[ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF ENTERAL OXYGENOTHERAPY].

The article extensively covers the historical stages of the development of enteral oxygenation technique. There is shown the long way of scientific research from the first using of "oxygenating" products in the early XX century to undertaken hundred years after attempts of the oxygen introduction into gastrointestinal tract for systemic oxygenation improvement and prevention of intestinal flora translocation in sepsis. On the basis of anatomical and physiological characteristics of the intestinal wall there was shown the possibility of both local and systemic effects of the oxygen introduced into the intestinal tract. The hypothesis about the possibility of improving homeostasis and pulmonary gas exchange by normalizing the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract was presented.

The self-inflating resuscitator--evolution of an idea.

Based on animal experiments conducted in the sixteenth century by Vesalius, the Royal Humane Society recommended fireside bellows to resuscitate victims of drowning. In the mid-twentieth century, the bellows concept was adapted by Kreiselman and others, though none of these devices gained widespread popularity. However in 1957 the "Ambu Bag" appeared and was an immediate success. The revolutionary design was the creation of Danish anaesthetist Dr Henning Ruben. A similar product was soon developed by Asmund Laerdal of Norway, in collaboration with American anaesthesiologists Drs Elam and Safar. The self-inflating bag is such a simple device, yet it is extremely effective--it has enabled rescuers around the world to support life in virtually any environment, simply by squeezing a bag.

Hans Frangenheim--culdoscopy vs. laparoscopy, the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and "cold light".

In the United States, culdoscopy (a vaginal approach to view the abdomen) replaced laparoscopy for about 20 years, circa 1950-1970. In contrast to many of his colleagues, Hans Frangenheim of Wuppertal, Germany, was not satisfied with culdoscopy and turned to an abdominal approach. Frangenheim began publishing his experiences with gynecological laparoscopy in 1958 and stressed technical improvements. He constructed a CO2 insufflator, wrote the first book on gynecological endoscopy, and introduced "cold light" into laparoscopy. Frangenheim strongly stimulated the rise of gynecological laparoscopy in Europe in the 1960s and later.