of the disease through urine are consistent in tradition and modern medicine; some examples are blood in the urine (hematuria), decreased urine output (oliguria), change in urine color together with headache (Alport syndrome), diluted urine (tubular dysfunction in reabsorption of water or initial polydipsy), and urinary floor with tiny bubbles (one of the main symptoms of proteinuria).

La patología urológica en la obra de abulcasis / Urological diseases in the works of Abulcasis

OBJETIVO: Realizar un estudio de la obra quirúrgica de Abulcasis en el campo de la Urología, conocer el instrumental y las diferentes técnicas empleadas así como las innovaciones introducidas para solucionar algunos aspectos de la patología urológica. MÉTODOS: Se ha revisado y traducido del latín la parte urológica del libro XXX del Tasrif utilizando la edición editada en Estrasburgo en 1532. RESULTADOS: El autor apenas se refiere a los aspectos clínicos de las diferentes patologías del aparato genitourinario centrándose en el tratamiento quirúrgico de las mismas. Utiliza con asiduidad el cauterio sobre todo para controlar la hemorragia en las diferentes intervenciones. Se puede comprobar que algunos pasos quirúrgicos se continúan practicando en la actualidad. CONCLUSIONES: Abulcasis es el primer médico nacido en España que estudia el tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología urológica y que hace un estudio gráfico del instrumental utilizado. Aporta innovaciones técnicas en diversas intervenciones y describe por primera vez la talla vesical en la mujer, la litotricia vesical y uretral

OBJECTIVES: To perform a study on the surgical work of Abulcasis in the field of urology, to know the surgical tools and different techniques used, as well as the innovations applied to solve some features of urological diseases. METHODS: The part on urology from the book XXX by Tasrif, the edition from Strasbourg in 1532 was reviewed and translated from Latin. RESULTS: The author does not refer much to the clinical features of the various pathologies of the genitourinary apparatus; he focuses instead on the surgical treatment of them. The author usually used the «cautery» mainly to control hemorrhage in various operations. Some of these surgical practices are being used nowadays. CONCLUSIONS : Abulcasis was the first doctor born in Spain that studied the surgical treatment of urological diseases and performed a graphic study on the tools used. He introduced technical innovations on different operations and described for the first time the vesical lithotomy on women, and vesical and urethral lithotripsy (AU)

Inicio y desarrollo de la ureterorrenoscopia / Birth and development of ureterorenoscopy

Se describe en este trabajo la historia del desarrollo de la ureterrenoscopia rígida que comenzó en 1979 y hoy en día es una realidad en la mayoría de los servicios urológicos del mundo. Desde el primer Ureterorrenoscopio con un calibre extraordinariamente amplio y sin ningún sistema de dilatación, ni tampoco ningún sistema operativo, fue desarrollándose la actual técnica en donde desde la bomba de hidratación hidráulica hasta la fragmentación con láser ha permitido convertir a la ureterorrenoscopia en un procedimiento habitual para la resolución de litiasis, extracción de cuerpos extraños intraureterales ó renales, resolución de estenosis, diagnóstico de hematurias unilateralesy tratamiento endourológica de tumores uroteliales muy seleccionados

In this paper we describe the history of the development of rigid ureterorenoscopy. It started in 1979 and today is a reality in most urological departments of the world. From the first ureterorenoscope with a extraordinarily large caliber and no dilation or operative systems, the current technique have developed, so that from hydraulic water pump to laser fragmentation have enabled to make ureterorenoscopy a common procedure for the resolution of urinary stones, extraction of foreign bodies in the ureter or kidney, treatment of stenosis, diagnosis of unilateral hematuria and endourological treatment of selected urothelial tumors

[Physical diagnosis--pain elicited by percussion in the kidney area]. / Fysische diagnostiek--slagpijn in de nierloge.

Percussion of the kidney as a diagnostic method was first described by John Benjamin Murphy (1857-1916). The test is rapidly elicited, but can cause severe pain. Considering acute pyelonephritis or acute renal colic, it is common practice to perform fist percussion of the kidney, yet its diagnostic value is unknown. Finnish study results in 1998 suggest that in acute renal colic loin tenderness and erythrocyturia are more significant signs than renal tenderness. There is no scientific evidence for determining renal tenderness in diagnosing urinary tract infections and urolithiasis.

The famous case of rheumatic hematuria described by Giammatteo Ferrari da Grado, professor at the University of Pavia (1432-1472).

Giammatteo Ferrari da Grado was an influential professor and teacher of medicine at the University of Pavia in middle of the 15th century. He authored three important texts, among which is the Consilia, a collection of cases he visited and/or consulted. Among these, Ferrari describes a case of rheumatic hematuria in an eminent patient, Gaston de Foix, prince of Navarre. Following a precise description of the symptoms, he makes a complex pathogenic interpretation based on the theory of humors current at the time, and goes on to offer his patient a generous spectrum of herbal, hygienic and dietetic remedies.

Paediatric urology 1000 years ago.

In this paper we present a commentary on four books from the paediatric urology point of view; al-Hawi (Continens), R. fi Siyasat as-Sibyan wa tadbirihim, at-Tasrif and al-Qanun by the Moslem scholars ar-Razi, Ibn al-Jazzar, al Zahrawi and Ibn Sina who lived within the period of the ninth to the eleventh centuries. In these books the supreme abilities of the authors as clinicians and their role in the creation of clinical medicine are shown by: The presentation of the various pathological conditions usually starting with the complaint then describing the origin of the disease and enumerating the accurate signs necessary for diagnosis. Differential diagnosis between various conditions which produce similar complaints is precisely described. For example, retention of urine and different types of anuria, types of renal haematuria, dormant and moving renal stones and their precise localisation, renal or vesical pain and pain due to colitis. Finally, the methodical classification of the diseases according to the organs affected is discussed. The description of the pathology and the knowledge of new diseases was an important advance made by these scholars. From the urological point of view, spina bifida and its relation to incontinence was first described by ar-Razi and most of the diseases of the kidney and bladder can be recognized in the systemic classification of the diseases of these organs given by Ibn Sina who pointed out the psychological role in some cases of nocturnal enuresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)