Distal Abdominal Oblique Avulsion Injuries in Two Collegiate Hockey Players: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT: While injuries to the abdominal oblique muscles near their origin at the lower ribs are commonly seen in sports that require explosive trunk rotational movements such as baseball and tennis, there are few reports in the literature of avulsion injuries to these muscles from their distal attachments at the iliac crest. We present the case of two collegiate male hockey players who suffered such injuries as a result of a direct impact mechanism while rotated at the waist. These injuries should be suspected when patients have significant pain in the lower abdominal region worsened by flexion and rotation of the trunk and can be accurately characterized by musculoskeletal ultrasound or MRI. With a conservative rehabilitation program focused on core, hip adductor, and hip flexor strengthening, our athletes were able to return to game participation within 6 wk of the initial injury.

Effect of verbal instructions on trunk muscle activity during volitional preemptive abdominal contraction.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of Verbal Instruction (VI) strategies on trunk muscle contraction among healthy subjects. The effect of three VI Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver (ADIM) and two VI Abdominal Bracing Maneuver (ABM) strategies on left Internal (LIO) and External Oblique (LEO) and bilateral superficial Multifidi (sMf) activation was examined. DESIGN: Within-subjects, repeated measure design. METHODS: Surface EMG (sEMG) measured LIO, LEO, and sMf activity in 28 subjects (mean age 23.5 ± 5.5 years). Testing included five supine hook-lying and five quiet standing conditions. RESULTS: One-way ANOVAs demonstrated no significant main effect for ADIM or ABM in supine or standing (p > .05). Muscle activation amplitudes during VPAC conditions demonstrated higher mean values for standing versus supine (p < .05) except for two conditions involving LEO. Friedman Tests for dominant strategy demonstrated a significant main effect for ADIM-VI and ABM-VI strategies. Post-hoc testing generally showed the dominant strategy to be significantly higher versus others. CONCLUSION: No single preferred VI cue for ADIM or ABM was observed. Each subject's dominant strategy dictated the most suitable VI. Standing was preferred for LIO and sMf activation, whereas position did not change LEO activation. Non-significant correlations between all muscle pairings during all ADIM and ABM strategies were observed. These findings may suggest the need for healthcare providers who understand the intricacies of trunk stability to teach and monitor VPAC with either ADIM or ABM options.

Effect of a Ten-week Sensorimotor Exercise Program on the Side-to-Side LAM Asymmetry of Adolescent Football Players: A Randomized Control Trial.

In this study we, evaluated the effects of a 10-week sensorimotor exercise program on the thickness and side-to-side asymmetry of the lateral abdominal muscles in adolescent soccer players. From among 120 initially recruited participants, we included 90 athletes (aged 10-17 years old) in our final analysis. Healthy athletes who met our inclusion criteria were randomly divided into comparative experimental and control groups. Sensorimotor exercises were conducted twice weekly for 10-weeks in the experimental group, and the control group received no intervention. We took ultrasound measurements when participants were in supine and standing rest positions. In the supine position, the experimental group (a) reduced the asymmetry of the internal oblique (IO) muscle by 0.4 mm (MD: 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-1.1); (b) increased the thickness of the external oblique (EO) muscle on the right by 0.7 mm (MD: 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.6) and on the left by 0.9 mm (MD: 0.2, 95% CI 0.2-0.7); and (c) increased the muscle on the IO right by 0.8 mm (MD: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.9) and on the, left by 1.2 mm (MD: 0.4 95% CI 0.3-1.1). In a standing position the experimental group increased the thickness of the EO on the right by 1.5 mm (MD: 0.6; 95% CI 0.03-1.2) and on the left by 2.1 mm (MD: 0.6; 95% CI 0.1-1.3) and increased the IO on the right by 1.2 mm (MD: 0.7; 95% CI 0.2-1.7) and on the left by 1.1 mm (MD: 0.9; 95%CI 0.1-2.0). Thus, this 10-week program of additional sensorimotor exercises reduced the (side-to-side) asymmetry of the internal oblique muscle and increased the thickness of the EO and IO muscles in young football players.

Trunk muscle activation in prone plank exercises with different body tilts.

BACKGROUND: Body tilt changes could affect the intensity/difficulty of core stability exercises, but there is still a lack of knowledge about its impact. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the trunk muscles activation during prone plank exercises at different body tilts. METHODS: Twenty-four young adults who performed recreational gymnastic activities participated in this study. Electromyography activity of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO) and erector spinae (ES) was recorded during the performance of six variations of the prone plank exercise (planking with feet supported on the ground [conventional horizontal position] and planking with feet supported on wall bars at five different heights increasing the angle tilt) and an inverted position exercise. RESULTS: The RA, EO and IO activation in all prone plank variations were higher than those observed in the conventional prone plank. In addition, the coefficient of variation of the muscle activation increased with the declination angle, reaching the highest values in the inverted position for the RA and ES muscles. CONCLUSION: The results seem to indicate that the body tilt variation could be used as an easy and inexpensive strategy for modulating the neuromuscular demands and the motor control challenge during planking exercises.

Technetium-99m-pyrophosphate imaging-based computed tomography-guided core-needle biopsy of internal oblique muscle in wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Technetium-99m-pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) uptake in the internal oblique muscle (IOM), which is often observed in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA), indicates amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) deposition. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of 99mTc-PYP imaging-based computed tomography (CT)-guided core-needle biopsy of the IOM as a new extracardiac screening biopsy for confirming the presence of ATTR deposits. METHODS: Patients with suspected ATTR-CA in whom myocardial tracer uptake was detected on chest- and abdomen-centered images of 99mTc-PYP scintigraphy underwent CT-guided core-needle biopsy at the site with the highest tracer uptake in the IOM between September 2021 and November 2022. RESULTS: All 18 consecutive patients (mean age, 86.3 years ± 6.5; 61.1% male) enrolled in the study showed 99mTc-PYP uptake into the IOM. Adequate tissue samples were obtained from all patients except one without serious complications. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed ATTR deposits in 16/18 (88.9%) patients. In the remaining two patients, ATTR deposits were observed via endomyocardial biopsy. All patients were diagnosed with wild-type ATTR-CA based on transthyretin gene sequence testing results. CONCLUSION: In wild-type ATTR-CA, 99mTc-PYP imaging-based CT-guided core-needle biopsy of the IOM could be used as an extracardiac screening biopsy to confirm the presence of ATTR deposits.

Electromyographic Activity of the Pelvic Floor Muscles and Internal Oblique Muscles in Women during Running with Traditional and Minimalist Shoes: A Cross-Over Clinical Trial.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of footwear on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) and internal oblique (IO) muscles during running at different speeds. The study also aimed to explore the correlation between EMG activity of PFMs and IO muscles and participants' morphological characteristics. Ten nulliparous female runners were included in the study. The participants ran for 90 s at speeds of 9, 11, and 13 km/h wearing both traditional and minimalist shoes. EMG outcomes were presented as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC). Comparative analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank test. Correlational analysis was performed using the Rho-Spearman correlation coefficient. The %MVC for the IO muscles was significantly lower when using minimalist shoes compared to traditional shoes (p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences were found for the PFMs (p > 0.05). The study also observed large correlations between age and %MVC of the PFMs and IO muscles (rho = -0.64; p = 0.04). Minimalist shoes decreased the activity of IO muscles in female runners. However, no significant differences in EMG activity of PFMs were found when comparing traditional and minimalist footwear. The long-term effects of minimalist footwear on EMG activity of PFMs and IO muscles, as well as their relationship to morphological characteristics, require further investigation.

Presentación de una nueva clasificación de plicaturas en abdominoplastia / Presentation of a new classification in abdominoplasty plications

Introducción y objetivo: El concepto de abdominoplastia se ha redefinido en los últimos años siendo el manejo del componente musculoaponeurótico un elemento fundamental para mejorar el contorno de la pared abdominal. Sin embargo, las indicaciones de plicatura no están claramente establecidas, encontrando descritas innumerables técnicas por diversos autores. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo revisar la evidencia referente a las técnicas quirúrgicas de plicatura abdominal y proponer una clasificación de las mismas. Material y método: Búsqueda en la literatura de las técnicas quirúrgicas de plicatura en abdominoplastia y presentación de una clasificación original para las mismas. Resultados: Proponemos una clasificación de plicaturas basada en 3 elementos topográficos. El primero, la región anatómica predominante donde se realiza la plicatura (Tipo I o de línea alba, Tipo II o de rectos y Tipo III o de oblicuos). El segundo, la relación con el nivel del ombligo (supraumbilical, infraumbilical o supra-infraumbilical). Y el tercero, la orientación en el espacio de la plicatura (vertical, transversa u oblicua). Conclusiones: Consideramos que nuestra clasificación aporta una nomenclatura objetiva para la descripción de las plicaturas en abdominoplastia, ayudando así a definir sus indicaciones y a mejorar la comunicación de resultados. (AU)

Background and objective: The concept of abdominoplasty has been redefined in recent years, being the management of the musculoaponeurotic component a key element to improve abdominal wall contour. However, indications for plication are not clearly established, and countless techniques have been described by various authors. The objective of this work is to review the evidence regarding the surgical techniques of plication and propose a new classification for them. Methods: A search was carried out in the literature about surgical techniques of plication in abdominoplasty, and from this, an original classification for abdominoplasty plications is presented. Results: Our classification is based on 3 topographic elements. First, the main anatomical region where the plication is performed (Type I or linea alba, Type II or rectus abdominis and Type III or oblique muscles). Second, the relationship with umbilicus level (above, below or above-and-below). And third, the orientation in the space (vertical, transverse or oblique). Conclusions: Our classification provides an objective nomenclature for the description of plications in abdominoplasty, thus helping to define its indications and improve the communication of results. (AU)

The Effect of Two Types of Back Pillow Support on Transversus Abdominis and Internal Oblique Muscle Fatigue, Patient Satisfaction, and Discomfort Score during Prolonged Sitting.

Natural rubber is considered an economic plant in Thailand and is used to manufacture many products. Foam back pillows have proven to have various benefits for the lower back. However, no study has compared the effects of foam and rubber pillows. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the efficacy of foam and rubber pillows on transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscle fatigue, patient satisfaction, and discomfort scores during 60 min of prolonged sitting. Thirty healthy participants were invited to the study and randomized into three sitting conditions over three consecutive days. The three groups were as follows: control, foam pillow, and rubber pillow. Our results revealed that the discomfort score increased with the sitting time in all three groups (p < 0.05). The control group had the highest discomfort when compared to the rubber pillow group at 30 min (T4; p = 0.007) and 60 min (T7; p = 0.0001), as well as the foam pillow group at 60 min (T7; p = 0.0001). Participants were more satisfied sitting with the two types of back pillows at the initial time (T1; p = 0.0001) and at 60 min (T7; p = 0.0001) when compared with the control group. Furthermore, the participants were more satisfied with using rubber pillows rather than foam pillows throughout the sitting period (p = 0.0001). The control group experienced more transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscle fatigue at 60 min (T7) of sitting compared to the initial time (T1) (p = 0.038). Thus, sitting with pillow support can decrease deep trunk muscle fatigue, and using a pillow made from natural rubber may ensure greater satisfaction and less discomfort for the user.

The external oblique muscle flap technique for the reconstruction of abdominal wall defects.

PURPOSE: Several modifications to the anterior component separation technique (ACST) have been reported to facilitate the closure of abdominal wall defects. In this study, the external oblique (EO) muscle flap for modified ACST during major abdominal wall defect reconstructions has been described. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing modified ACST was conducted. The clinical data were collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 36 patients admitted to our hospital from December 2014 to December 2020, 9 cases had rectus abdominis tumors, 1 case had rectus abdominis trauma, and 26 cases had incisional hernias. The average age was 61.17 ± 13.76 years, and the mean BMI was 24.25 ± 3.18 kg/m2. The average width of the defect was 14.33 ± 2.90 cm. Unilateral EO muscle flap technique was used to reconstruct the abdominal wall. 3 cases of surgical site infection (8.3%), 4 cases of grade III or IV seroma (11.1%) and 2 cases of intestinal obstruction (5.5%)were reported postoperatively. Ischemic necrosis of the abdominal EO muscle flap, incision dehiscence, intestinal fistula, or other complications were not observed. 1 case of incisional hernia recurrence (2.8%) was reported. Recurrence of tumors or abdominal wall bulging were not noted during the follow-up period of 32.53 ± 14.21 months. CONCLUTIONS: The EO muscle flap technique is associated with low postoperative morbidity and recurrence rate, which approves it a reliable technique for selected groups of patients. Further research are needed to confirm the effectiveness of this technique.

The analgesic contribution of external oblique intercostal block: Case reports of 3 different surgeries and 3 spectacular effects.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal wall blocks are frequently used due to the use of effective blocks, such as the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and the widespread use of ultrasound (US) imaging. A good knowledge of abdominal innervation is required for the use of abdominal wall blocks. We describe the extraordinary performance of external oblique intercostal (EOI) blocks in 3 different surgeries. PATIENT CONCERNS, DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS: Case 1: A man aged 30 to 35 was taken to the operating room for open liver surgery. After surgery, unilateral EOI block and bilateral TAP block were performed with the patient in the supine position, and a catheter was placed under the external oblique muscle. Postoperative analgesia was followed by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) through the catheter. Case 2: A male patient aged 35 to 40 was taken to the operating room for laparoscopic liver surgery. After surgery, unilateral (EOI) block and bilateral TAP block were performed with the patient in the supine position. The patient received iv tramadol PCA (bolus dose 10 mg only, lockout 20 minutes). Case 3: A man aged 25 to 30 was taken to the operating room for laparoscopic bariatric surgery. After the surgery, bilateral EOI and bilateral rectal sheath blocks were performed with the patient in the supine position. The patient received iv tramadol PCA (bolus dose 10 mg only, lockout 20 minutes). OUTCOMES: All patients had low NRS scores in the recovery unit and very low opioid consumption in the first 72 hours postoperatively. All were satisfied with the quality of analgesia. CONCLUSION: We think that EOI block will come to occupy a significant place in upper abdominal analgesia, especially in obese patients, due to its wide innervation area and ease of application.

Novel external oblique muscle plane block for blockade of the lateral abdominal wall: a pilot study on volunteers.

PURPOSE: No reports have described techniques to efficiently anesthetize the lateral cutaneous branches of the entire abdomen. The aim of this study was to investigate an effective procedure for blocking the lateral cutaneous branches in the abdominal region. We sought to describe the sensory distribution of the previously described thoracoabdominal nerve block through perichondrial approach (TAPA) and the novel costal and lateral external oblique muscle plane (EXOP) blocks in healthy volunteers. METHODS: This was a proof-of-concept pilot study that comprised ten volunteers with an American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I. The participants underwent modified TAPA (M-TAPA), injection 2 of TAPA (injection into the anterior aspect of the 10th costal cartilage: I2-TAPA), costal EXOP, and lateral EXOP blocks with injection of 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.2% for each block. A pinprick test was performed one hour after injection and repeated at 30-min intervals until the effect of the nerve block disappeared. RESULTS: The M-TAPA injection anesthetized the anterior branches from T6/7 to T11/12, whereas the I2-TAPA injection had no effect. Costal and lateral EXOP injections anesthetized the lateral cutaneous branches of T7-10 and T11-12, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study in ten healthy volunteers indicate that novel EXOP blocks involving local anesthetic injection superficial to the external oblique muscle efficiently anesthetize the lateral cutaneous branches of the thoracoabdominal nerves. Our study shows that it may be anatomically plausible for the combined use of these blocks to anesthetize the entire abdominal wall.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Aucune présentation de cas n'a décrit de techniques permettant l'anesthésie efficace des branches cutanées latérales de tout l'abdomen. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer une procédure efficace pour bloquer les branches cutanées latérales de la région abdominale. Nous avons cherché à décrire la distribution sensorielle du bloc nerveux thoraco-abdominal par approche périchondrale (TAPA), décrit précédemment, et des nouveaux blocs du plan musculaire oblique externe (EXOP) costal et latéral réalisés chez des volontaires sains. MéTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude pilote de preuve de concept qui comprenait dix volontaires avec un statut physique I selon l'American Society of Anesthesiologists. Les participants ont bénéficié d'un bloc TAPA modifié (M-TAPA), de l'injection 2 d'un bloc TAPA (injection dans l'aspect antérieur du 10e cartilage costal : I2-TAPA), d'un bloc EXOP costal et d'un bloc EXOP latéral avec injection de 20 mL de ropivacaïne 0,2 % pour chaque bloc. Un test cutané par piqûre d'épingle a été réalisé une heure après l'injection et répété à des intervalles de 30 minutes jusqu'à ce que l'effet du bloc nerveux disparaisse. RéSULTATS: L'injection de M-TAPA a anesthésié les branches antérieures de T6/7 à T11/12, tandis que l'injection d'I2-TAPA n'a eu aucun effet. Les injections costales et latérales d'EXOP ont anesthésié les branches cutanées latérales de T7­10 et T11­12, respectivement. CONCLUSION: Les résultats de cette étude pilote chez dix volontaires sains indiquent que les nouveaux blocs EXOP avec une injection superficielle d'anesthésique local au muscle oblique externe anesthésient efficacement les branches cutanées latérales des nerfs thoraco-abdominaux. Notre étude montre qu'il peut être anatomiquement plausible de combiner ces blocs pour anesthésier toute la paroi abdominale.

Abdominal wall tension increases using Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization principles in different postural positions.

BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is an important mechanism stabilizing the spine and trunk. IAP regulation depends on the coordination of abdominal muscles, diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles. OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in abdominal wall tension (AWT) of various postural positions, first without any correction, then after verbal and manual instructions according to Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) principles. METHODS: In a cross-sectional observational study, thirty healthy individuals (mean age = 22.73 ± 1.91 years) were fitted with two Ohmbelt sensors contralaterally above the inguinal ligament and in the upper lumbar triangle. AWT was measured during five postural positions: sitting, supine with legs raised, squat, bear and hang position. First, spontaneous AWT was measured, then again after manual and verbal instructions following DNS principles. RESULTS: AWT increased significantly with DNS instructions compared to spontaneous activation. Both sensors recorded significant increases (p < .01; Cohen's d = -1.13 to -2.06) in all observed postural situations. The increase in activity occurred simultaneously on both sensors, with no significant differences noted in pressure increases between the sensors. The greatest activation for both sensors occurred in the bear position. Significant increases in activity were identified for both sensors in the supine leg raise position and in the bear position compared to spontaneous activation in sitting (p < .001). There were no statistically significant differences (for both sensors) between women and men in any position. CONCLUSION: The amount of AWT significantly increases after verbal and manual instructions according to DNS. The greatest abdominal wall activation was achieved in the bear position.

Effects of mouthpiece shape and expiratory threshold loading on contraction of the lateral abdominal muscles: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Expiratory tasks may facilitate transversus abdominis (TrA) activity for spinal stabilization. The purpose of this study was to verify whether a combination of pursed-lip breathing (PLB) and use of an expiratory threshold loading (ETL) device to increase expiratory resistance would promote TrA contraction comparable to that for a stabilization exercise. METHODS: Twenty healthy men performed expiratory tasks or an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM). Expiratory tasks comprised combinations of ETL settings with 0%, 5%, or 15% of maximum expiratory pressure, and mouthpieces with a normal shape or pursed-lip shape. B-mode ultrasound imaging of the TrA, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles was performed to determine percentage changes in muscle thickness. Percentage changes among tasks were statistically compared for each muscle. FINDINGS: TrA thickness increased with normal lips at 15% ETL, with PLB with 5% ETL, and with ADIM (p < 0.01 each). Internal oblique thickness increased under all PLB conditions (p < 0.01 each). No significant differences in external oblique thickness were seen for any tasks. The total thickness of the lateral abdominal muscles was significantly increased not only for 15% ETL tasks and ADIM, but also for PLB with 5% ETL (p < 0.02 each). INTERPRETATION: These results indicated that PLB with 5% ETL could facilitate the same level of TrA activity as the ADIM. PLB with 5% ETL was the only task that simultaneously increased overall lateral abdominal muscles, including the internal obliques, and might be readily applicable in clinical situations.

Internal and External Oblique Muscle Asymmetry in Sprint Hurdlers and Sprinters: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The abdominal muscles are vital in providing core stability for functional movements during most activities. There is a correlation between side asymmetry of these muscles and dysfunction. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare trunk muscle morphology and trunk rotational strength between sprint hurdlers, an asymmetrical sport, and sprinters, a symmetrical sport. Twenty-one trained collegiate sprint hurdlers and sprinters were recruited for the study (Hurdlers: 4M, 7F; Sprinters: 8M, 2F), average age (years) hurdlers: 20 ± 1.2; sprinters: 20.4 ± 1.9, height (cm) hurdlers: 172.6 ± 10.2; sprinters: 181.7 ± 4.5, and weight (kg) hurdlers: 67.6 ± 12.0; sprinters: 73.9 ± 5.6. Using real-time ultrasound, panoramic images of the internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO) were obtained at rest and contracted (flexion and rotation) in a seated position for both right and left sides of the trunk. While wearing a specially crafted shoulder harness, participants performed three maximal voluntary trunk rotational contractions (MVC). The three attempts were then averaged to obtain an overall MVC score for trunk rotation strength. Average MVC trunk rotational strength to the right was greater among all participants, p < 0.001. The IO showed greater and significant thickness changes from resting to contracted state than the EO, this was observed in all participants. The IO side asymmetry was significantly different between groups p < 0.01. Hurdlers, involved in a unilaterally demanding sport, exhibited the expected asymmetry in muscle morphology and in trunk rotational strength. Interestingly, sprinters, although involved in a seemingly symmetrical sport, also exhibited asymmetrical trunk morphology and trunk rotational strength.

The Effect of Tactical Tasks and Gear on Muscle Activation of SWAT Officers.

ABSTRACT: Keeler, JM, Pohl, MB, Bergstrom, HC, Thomas, JM, and Abel, MG. The effect of tactical tasks and gear on muscle activation of SWAT officers. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 238-244, 2022-Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) officers perform a variety of tactical operations while wearing tactical gear. Load carriage has been shown to alter muscle activation in the torso and is also associated with lower back pain, which is a prevalent musculoskeletal injury suffered by SWAT Officers. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of tactical gear on muscle activation of torso musculature while performing occupational tasks. Twenty male SWAT Officers (age: 34.7 ± 4.5 years; height: 1.79 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 91.5 ± 17.3 kg) performed 4 tasks (standing, rifle walk, sitting, and shield walk) with and without gear (mass of gear: 13.8 ± 1.9 kg). Mean electromyographic amplitude was evaluated bilaterally for the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, and external oblique muscles during the trials and expressed relative to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Addition of gear significantly increased erector spinae mean muscle activation during the rifle walk task (mean delta: +0.16%). However, no differences in muscle activation were identified for any other muscles between gear conditions (effect size ≤ 0.15). The shield walk produced the highest mean activation for each muscle during different tasks. The dynamic tasks yielded (0.24-4.18% MVIC) greater muscle activation levels than sitting and standing tasks. Despite minimal increases in muscle activation levels with the addition of gear, load carriage is known to increase the risk of acute and chronic injury. Collectively, these findings indicate that SWAT Officers should perform most skills without gear during tactical training to simulate task-specific movement patterns but reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury.

Comparison of core stabilization techniques on ultrasound imaging of the diaphragm, and core muscle thickness and external abdominal oblique muscle electromyography activity.

BACKGROUND: To restore core stability, abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM), abdominal bracing (AB), and dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) have been employed but outcome measures varied and one intervention was not superior over another. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the differential effects of ADIM, AB, and DNS on diaphragm movement, abdominal muscle thickness difference, and external abdominal oblique (EO) electromyography (EMG) amplitude. METHODS: Forty-one participants with core instability participated in this study. The subjects performed ADIM, AB, and DNS in random order. A Simi Aktisys and Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) were utilized to measure core stability, an ultrasound was utilized to measure diaphragm movement and measure abdominal muscles thickness and EMG was utilized to measure EO amplitude. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted at P< 0.05. RESULTS: Diaphragm descending movement and transverse abdominis (TrA) and internal abdominal oblique (IO) thickness differences were significantly increased in DNS compared to ADIM and AB (P< 0.05). EO amplitude was significantly increased in AB compared to ADIM, and DNS. CONCLUSIONS: DNS was the best technique to provide balanced co-activation of the diaphragm and TrA with relatively less contraction of EO and subsequently producing motor control for efficient core stabilization.

Comparison of linea alba length and core-muscles engagement during core and lower back orientated exercises.

BACKGROUND: A comparison of Linea Alba (LA) length and engagement of the Transverse Abdominis (TrA), External Oblique (EO) and Internal Oblique (IO) between core-orientated and lower back orientated exercises (e.g. glute bridge and hip extension) is lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the length of the LA and the engagement of TrA, EO and IO when performing the prone plank, bird dog, dead bug, lateral plank, glute bridge and hip extension. METHODS: Thirteen apparently healthy participants volunteered to this study. Ultrasound scanning of the anterior and antero-lateral abdominal walls at baseline and whilst performing prone plank, bird dog, dead bug, lateral plank, glute bridge and hip extension exercises was performed. LA length and thickness of the TrA, EO and IO were measured from ultrasound images. RESULTS: LA length (p = 0.77) and TrA thickness (p = 0.23) were not different between exercises. EO thickness was larger for the lateral plank compared to the bird dog (p = 0.01, d = 1.73), glute bridge (p < 0.01, d = 2.64), and hip extension (p < 0.01, d = 1.89). The dead bug was also larger in comparison to the glute bridge (p < 0.01, d = 2.05) and to the hip extension (p = 0.01, d = 1.45). For the IO thickness, the lateral plank was larger than the bird dog (p = 0.03, d = 1.21) and the dead bug (p = 0.04, d = 1.12). CONCLUSION: No difference was observed between exercises for the length of the LA or for the thickness of the TrA, which suggests that this muscle is similarly engaged in the assessed exercises, leading to a consistent stretch for the LA.

Botulinum toxin application to the internal and external oblique muscles for abdominal spasms in spinal cord injury.

INTRODUCTION: Abdominal spasms are involuntary contractions that can be caused by denervation due to spinal cord injury. We present a case that benefited from botulinum toxin injections. CASE PRESENTATION: A 42-year-old male patient was followed up due to spinal cord injury that developed secondary to burst fracture in the 6th thoracic vertebra as a result of falling off the train in 1996, was classified as International Standards for Neurological Classification of SCI (ISNCSCI) T8 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade-B. His complaint of contraction and spasms in his abdominal muscles has been present for 2 years but has escalated significantly in the last 3 months. His complaint of contraction and spasms in his abdominal muscles has been present for 2 years but has escalated significantly in the last 3 months. He used oral baclofen 20 mg three times a day for the complaint of contraction, but his complaints did not completely disappear. The use of a baclofen pump was recommended to the patient in his previous visits, but the patient did not accept it. Due to the lack of alternatives and considering the local nature of the complaints, we planned botulinum toxin injection for the patient's bilateral internal oblique and external oblique abdominal muscles with ultrasonography guidance. He benefited significantly from botulinum toxin injection, and his complaints decreased. CONCLUSION: In selected patients with spinal cord injury, ultrasound guided botulinum toxin injections to external and internal oblique muscles can be a safe alternative.

How Do the Abdominal Muscles Change during Hypopressive Exercise?

Background and objective: Prior studies have reported an activation of abdominal muscles during hypopressive exercises in women with pelvic floor disfunction. However, no previous research analyzed the effects of hypopressive exercise on abdominal muscles in healthy populations to understand the normal biomechanics of this area. The aim of this study was to examine the thickness of abdominal muscles at rest and during hypopressive exercise in supine and standing positions with ultrasound imaging in healthy adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 99 healthy university students. The thickness of the abdominal muscles at rest and during hypopressive exercise was assessed with ultrasound imaging in supine and standing positions. Results: During hypopressive exercise, there was a significant increase in the muscle thickness of transversus abdominis (p < 0.001) and internal oblique (p < 0.001) in supine and standing positions. External oblique only increased its thickness significantly in the standing position (p < 0.001) and rectus abdominis did not change during the hypopressive exercise in any position (p > 0.05). In conclusion, hypopressive exercises seem to increase the thickness of the deepest and most stabilized muscles such as transversus abdominis and internal oblique. Conclusions: These findings should be considered for future interventions with hypopressive exercises in healthy subjects.

Repeatability and reproducibility of the pressure biofeedback unit.

INTRODUCTION: Although the pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) is used for muscular assessment and training, there is little evidence of its reproducibility and repeatability. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess intra- and inter-rater reproducibility and repeatability of the PBU in the assessment of the transverse abdominal (TrA), internal oblique (IO), low back multifidi, and deep neck flexors (DNF). METHODS: Fifty individuals had three muscular groups tested: TrA/IO, lower back multifidi, and DNF. For repeatability, one rater did three consecutive measures; for intra-rater reproducibility the same rater did two measures with seven-day intervals, and for inter-rater reproducibility, three raters, on the same day, did the measures. Data were analyzed with: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC). (α = 0,05). RESULTS: Repeatability: TrA/IO (ICC = 0.847), Multifidi (ICC = 0.860), DNF (ICC = 0.831). Inter-rater reproducibility: TrA/IO (ICC = 0.876), Multifidi (ICC = 0.508), DNF (ICC = 0.442). Intra-rater reproducibility: TrA/IO (ICC = 0.747), Multifidi (ICC = 0.293), DNF (ICC = 0.685). Except for Multifidi, all the SEM values were less than 10 mmHg and the MDC values were less than 15 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: The PBU can be used with reliability by different evaluators, although the evaluation of multifidi is not indicated.