RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Itai-itai disease is the most severe case of chronic cadmium (Cd) toxicity, which was endemic in Cd-polluted areas in the Jinzu River basin in Toyama prefecture, Japan. Akita prefecture also has Cd-polluted areas, but there have been no cases of "itai-itai disease". CASE PRESENTATION: An elderly female farmer with Cd nephropathy residing in a Cd-polluted area in the northern part of the Akita prefecture was identified through hospital-based screening at Akita Rosai Hospital in Odate city. She had chronic renal failure with a high Cd exposure level and advanced renal tubular dysfunction. The shortening of height, bone deformities and fractures, abnormal bone metabolism suggesting osteomalacia, and renal anemia were also noted. Therefore, "itai-itai disease", similar to cases in the Jinzu River basin, was suspected. CONCLUSION: This is the first case of "itai-itai disease" in a Cd-polluted area in Akita prefecture.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio , Japón/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Anciano , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Agricultores , Contaminantes AmbientalesRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of environmental cadmium exposure according to urinary cadmium concentration (U-Cd) on noncancer mortality in a general Japanese population. We conducted a longitudinal study for 19 years in 2804 inhabitants (1107 men and 1697 women) in some cadmium nonpolluted regions in Japan. The participants were classified into quartiles based on U-Cd (µg/g cre) adjusted for urinary creatinine. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for continuous U-Cd or the quartiles of U-Cd were calculated for noncancer mortality. By applying a Fine and Gray competing risk model, continuous U-Cd (+1 µg/g cre) showed significant HR for cardiocerebrovascular diseases (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.11), cerebrovascular diseases (HR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01-1.16), and cerebral infarction (HR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.20) in men. However, notable significant HR for continuous and quartered U-Cd were not observed in women. In this study, U-Cd was associated with increased cardiocerebrovascular mortality in a general Japanese population, suggesting that environmental cadmium exposure is detrimental to the life prognosis in cadmium nonpolluted regions in Japan.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/mortalidad , Cadmio/toxicidad , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Mortalidad , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos de Riesgos ProporcionalesRESUMEN
The outbreak of itai-itai disease, which is the most severe stage of chronic cadmium poisoning, has occurred in the cadmium-polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama. In this area, the river was contaminated by slags from a mine upstream; consequently, the soil in rice paddies became polluted with heavy metals including cadmium through irrigation water streams from around 1910 to the 1960s. The inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin used the river water for drinking and cooking until around 1960. In this paper, we review the geographical features of the Jinzu River basin and the endemic area of itai-itai disease, and reevaluated the studies conducted in 1970's by the Toyama Institute of Health, because these studies have revealed a clear relationship between renal dysfunction or occurrence of itai-itai disease and exposure to cadmium through irrigation water streams.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Cadmio/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminación Química del Agua , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to estimate the benchmark dose (BMD) as the threshold limit level of the cadmium (Cd) concentration in rice for itai-itai disease and/or suspected disease; it was based on the data that previously evaluated the association for such diseases with the Cd concentration in rice by using a logistic regression model. From 1971 to 1976, a total of 2446 rice samples were analyzed across the 88 hamlets in the Jinzu river basin. The mean Cd concentration in rice in each hamlet was used as the index of external Cd exposure of the entire population of the hamlet. We employed the incidence of itai-itai disease and/or suspected disease obtained from the available 55 hamlets. As the threshold, the lower limit of the BMD (BMDL) of the Cd concentration in rice for itai-itai disease and/or suspected disease was estimated using a logistic model, setting the benchmark response at 1% or 2%. The estimated BMDLs of the Cd concentration in rice for itai-itai disease and/or suspected disease were 0.62-0.76 and 0.27-0.56 mg kg-1 in men and women, respectively. The lowest BMDL was 0.27 mg kg-1 in women. In the present study, the threshold limit level of the Cd concentration in rice for itai-itai disease, which is the most severe form of chronic Cd poisoning, was estimated for the first time. This result provides important information about the worldwide standard for the Cd concentration in rice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Cadmio/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Oryza/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Benchmarking , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease, which likely comprises multiple subtypes. Emerging data have linked chemical exposures to obesity. As organismal response to environmental exposures includes altered gene expression, identifying the regulatory epigenetic changes involved would be key to understanding the path from exposure to phenotype and provide new tools for exposure detection and risk assessment. In this report, we summarize published data linking early-life exposure to the heavy metals, cadmium and lead, to obesity. We also discuss potential mechanisms, as well as the need for complete coverage in epigenetic screening to fully identify alterations. The keys to understanding how metal exposure contributes to obesity are improved assessment of exposure and comprehensive establishment of epigenetic profiles that may serve as markers for exposures.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Epigénesis Genética , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Animales , Intoxicación por Cadmio/genética , Metilación de ADN , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Humanos , Intoxicación por Plomo/genética , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/microbiologíaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the levels of As, Cd, and Pb in muscle and liver the cattle and chicken. The risk was estimated for the adult population of a midsized city in southeast Brazil, concerning the tolerable ingestion and cancer risk. Samples of muscle and liver (cattle and chicken) were collected (n = 250). Samples of mineral supplements for cattle (n = 4) and chicken feed samples (n = 4) were evaluated as one of many potential source of contamination. Muscle, liver, mineral supplement, and feed samples were dissolved in acid medium and analyzed by ICP-OES. Daily muscle and liver intake was estimated using a questionnaire (N = 427). Daily intake of trace elements by the population based on the consumption of cattle muscle, cattle liver, chicken muscle, and chicken liver was low, corresponding to 2.76%, 0.33%, 2.12%, and 0.22% of the Tolerable Intake defined by the WHO for As; 0.54%, 0.29% 0.55%, 0.01%, for Cd; and 0.80%, 0.07%, 0.62%, 0.02%, for Pb. The mean of total ingestion of As, Cd and Pb was 5.43%, 1.18% and 1.51%, respectively of Tolerable Intake defined by WHO. Cancer risk was lower than 5 × 10-5 year-1. The results indicate that the muscle and liver consumption is a source of As, Cd, and Pb. Consumers that ingest cattle and chicken muscle need attention in terms the risk of cancer related to intake of As and Cd. Feed and mineral supplementation remain as one of many sources of exposure of As, Cd, and Pb.
Asunto(s)
Arsénico/farmacocinética , Cadmio/farmacocinética , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Plomo/farmacocinética , Hígado/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Adulto , Animales , Arsénico/análisis , Arsénico/toxicidad , Intoxicación por Arsénico/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Arsénico/etiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Cadmio/análisis , Cadmio/toxicidad , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Bovinos , Pollos , Femenino , Humanos , Plomo/análisis , Plomo/toxicidad , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/etiología , Masculino , Neoplasias/etiología , Medición de Riesgo , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: El cadmio (Cd) es un metal cuyo principal efecto es la nefrotoxicidad. Su carácter irreversible alerta sobre la importancia en la prevención de la exposición laboral y el diagnóstico precoz de daño renal. Este trabajo resume la evidencia científica entre la exposición a Cd y la alteración de los biomarcadores de exposición y de daño renal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada entre 2005 y 2015, en 7 base de datos utilizando ecuaciones de búsqueda con términos MESH. Se filtraron las referencias en base a los objetivos excluyéndose artículos no originales. La lectura crítica se realizó en base a una matriz de síntesis de la evidencia, empleándose los criterios SIGN para su determinación. RESULTADOS: Se recuperaron 968 referencias y se incluyeron en la revisión 8; el 90% de diseño transversal. Se encuentra asociación entre la exposición a Cd y los niveles del metal en sangre y orina. Los marcadores de daño renal que se correlacionan con exposición son la beta2-microglobulina, albúmina, enzimas y marcadores de estrés oxidativo. El principal factor modificador del efecto es el tabaco. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de la limitación por el diseño de los estudios analizados, existen evidencias científicas sin discrepancias en la asociación entre la exposición a Cd y la alteración de biomarcadores de exposición y de daño renal, inclusive ante niveles bajos de exposición a Cd (< 2 mig/g Cr en orina). Se necesitan estudios prospectivos para identificar la pertinencia de plantear una reducción del VLB
INTRODUCTION: Cadmium (Cd) is a metal which main effect is nephrotoxicity. Its irreversibility alerts of the importance in preventing occupational exposure and early diagnosis of kidney damage. This paper summarizes the scientific evidence between exposure to Cd and alteration of biomarkers of exposure and kidney damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a systematic review of the scientific literature, published between 2005 and 2015, was conducted in 7 database using equations search with MeSH terms. References were filtered based on the objectives excluding non-original articles. Critical reading is performed based on an array of evidence synthesis, using the SIGN criteria for determination. RESULTS: 968 references were retrieved and included in the review number 8, 90% of cross-sectional design. Association between exposure to Cd and metal levels in blood and urine were found. Kidney damage markers that correlate with exposure are beta2-microglobulin, albumin, enzymes and markers of oxidative stress. The main modifier effect factor is the tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is limited by the design of the analyzed studies, it is without discrepancies scientific evidence in the association between exposure to Cd and alteration of biomarkers a exposure and kidney damage, even at a low levels of exposure to Cd (<2 mig/g Cr in urine). Prospective studies are needed to identify the relevance of proposing a reduction of VLB
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Renal/inducido químicamente , Biomarcadores/análisis , Cadmio/aislamiento & purificación , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Pruebas de Función Renal/estadística & datos numéricos , Valores Limites del Umbral , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Cadmium is a non-essential toxic metal with multiple adverse health effects. Cadmium has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, but few studies have investigated heart failure (HF) and none of them reported atrial fibrillation (AF). We examined whether cadmium exposure is associated with incidence of HF or AF. DESIGN: A prospective, observational cohort study with a 17-year follow-up. SETTING: The city of Malmö, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: Blood cadmium levels were measured in 4378 participants without a history of HF or AF (aged 46-67 years, 60% women), who participated in the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) study during 1992-1994. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of HF and AF were identified from the Swedish hospital discharge register. RESULTS: 143 participants (53% men) were diagnosed with new-onset HF and 385 individuals (52% men) were diagnosed with new-onset AF during follow-up for 17 years. Blood cadmium in the sex-specific 4th quartile of the distribution was significantly associated with incidence of HF. The (HR, 4th vs 1st quartile) was 2.64 (95% CI 1.60 to 4.36), adjusted for age, and 1.95 (1.02 to 3.71) after adjustment also for conventional risk factors and biomarkers. The blood cadmium level was not significantly associated with risk of incident AF. CONCLUSIONS: Blood cadmium levels in the 4th quartile were associated with increased incidence of HF in this cohort with comparatively low exposure to cadmium. Incidence of AF was not associated with cadmium.
Asunto(s)
Fibrilación Atrial/sangre , Fibrilación Atrial/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/sangre , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/sangre , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/epidemiología , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Cadmio/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Suecia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Cadmium is a heavy metal of increasing environmental concern that has long been associated to several human pathological processes. Recent population surveys have correlated cadmium non-occupational exposure to widespread idiopathic pathologies. Food and tobacco are reported to be the main exposure sources of cadmium to the general population, as phosphate fertilizers are rich in such a metal, thus contaminating the crops. Although its mechanisms of toxicity are not a consensus in the literature, it is well established that reactive oxygen species play a key role in this process, leading to the oxidation of several biological molecules. We have therefore assessed whether three environmentally realistic doses of cadmium alter the oxidative status of Wistar rat testis and eventually result in histological damages. Our results show that even the lowest environmental dose of cadmium was able to disturb the endogenous antioxidant system in Wistar testis, although an increase in lipid peroxidation was observed only within the group exposed to the highest environmental dose. Despite that no remarkable morphological changes were observed in any group, significant alterations in blood vessel lumen were reported for some cadmium-exposed animals, suggesting that endothelium is one of the primary targets involved in cadmium toxicity.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Cadmio/complicaciones , Cadmio/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Animales , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/patología , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilizantes/análisis , Glutatión/metabolismo , Células Intersticiales del Testículo/patología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patología , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cadmium is a human lung carcinogen and possesses estrogen-like activity. This combination of carcinogenic and estrogenic activity makes cadmium a contaminant of high concern for hormone-related cancers. Diet and smoking are the main sources of cadmium exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in Danish postmenopausal woman. METHODS: We estimated dietary cadmium intake in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort at enrolment 1993-97. The estimates were based on food frequency questionnaires and cadmium contents in all foods. Among 23,815 postmenopausal women we identified 1390 breast, 192 endometrial, and 146 ovarian cancer cases from enrolment through December 31, 2010 using the Danish Cancer Registry. Cox regression was used to analyse the association between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk. RESULTS: Mean dietary cadmium intake was 14 µg/day. Cadmium was not associated with breast cancer, incidence rate ratio (IRR)â=â0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-1.13 per 10 µg higher dietary cadmium intake/day; endometrial cancer, IRRâ=â1.08, 95% CI: 0.76-1.53; or ovarian cancer, IRRâ=â1.15, 95% CI: 0.78-1.70. We found a positive association between cadmium and endometrial cancer for the women with BMI<25 (IRRâ=â1.50, 95% CI: 0.94-2.39), whereas an inverse association was seen for the women with BMI≥25 (IRRâ=â0.69, 95% CI: 0.42-1.12); p value for interactionâ=â0.02. CONCLUSIONS: Our study does not indicate that our estimated dietary cadmium intake is associated with hormone-related cancers in women.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Cadmio/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Neoplasias Endometriales/epidemiología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de la Mama/inducido químicamente , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Terapia Combinada , Neoplasias Endometriales/inducido químicamente , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Invasividad Neoplásica , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/inducido químicamente , Posmenopausia , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Introduction: The levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in foods should be monitored as a function of health risks. Objective: To evaluate Cd and Pb levels in oral hospital diets and in an oral food complement (OFC) according to their respective consumption by patients, and to estimate the patients exposition risk. Methods: The levels of Cd and Pb were determined by ICP-OES in samples of regular, blend, soft and renal diets and OFC, collected on 6 weekdays. About 14.3% of the diets and OFC served were analyzed. Results and Discussion: 163 patients participated, with mean weights and ages of 62.7 kg and 56.5 years, respectively, the majority being men (59.5%). The mean Cd content consumed was greater for men fed the regular and blend diets and similar amongst the sexes for the soft diet. The consumption of Cd (max. 21.02 μg/day) was below the provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI). The mean Pb ingested (max. 199.49 μg/day) was similar amongst the sexes. The soft diet showed the highest Pb content in September/2010, whereas the other showed no variation according to season. In September/2010 and January/2011, the soft and regular diets associated with the OFC offered 207.50 and 210.50 μg/day of Pb, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of the diet with the OFC increased the risk of an excessive ingestion of Pb, and the vulnerability of the patients to an excessive exposition toPb could be greater due to water and medications. It was concluded that whereas the calculated ingestion of Cd conformed to the PTMI, the Pb level and ingestion represented a risk to the health of the patients (AU)
Introducción: Los niveles de cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb)en los alimentos deben ser controlados en función del riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de Cd y Pb en dietas hospitalarias orales y complemento alimentario oral (OFC) y sus ingestiones por pacientes, con estimativa del riesgo de exposición. Métodos: Los niveles de Cd y Pb se determinaron mediante ICP-OES en muestras de dietas regular, blanda, fluida, renal y OFC, recogidas 6 días non-consecutivos. Fueron analizados 14,3% de las dietas y OFC servidos. Resultados y Discusión: 163 pacientes participaron, con pesos y edades medias de 62,7 kg y 56,5 años, respectivamente, en su mayoría varones (59,5%). La media de Cd consumida fue mayor entre hombres alimentados con dietas regular y fluida y similar entre los sexos para la blanda. El consumo de Cd (máx. 21,2 μg/día) estaba por debajo de la ingesta provisional mensual tolerable(IPMT). El contenido medio de Pb ingerido fue similar entre sexos (máx. 199,49 μg/día). La dieta blanda mostró mayor contenido de Pb en septiembre/2010, mientras quelas otras no variaron según la temporada. En septiembre/2010 y enero/2011, las dietas regular y blanda asociadas al OFC aportaron 207,50 y 210,50 μg/día de Pb, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La combinación de la dieta con OFC aumentó el riesgo de ingestión excesiva de Pb. La vulnerabilidad de los pacientes a una exposición excesiva podría ser mayor en función del agua y medicamentos. La ingestión de Cd calculada cumple el IPMT, pero el nivel de Pb y su ingestión representan riesgo para los pacientes (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cadmio/aislamiento & purificación , Plomo/aislamiento & purificación , /normas , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Calidad de los Alimentos , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Metales Pesados/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
This study presents concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd in livers, kidneys, muscles and bones of white-fronted geese Anser albifrons (geese) and spot-billed ducks Anas poecilorhyncha (ducks). Iron in livers, kidneys and muscles, Zn in muscles, Mn and Cd in every tissue, Cu in livers, muscles and bones and Pb in bones differed between species, and there were significant differences among tissues in both species. Essential elements such as Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations were within the background levels. Lead concentrations in livers of 7 of 14 geese and 7 of 19 ducks and in bones of 4 of 19 ducks exceeded background concentrations for waterfowl (5 µg/g dw for the liver, 10 µg/g dw for the bone). Almost all samples of both species had the background Cd concentrations in the liver (33 of 33 geese and ducks) and kidney (14 geese and 18 ducks). Tissue concentrations of Cd were greater in geese than ducks. In contrast, tissue concentrations of Pb in bones were greater in ducks than in geese. These different trends for Cd and Pb reflect a short and/or long term difference in exposure and degree of accumulation of these metals.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/veterinaria , Patos/metabolismo , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Gansos/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Plomo/veterinaria , Metales/toxicidad , Animales , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Ambientales/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/etiología , Metales/metabolismo , República de Corea/epidemiología , Especificidad de la Especie , Espectrofotometría Atómica/veterinaria , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Toxic heavy metals have adverse effects on human health. However, the risk of hematuria caused by heavy metal exposure has not been evaluated. METHODS: Data from 4701 Korean adults were obtained in the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2008-2010). Blood levels of the toxic heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury were measured. Hematuria was defined as a result of ≥+1 on a urine dipstick test. The odds ratios (ORs) for hematuria were measured according to the blood heavy metal levels after adjusting for multiple variables. RESULTS: Individuals with blood cadmium levels in the 3rd and 4th quartiles had a greater OR for hematuria than those in the 1st quartile group: 3rd quartile, 1.35 (1.019-1.777; P=0.037); 4th quartile, 1.52 (1.140-2.017; P=0.004). When blood cadmium was considered as a log-transformed continuous variable, the correlation between blood cadmium and hematuria was significant: OR, 1.97 (1.224-3.160; Ptrend=0.005). In contrast, no significant correlations between hematuria and blood lead or mercury were found in the multivariate analyses. DISCUSSION: The present study shows that high cadmium exposure is associated with a risk of hematuria.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/orina , Cadmio/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/envenenamiento , Hematuria/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Intoxicación por Cadmio/sangre , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Femenino , Hematuria/epidemiología , Humanos , Plomo/sangre , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Mercurio/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , República de Corea/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements to which humans could be exposed at work or in the environment. The outbreak of itai-itai disease, which is the most severe stage of chronic Cd poisoning, occurred in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama. In this area, the river was contaminated by slag from a mine upstream; as a consequence, the soil in rice paddies was polluted with heavy metals including Cd through irrigation water from around 1910 to the 1960s. The government of Toyama prefecture carried out an extensive survey on Cd concentration in rice and soil of the paddy fields and declared that the upper layer of a total of 1500 ha of paddy fields should be replaced by nonpolluted soil. Then, an intervention program of soil replacement in the polluted paddy fields was continually carried out from 1980 to 2011. As a result, Cd concentration in rice markedly decreased. The kidney is the organ critically affected after long-term exposure to Cd. Proximal tubular dysfunction (RTD) has been found among the inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin. The very recent report by the Environmental Agency in Japan in 2009 has disclosed that b2-microglobulinuria with RTD is still found at a high prevalence among the inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin of both sexes. Twenty patients with itai-itai disease (1 male and 19 females), who attended our hospital and received medical examination during 2000 to 2008, had applied for recognition as itai-itai disease patients to the government of Toyama prefecture. In this paper, the recent epidemiological and clinical features of itai-itai disease are discussed on the basis of a review of the cases of these 19 female patients.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Cadmio/efectos adversos , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/etiología , Túbulos Renales Proximales , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Compuestos de Cadmio/análisis , Intoxicación por Cadmio/fisiopatología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/prevención & control , Femenino , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Renales/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oryza/química , Factores de Tiempo , Microglobulina beta-2/sangre , Microglobulina beta-2/orinaRESUMEN
A review of the epidemiological literature on the potential effects of land contamination shows that the largest body of contaminant-specific research relates to cadmium (Cd). First, a brief outline of the key issues related to the study of health impact of land contamination is presented. The recent literature is then reviewed for evidence of associations and possible causal relationships between exposure to Cd from land contamination and health impact. A large number of studies focusing on Cd arise because of the ready availability of biomarkers of exposure and effect and the demonstrated link between soil Cd and itai-itai disease (severe renal and bone disorders) via dietary exposure in Japan and China. Where dietary differences yield lower exposures, links have been established between Cd in soil and biomarkers of renal or bone dysfunctions, but not to health impacts per se. Potential effects of Cd exposure were also investigated for other health outcomes, including hypertension, cancer incidence, preterm delivery, and semen parameters. In contrast to renal and bone disorders, results are generally inconsistent and require further lines of evidence. Residence in locations with elevated concentrations of Cd in soil is a poor surrogate for exposure, and there are examples where residents in locations with elevated concentrations of Cd in soil did not appear to suffer serious health consequences.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Cadmio/toxicidad , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Intoxicación por Cadmio/fisiopatología , China/epidemiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Japón/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Experimental data convincingly propose the toxic metal cadmium as a prostate carcinogen. Cadmium is widely dispersed into the environment and, consequently, food is contaminated. METHODS: A population-based cohort of 41 089 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed prospectively from 1998 through 2009 to assess the association between food frequency questionnaire-based estimates of dietary cadmium exposure (at baseline, 1998) and incidence of prostate cancer (3085 cases, of which 894 were localised and 794 advanced) and through 2008 for prostate cancer mortality (326 fatal cases). RESULTS: Mean dietary cadmium exposure was 19 µg per day±s.d. 3.7. Multivariable-adjusted dietary cadmium exposure was positively associated with overall prostate cancer, comparing extreme tertiles; rate ratio (RR) 1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.24). For subtypes of prostate cancer, the RR was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.08-1.53) for localised, 1.05 (95% CI: 0.87-1.25) for advanced, and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.86-1.51) for fatal cases. No statistically significant difference was observed in the multivariable-adjusted risk estimates between tumour subtypes (P(heterogeneity)=0.27). For localised prostate cancer, RR was 1.55 (1.16-2.08) among men with a small waist circumference and RR 1.45 (1.15, 1.83) among ever smokers. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support that dietary cadmium exposure may have a role in prostate cancer development.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Contaminación de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/epidemiología , Anciano , Intoxicación por Cadmio/complicaciones , Estudios de Cohortes , Dieta , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/inducido químicamente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Suecia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
En la actualidad se reconoce que contaminantes ambientales como el cadmio, el plomo y el arsénico tienen un papel importante en la génesis de la insuficiencia renal crónica. Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado la fuerte asociación entre exposición a estos metales y la presencia de daño renal crónico. Los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de daño renal por metales son complejos y aún se desconocen varios aspectos de su metabolismo y mecanismos de daño en el organismo. Es objetivo de esta revisión analizar dichos mecanismos fisiopatológicos de daño renal por cadmio, plomo y arsénico (AU)
We currently recognise that environmental toxins such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic play a significant role in the development of chronic renal failure. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between exposure to these metals and the presence of chronic kidney injury. The physiopathological mechanisms behind metal-induced kidney injury are complex, and some aspects of their metabolism and damage mechanisms remain unknown. This review aims to analyse the physiopathological mechanisms of kidney injury due to cadmium, lead and arsenic (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Arsénico/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/fisiopatología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to estimate the association between dietary intake of cadmium, a carcinogenic heavy metal, and risk of invasive postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: Study subjects were 30,543 postmenopausal women in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort who completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline (2000-2002). Dietary cadmium consumption was estimated by combining FFQ responses with US Food and Drug Administration data on food cadmium content. Incidence of invasive breast cancer was ascertained through linkage of the cohort to the western Washington Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry through 31 December 2009. Cox regression was applied to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer with increasing dietary cadmium intake, adjusted for total energy intake, smoking history, consumption of vegetables, potatoes, and whole grains, multivitamin use, education, race, body mass index, physical activity, age at first birth, postmenopausal hormone use, and mammography. RESULTS: Vegetables and grains together contributed an average of 66 % of estimated dietary cadmium. During a mean of 7.5 years of follow-up, 1,026 invasive postmenopausal breast cancers were identified. Among 899 cases with complete covariate information, no evidence of an association between dietary cadmium intake and breast cancer risk was observed (aHR (95 % CI), highest to lowest quartile cadmium: 1.00 (0.72-1.41), p (trend) = 0.95). No evidence was found for interactions between dietary cadmium and breast cancer risk factors, smoking habits, or total intake of calcium, iron, or zinc from diet, supplements, and multivitamins. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not support the hypothesis that dietary cadmium intake is a risk factor for breast cancer. However, non-differential measurement error in the estimate of cadmium intake is likely the most important factor that could have obscured an association.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incidencia , Estilo de Vida , Persona de Mediana Edad , Posmenopausia , Factores de Riesgo , Programa de VERF , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Verduras , Vitaminas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
This study estimates the dietary exposure to cadmium (Cd), and associated potential health risks, for individuals living and working in a metal recycling community (n=132) in Vietnam in comparison to an agricultural (reference) community (n=130). Individual-level exposure to Cd was estimated through analysis of staple foodstuffs combined with information from a food frequency questionnaire. Individual-level exposure estimates were compared with published 'safe' doses to derive a Hazard Quotient (HQ) for each member of the study population. Looking at the populations as a whole, there were no significant differences in the diets of the two villages. However, significantly more rice was consumed by working age adults (18-60 years) in the recycling village compared to the reference village (p<0.001). Rice was the main staple food with individuals consuming 461±162g/d, followed by water spinach (103±51kg/d). Concentrations of Cd in the studied foodstuffs were elevated in the metal recycling village. Values of HQ exceeded unity for 87% of adult participants of the metal recycling community (39% had a HQ>3), while 20% of adult participants from the reference village had an HQ>1. We found an elevated health risk from dietary exposure to Cd in the metal recycling village compared to the reference community. WHO standard of 0.4mg Cd/kg rice may not be protective where people consume large amounts of rice/have relatively low body weight.
Asunto(s)
Intoxicación por Cadmio/epidemiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Reciclaje , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Intoxicación por Cadmio/etiología , Niño , Preescolar , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oryza/efectos adversos , Oryza/química , Reciclaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vietnam/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (KMAD) occupies a prominent place in the economy of Russia in oil and gas production and energy generation. The development of hydrocarbon raw material extraction in the district does great damage to the environment and nature. This results in the accumulation of toxic chemical elements in man. The levels of lead, cadmium, calcium, and zinc were measured in the hair of indigenous and non-indigenous populations of the district. High lead and cadmium and low calcium and zinc concentration were found in indigenous adults and children in the KMAD.