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In recent decades, hypnosis has increasingly moved into the mainstream of scientific inquiry. Hypnotic suggestions are frequently implemented in behavioral, neurocognitive, and clinical investigations and interventions. Despite abundant reports about the effectiveness of suggestions in altering behavior, perception, cognition, and agency, no consensus exists regarding the mechanisms driving these changes. This article reviews competing theoretical accounts that address the genesis of subjective, behavioral, and neurophysiological responses to hypnotic suggestions. We systematically analyze the broad landscape of hypnosis theories that best represent our estimation of the current status and future avenues of scientific thinking. We start with procedural descriptions of hypnosis, suggestions, and hypnotizability, followed by a comparative analysis of systematically selected theories. Considering that prominent theoretical perspectives emphasize different aspects of hypnosis, our review reveals that each perspective possesses salient strengths, limitations, and heuristic values. We highlight the necessity of revisiting extant theories and formulating novel evidence-based accounts of hypnosis.
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Hipnosis , Teoría Psicológica , Sugestión , HumanosRESUMEN
The driver in road hypnosis has not only some external characteristics, but also some internal characteristics. External features have obvious manifestations and can be directly observed. Internal features do not have obvious manifestations and cannot be directly observed. They need to be measured with specific instruments. Electroencephalography (EEG), as an internal feature of drivers, is the golden parameter for drivers' life identification. EEG is of great significance for the identification of road hypnosis. An identification method for road hypnosis based on human EEG data is proposed in this paper. EEG data on drivers in road hypnosis can be collected through vehicle driving experiments and virtual driving experiments. The collected data are preprocessed with the PSD (power spectral density) method, and EEG characteristics are extracted. The neural networks EEGNet, RNN, and LSTM are used to train the road hypnosis identification model. It is shown from the results that the model based on EEGNet has the best performance in terms of identification for road hypnosis, with an accuracy of 93.01%. The effectiveness and accuracy of the identification for road hypnosis are improved in this study. The essential characteristics for road hypnosis are also revealed. This is of great significance for improving the safety level of intelligent vehicles and reducing the number of traffic accidents caused by road hypnosis.
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Conducción de Automóvil , Electroencefalografía , Hipnosis , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Humanos , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Hipnosis/métodos , Accidentes de TránsitoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The literature review addresses the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic methods in the treatment of functional abdominal pain syndrome and studying the prospects for using virtual reality technology in combination with psychotherapeutic methods according to the available literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search was conducted for available literature in the eLibrary and PubMed databases, published for the period 2017-2022, using the keywords: abdominalgia, psychotherapeutic methods, gut-brain axis, virtual reality technology. RESULTS: Currently, the biopsychosocial concept of the etiopathogenesis of abdominal pain syndrome, which is not associated with an organic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, is used. A significant contribution to the formation of the disease is made by genetic, neuropsychological, neurophysiological factors, and disruption of the interaction of the gut-brain axis. Cognitive behavioral therapy, yoga, and hypnotherapy are applicable as effective psychotherapeutic methods in the complex treatment of abdominal pain syndrome in children. A promising direction is the use of virtual reality technology to increase the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic methods and reduce chronic abdominal pain syndrome by influencing the gut-brain axis. Practical research work devoted to this issue is currently rare. CONCLUSION: In the complex treatment of functional abdominal pain syndrome in children, various psychotherapeutic methods are used, the most effective are cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy. It is necessary to stimulate domestic research work studying the joint use of virtual reality technology and psychotherapeutic methods in children aged 7 to 18 years.
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Dolor Abdominal , Realidad Virtual , Humanos , Niño , Dolor Abdominal/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Hipnosis/métodos , Psicoterapia/métodosRESUMEN
We investigated whether adding hypnosis to CBT (CBTH) improved treatment outcomes for MDD with a two-armed, parallel-treated, randomized-controlled trial using anonymous self-report and clinician-blinded assessments. Expectancy, credibility, and attitude to hypnosis were also examined. Participants (n = 66) were randomly allocated to 10-weekly sessions of group-based CBT or CBTH. LMM analyses of ITT and Completer data at post-treatment, six-month and 12-month follow-up showed that both treatments were probably efficacious but we did not find significant differences between them. Analyses of remission and response to treatment data revealed that the CBTH Completer group significantly outperformed CBT at 12-month follow-up (p = .011). CBTH also displayed significantly higher associations between credibility, expectancy and mood outcomes up to 12-month follow-up (all p < .05 or better), while attitude to hypnosis showed one significant association (r = -0.57, p < .05). These results suggest that hypnosis shows promise as an adjunct in the treatment of MDD but a larger sample size is required to fully test its merits.
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Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Hipnosis , Humanos , Hipnosis/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
This article provides an edited transcript of a moderated discussion between depression experts Irving Kirsch and Michael Yapko regarding the role of antidepressants in the treatment of major depression. It includes references to the role of expectancy and the merits of hypnosis in treatment. This presentation was sponsored by MindsetHealth, an Australian-based digital therapeutics company (mindsethealth.com) and took place online on March 28, 2023. As a webinar offered at no cost, it was open to anyone with an interest in the subject. Dr. Kirsch described his landmark research on the placebo effect and its curious relationship to the presumed merits of antidepressant medications. Dr. Yapko discussed the limitations of drug treatment based on the substantial evidence indicating that depression is much more a social problem than a medical one. The moderator for this discussion is Claire Davidson, who serves as the Research Lead at MindsetHealth. Drs. Kirsch and Yapko both serve on the MindsetHealth Scientific Advisory Board.
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Antidepresivos , Humanos , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipnosis/métodosAsunto(s)
Hipnosis , Humanos , Hipnosis/métodos , Adolescente , Trastorno Depresivo/terapia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Understanding the neural substrate of altered conscious states is an important cultural, scientific, and clinical endeavour. Although hypnosis causes strong shifts in conscious perception and cognition, it remains largely unclear how hypnosis affects information processing in cortical networks. Here we manipulated the depth of hypnotic states to study information processing between cortical regions involved in attention and awareness. We used high-density Electroencephalography (EEG) to record resting-state cortical activity from 30 hypnosis experts during two hypnotic states with different depth. Each participant entered a light and a deep hypnotic state as well as two well-matched control states. Bridging top-down and lateralisation models of hypnosis, we found that interhemispheric frontoparietal connectivity distinguished hypnosis and control conditions, while no difference was found between the two hypnotic states. Using a graph-theoretic measure, we revealed that the amount of information passing through individual nodes (measured via betweenness centrality) is reduced during hypnosis relative to control states. Finally, we found that theta power was enhanced during hypnosis. Our result contributes to the current discussion around a role for theta power in bringing about hypnotic states, as well as other altered conscious states. Overall, our findings support the notion that altered top-down control in frontoparietal regions facilitates hypnosis by integrating information between cortical hemispheres.
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Electroencefalografía , Lóbulo Frontal , Hipnosis , Lóbulo Parietal , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiología , Lóbulo Frontal/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Estado de Conciencia/fisiología , Red Nerviosa/fisiología , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Atención/fisiología , Concienciación/fisiología , Mapeo EncefálicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic illnesses, especially rare autoimmune and/or systemic diseases associated with significant diagnostic uncertainty, have a representation of their illness and a sometimes prolonged hospitalization experience that can be traumatic and anxiety-provoking. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a non-medicinal medical hypnosis intervention in reducing the stress state and improving the experience of patients hospitalized in an internal medicine department. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 24 patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department of Lille University Hospital in 2023. Twelve patients received a non-drug medical hypnosis intervention known as the "place of safety" (case group) and were compared with 12 patients who did not (control group). Stress was assessed by the STAI questionnaire and hospitalization experience by a satisfaction questionnaire. RESULTS: The 24 patients, 13 of whom were women, had a mean age of 55±17 years at inclusion. On admission to hospital, the median STAI-ETAT between the two groups was 43.5 (38.0; 56.6) in the case group versus 42.0 (37.0; 48.5) in the control group (P=0.45). In the case group, the median STAI-ETAT questionnaire taken immediately after the hypnosis session was significantly lower than at the start of hospitalization (30.0 [25.5; 36.5] vs. 43.5 [38.0; 56.5] P=0.003), indicating a significant reduction in stress. At the end of hospitalization, there was also a significant persistence of the median significant reduction between cases and controls (29.5 [26.5; 35.0] for cases vs. 41.5 [33.5; 45.5] for controls P=0.002). Experience of hospitalization was better in the case group (median 5.0 [4.5; 5.0] vs. 4.0 [4.0; 4.5], P=0.016). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that medical hypnosis is a promising non-medicinal supportive intervention for reducing perceived stress and improving the experience of stress in patients hospitalized on an internal medicine ward.
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Hospitalización , Hipnosis , Medicina Interna , Estrés Psicológico , Humanos , Femenino , Hipnosis/métodos , Medicina Interna/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Interna/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Psicológico/terapia , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Anciano , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Departamentos de Hospitales/estadística & datos numéricos , Satisfacción del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Pediatric hypnosis is an extremely valuable adjuvant therapeutic tool to reduce pain and ameliorate anxiety in children undergoing procedures and pediatric anesthesia. This perspective summarises; why Integrating hypnosis into practice has this potential, some techniques that are particularly useful in this setting, the training oppurtunities to learn more, and recommendations for future pediatric anesthesia hypnotic research. There is definite capacity for change by Integrating hypnosis into our practice. Not only will this ensure more capable, confident children who present for peri-operative care but also reduce costs and the environmental impact of the pharmaceutical agents we currently employ for sedation and anxiolysis.
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Anestesia , Pediatría , Humanos , Niño , Anestesia/métodos , Pediatría/métodos , Anestesiología/métodos , Ansiedad/prevención & control , Hipnosis/métodos , Anestesia PediátricaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cancer remains a leading cause of death in Australia. The number of new cancer cases diagnosed each year is expected to surpass 200,000 by 2033. This marks a significant increase from about 88,000 cases in 2000 to an estimated 165,000 cases in 2023. Despite advancements in treatment, emotional and psychological challenges in cancer care are often overlooked. This study focuses on hypnotherapy, a complementary therapy recognized for its efficacy for physical and emotional symptoms, yet underutilized in Australian cancer care. The research aims to explore patients' perceptions of hypnotherapy and identify barriers to its integration, contributing to the development of holistic, patient-centered cancer care models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study employing semi-structured interviews was conducted with 14 adult cancer patients (breast, lung, and colorectal) undergoing active treatment, selected through convenience sampling. The interviews were carried out from May 2022 to August 2023, focusing on participants' experiences and attitudes toward hypnotherapy among other complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. Thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke's six-step framework was applied to the data. RESULTS: Five themes were developed following analysis: 1) emotional roller coaster of cancer diagnosis, 2) participants' perspectives on hypnotherapy among other CAM modalities, 3) hypnotherapy as a psychological vs physiological support, 4) fringe benefits of hypnosis, and 5) the main hurdles: cost and lack of information. Participants expressed a diverse range of experiences and attitudes towards hypnotherapy and CAM, with a strong emphasis on the need for emotional support in cancer care. Although hypnotherapy was recognized for its potential to address both emotional and physical symptoms, its predominant use was for emotional well-being. Participants also highlighted the importance of attitudes and endorsements from healthcare providers in their decision-making process about CAM therapies. CONCLUSION: The study findings emphasize the need for a more integrative and patient-centered approach in cancer care that includes hypnotherapy as a non-pharmacological intervention for physical and particularly emotional support. Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential value of hypnotherapy and consider patient preferences in their recommendations. In addition, addressing the identified barriers could improve the accessibility and integration of hypnotherapy into cancer care protocols in Australia.
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Hipnosis , Neoplasias , Investigación Cualitativa , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/psicología , Anciano , Adulto , Australia , Terapias ComplementariasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anticipatory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a conditioned response influenced by the severity and duration of previous emetic responses to chemotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacologic interventions for anticipatory CINV among patients with cancer. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Ichushi-Web, from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized designs, observational studies, or case-control studies that utilized non-pharmacological therapies were included. The primary outcomes were anticipatory CINV, with an additional investigation into adverse events and the costs of therapies. The risk-of-bias for each study was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software. RESULTS: Of the 107 studies identified, six met the inclusion criteria. Three types of non-pharmacological treatments were identified: systematic desensitization (n = 2), hypnotherapy (n = 2), and yoga therapy (n = 2). Among them, systematic desensitization significantly improved anticipatory CINV as compared to that in the control group (nausea: risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-0.72, p < 0.00001; vomiting: RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32-0.91, p = 0.02). However, heterogeneity in outcome measures precluded meta-analysis for hypnotherapy and yoga. Additionally, most selected studies had a high or unclear risk of bias, and adverse events were not consistently reported. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that systematic desensitization may effectively reduce anticipatory CINV. However, further research is warranted before implementation in clinical settings.
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Antineoplásicos , Náusea , Neoplasias , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Náusea/inducido químicamente , Náusea/prevención & control , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Vómitos/inducido químicamente , Vómitos/prevención & control , Vómitos/tratamiento farmacológico , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Vómito Precoz , Hipnosis , Yoga , Antieméticos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Despite advancements in medication,managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains challenging, necessitatingalternative control methods. Gut-directed hypnotherapy, known for alleviating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is debated as an IBD management method. Anextensive search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.govuncovered five randomized trials and two case series involving IBD patients undergoing hypnotherapy. A small trial reported statistically significant remission at one year (p = .04), but larger trials, including one with 63 patients, showed no significant gastrointestinal improvements. The first case series noted post-intervention reduction in the mediators of inflammation in rectal mucosal, without long-term monitoring. The second case series observed the absence of flare episodes in 12 of 13 ulcerative colitis patients during follow-up, possibly influenced by the simultaneous use of two drugs alongside hypnotherapy. Psychological outcomes, demonstrated no significant differences between hypnotherapy and control groups. While current literature doesn't decisively support hypnotherapy for managing IBD symptoms, it underscores the importance of further research, including randomized clinical trials, to thoroughly assess its effectiveness in this context.
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Hipnosis , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Hipnosis/métodos , Humanos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/terapia , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/psicologíaRESUMEN
This study presents the norms and psychometric properties for a shortened online adaptation of a French version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A). Assessment of involuntariness and subjective intensity was added to the traditional scoring. A total of 373 individuals completed an online hypnotizability screening test on their own computer. Participants received the HGSHS:A script through an audio recording lasting about 30 minutes. The results showed that the item difficulty and reliability of the short online HGSHS:A were consistent with the offline version of the scale and with the reference samples. Involuntariness and subjective intensity corrections improved significantly the accuracy in the measurement of the scale and helped to dissociate between different phenomenologies in hypnotic responding. These findings indicate that the short online HGSHS:A is a reliable tool for measuring hypnotizability. Moreover, we suggest that using complementary measures of involuntariness and subjective intensity helps to shed more light on hypnotizability as part of a multi-componential approach to hypnotic response.
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Hipnosis , Psicometría , Humanos , Hipnosis/métodos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Francia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adolescente , Persona de Mediana Edad , Internet , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
In our study, we use the post-hypnotic suggestion of easy remembering to improve memory with long-lasting effects. We tested 24 highly suggestible participants in an online study. Participants learned word lists and recalled them later in a recognition memory task. At the beginning of the study, participants were hypnotized and the post-hypnotic suggestion to remember easily was associated with a cue that participants used during the recognition memory task. In a control condition, the same participants used a neutral cue. One week later, participants repeated both conditions with new word lists. Participants were significantly faster and more confident in their recognition ratings in the easy-remembering condition compared to the control condition, and this effect persisted over one week. Crucially, the increased speed and confidence in the easy-remembering condition did not affect memory accuracy. That makes our hypnosis intervention promising for patients experiencing subjective memory impairments. APA PSYCINFO CODES: 2343 (Learning and Memory), 2380 (Consciousness States), 3351 (Clinical Hypnosis).
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Hipnosis , Sugestión , Humanos , Aprendizaje , Recuerdo MentalRESUMEN
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) mainly affects adolescent girls and requires specialized, multidisciplinary care. In Geneva, the HUG's AliNEA unit and the pediatric hypnosis consultation have been collaborating since 2021 to integrate hypnosis into the management of AN. Hypnosis is seen as a complementary tool to the Maudsley therapeutic model, but not a miracle solution. It needs to be adapted to each patient's individual needs and to the different phases of treatment : re-association with the body, reinforcement of motivation, exploration of interpersonal relationships and consolidation of progress. Although scientific evidence is limited, patient testimonials underline its beneficial potential as a non-medicinal, individualized form of support.
L'anorexie mentale (AM) affecte principalement les adolescentes et requiert une prise en charge spécialisée et multidisciplinaire. Aux Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève (HUG), l'unité AliNEA et la consultation d'hypnose pédiatrique collaborent depuis 2021 pour intégrer l'hypnose dans la prise en charge de l'AM. L'hypnose est considérée comme un outil complémentaire au modèle thérapeutique Maudsley, mais non une solution miracle. Elle nécessite une adaptation aux besoins individuels de chaque patiente et aux différentes phases de la prise en charge : réassociation avec le corps, renforcement de la motivation, exploration des relations interpersonnelles et consolidation des progrès. Bien que les preuves scientifiques soient limitées, les témoignages des patientes soulignent son potentiel bénéfice comme soutien non médicamenteux et individualisé.
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Anorexia Nerviosa , Hipnosis , Femenino , Humanos , Adolescente , Niño , Anorexia Nerviosa/terapia , Estudios Interdisciplinarios , Relaciones Interpersonales , MotivaciónRESUMEN
High-order interactions are required across brain regions to accomplish specific cognitive functions. These functional interdependencies are reflected by synergistic information that can be obtained by combining the information from all the sources considered and redundant information (i.e., common information provided by all the sources). However, electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity is limited to pairwise interactions thereby precluding the estimation of high-order interactions. In this multicentric study, we used measures of synergistic and redundant information to study in parallel the high-order interactions between five EEG electrodes during three non-ordinary states of consciousness (NSCs): Rajyoga meditation (RM), hypnosis, and auto-induced cognitive trance (AICT). We analyzed EEG data from 22 long-term Rajyoga meditators, nine volunteers undergoing hypnosis, and 21 practitioners of AICT. We here report the within-group changes in synergy and redundancy for each NSC in comparison with their respective baseline. During RM, synergy increased at the whole brain level in the delta and theta bands. Redundancy decreased in frontal, right central, and posterior electrodes in delta, and frontal, central, and posterior electrodes in beta1 and beta2 bands. During hypnosis, synergy decreased in mid-frontal, temporal, and mid-centro-parietal electrodes in the delta band. The decrease was also observed in the beta2 band in the left frontal and right parietal electrodes. During AICT, synergy decreased in delta and theta bands in left-frontal, right-frontocentral, and posterior electrodes. The decrease was also observed at the whole brain level in the alpha band. However, redundancy changes during hypnosis and AICT were not significant. The subjective reports of absorption and dissociation during hypnosis and AICT, as well as the mystical experience questionnaires during AICT, showed no correlation with the high-order measures. The proposed study is the first exploratory attempt to utilize the concepts of synergy and redundancy in NSCs. The differences in synergy and redundancy during different NSCs warrant further studies to relate the extracted measures with the phenomenology of the NSCs.
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Estado de Conciencia , Electroencefalografía , Hipnosis , Meditación , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Estado de Conciencia/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encéfalo/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The effectiveness of hypnosis-based pain management is well-established. However, mechanisms of action and specific effective components are not well understood. The sociocognitive theory of hypnosis proposes that the effectiveness of hypnosis for pain management is determined by the nonspecific features of response expectancy and context. We tested this claim by contrasting the effectiveness of 2 hypnoanalgesia procedures in a within subjects design using the cold pressor task. The 2 procedures were identical, including analgesic suggestions, except for the hypnosis induction used. One condition involved a well-established hypnosis induction, including suggestions for focused attention, relaxation, and deepening. The other condition included a sham induction procedure using only white noise. In our confirmatory analysis (N = 46), we found that pain tolerance increased compared to baseline equivalently in the conventional and sham induction conditions (mean increase 13.7 and 12.4 seconds respectively, average within subject difference -1.27 seconds, 90% confidence interval [CI] = -8.46, 5.90). This finding supports the claim of the sociocognitive theory considering that response expectancy for pain reduction was also equivalent between the conditions (average difference 2.30, 90% CI = -2.23, 6.84). However, self-reported hypnosis depth was greater in the conventional induction condition (average difference -.78, 90% CI: -1.36, -.07), which contradicts sociocognitive predictions. Our findings indicate that conventional procedural elements of hypnosis inductions, such as suggestions for focused attention, relaxation, and deepening, may not be necessary to achieve acute pain reduction in an experimental setting when the hypnosis intervention includes analgesic suggestions. PERSPECTIVE: This study assessed the necessary effective components of hypnosis-based analgesia interventions. Our findings suggest that procedural features such as suggestions for focused attention, relaxation, and deepening may not be necessary for hypnoanalgesia as long as pain relief suggestions are present, and the hypnosis context and response expectancy are established. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered on Open Science Framework with the registry number e96xk, available at https://osf.io/e96xk.