Recent advances and trends in miniaturized sample preparation techniques.

Advances in the area of sample preparation are significant and have been growing significantly in recent years. This initial step of the analysis is essential and must be carried out properly, consisting of a complicated procedure with multiple stages. Consequently, it corresponds to a potential source of errors and will determine, at the end of the process, either a satisfactory result or a fail. One of the advances in this field includes the miniaturization of extraction techniques based on the conventional sample preparation procedures such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. These modern techniques have gained prominence in the face of traditional methods since they minimize the consumption of organic solvents and the sample volume. As another feature, it is possible to reuse the sorbents, and its coupling to chromatographic systems might be automated. The review will emphasize the main techniques based on liquid-phase microextraction, as well as those based upon the use of sorbents. The first group includes currently popular techniques such as single drop microextraction, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. In the second group, solid-phase microextraction techniques such as in-tube solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, dispersive micro solid-phase microextraction, and microextraction by packed sorbent are highlighted. These approaches, in common, aim the determination of analytes at low concentrations in complex matrices. This article describes some characteristics, recent advances, and trends on miniaturized sample preparation techniques, as well as their current applications in food, environmental, and bioanalysis fields.

Determinación de Levetiracetam en suero humano por cromatografía líquida con detección de arreglo de diodos / Levetiracetam determination in human serum by liquid chromatography with diode array detection / Determinação de Levetiracetam em soro humano por cromatografia líquida com detecção de arranjo de diodos

Se desarrolló y validó un nuevo método analítico para determinar Levetiracetam (LEV) en suero humano utilizando cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) con detección de arreglo de diodos. El procedimiento es sencillo, puede ser incluido en la rutina del laboratorio y prestar servicio tanto en el monitoreo terapéutico como en la urgencia. El método incluye las siguientes etapas: extracción líquido-líquido con diclorometano y evaporación de la fase orgánica, la droga se reconstituye con fase móvil, se inyecta en el cromatógrafo y se detecta a 205 nm. El tiempo de retención de LEV es de 5 minutos y no presenta interferentes con respecto a otras drogas comúnmente prescriptas con Levetiracetam. La curva de trabajo presentó un rango de linealidad entre 5,2 y 82,9 μg/mL, un límite de detección y cuantificación de 0,8 μg/mL y 2,7 μg/mL, respectivamente. La recuperación fue del 99,8%.

A new analytical method for Levetiracetam (LEV) determination in human serum was developed and validated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode detection. It is a simple methodology that can be included in the laboratory routine and can be useful in both therapeutic drug monitoring and emergencies. The drug extraction is performed through a liquid-liquid extraction with methyl chloride. Subsequently, the organic phase is evaporated, reconstituted with the mobile phase, and injected in the chromatograph to be detected at 205 nm. LEV retention time is 5 min and it does not show interference with respect to other drugs commonly prescribed with Levetiracetam. The work curve showed linearity between 5.2 and 82.9 μg/mL and a detection and quantification limit of 0.8 μg/mL and 2.7 μg/mL, respectively, while the recovery was of 99.8%.

Foi desenvolvido e validado um novo método analítico para determinar Levetiracetam (LEV) em soro humano, utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detecção de arranjo de diodos. O procedimento é simples, pode ser incluído na rotina do laboratório e prestar serviço tanto na monitorização terapêutica quanto na urgência. O método inclui as seguintes etapas: extração líquido-líquido com diclorometano, e evaporação da fase orgânica, o fármaco é reconstituído com fase móvel, é injetado no cromatógrafo e detectado a 205 nm. O tempo de retenção de LEV é de 5 minutos e não apresenta interferentes com relação a outras drogas, comumente prescritas com Levetiracetam. A curva de trabalho apresentou um intervalo de linearidade entre 5.2 a 82.9 μg/mL, um limite de detecção e quantificação de 0.8 μg/mL e 2.7 μg/mL respectivamente. A recuperação foi de 99.8%.