Analysis of palmprints and soleprints of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata): are there similarities to humans?

Friction ridges are important and unique biometric features that have been studied in fingerprint science since antiquity and used for human identification. This study aimed to analyze palmprints and soleprints of Callithrix penicillata, including the description of flexion creases, regions, minutiae classification, and delta counting, in order to evaluate the uniqueness of these data and feasibility of using this information as an identification method. Palmprints and footprints were collected using commercial fingerprint ink on A4 size paper. Following image digitalization using the GIMP (2.10.14) image editing program, regions and flexion creases were identified. A total of 600 minutiae were classified in females (288 palms and 312 soles) and 732 in males (360 palms and 372 soles), and all deltas were counted. It was possible to identify three main inconstant flexion creases, in both palmprints and soleprints, with different distribution and orientation when compared to those in humans. Less variety in the types of minutiae and differences in the distribution of deltas were found when compared to human studies. In addition, the hypothesis of non-coincident characteristics in each sample was confirmed.

3D Foot Anthropometric Measurements Under Two Weight- Bearing Conditions for Ergonomic Design of Foot-Related Products / Mediciones Antropométricas del Pie en 3D Bajo Dos Condiciones de Soporte de Peso para el Diseño Ergonómico de Productos Relacionados con los Pies

SUMMARY: This study collected 3D models of the left and right feet from 317 Chinese youth (155 females and 162 males) under half weight-bearing and no weight-bearing conditions. Thirteen dimensions and one angle were taken for each sample. By measuring 13 foot dimensions and 1 angle, this study comprehensively investigated the differences in foot shape between genders and the bilateral differences, as well as the foot shape differences under different conditions. The results showed that regardless of the condition, male foot dimensions were significantly larger than those of females. However, female foot shape was not simply a scaled-down version of male foot shape. On the contrary, the average angle of female feet was greater than that of males under both conditions, indicating a higher prevalence of hallux valgus in females. Both males and females exhibited significant correlation in foot dimensions between the left and right feet, with minimal differences. Under the half weight-bearing condition, the average foot length, width, and circumference were significantly larger than the corresponding measurements under the no weight-bearing condition, while the average height and angle were significantly smaller. Therefore, when designing footwear and foot-related medical rehabilitation aids, it is important to consider foot shape and dimensions under different conditions as a reference. The results of this study provide manufacturers of foot- related products with more detailed data support and are of significant value to the field of medical foot morphology research.

Este estudio recolectó modelos 3D de los pies izquierdo y derecho de 317 jóvenes chinos (155 mujeres y 162 hombres) en condiciones de carga media de peso y sin carga de peso. Para cada muestra se tomaron trece dimensiones y un ángulo. Al medir 13 dimensiones del pie y 1 ángulo, se investigó exhaustivamente las diferencias en la forma del pie entre ambos sexos y sus diferencias bilaterales, así como las diferencias en la forma del pie en diferentes condiciones. Los resultados mostraron que, independientemente de la condición, las dimensiones del pie de los hombres, estos eran significativamente más grandes que los de las mujeres. Sin embargo, la forma del pie femenino no era simplemente una versión reducida de la forma del pie masculino. Por el contrario, el ángulo promedio de los pies de las mujeres fue mayor que el de los hombres en ambas condiciones, lo que indica una mayor prevalencia de hallux valgus en las mujeres. Tanto hombres como mujeres exhibieron una correlación significativa en las dimensiones del pie, entre el pie izquierdo y el derecho, con diferencias mínimas. Bajo la condición de medio soporte de peso, la longitud, el ancho y la circunferencia promedio del pie fueron significativamente mayores que las medidas correspondientes bajo la condición sin soporte de peso, mientras que la altura y el ángulo promedio fueron significativamente más pequeños. Por lo tanto, al diseñar calzado y dispositivos médicos de rehabilitación relacionados con los pies, es importante tener en consideración la forma y las dimensiones del pie en diferentes condiciones como referencia. Los resultados de este estudio, brindan a los fabricantes de productos relacionados con los pies un soporte de datos más detallado y son de gran valor para el campo de la investigación médica de la morfología del pie.

Mediciones de imágenes fotográficas del pie como una metodología no invasiva y válida en la exploración clínica / Measurements of the Foot Photo Images as a Non-Invasive and Valid Methodology in Clinical Examination

Introducción: La evaluación anatómica músculo esquelética por imagen en la exploración clínica del pie diabético es la fotografía digital que evalúa la morfología superficial. Objetivos: Validar la obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie, calcular las mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar, de las imágenes fotográficas del pie por fotogrametría, y basados en estas, categorizar la normalidad de la forma en sujetos sanos. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio en 30 individuos sanos evaluados en la Unidad clínica de pie diabético en la ciudad de Trujillo, mediante un prototipo de cámaras alrededor de un podoscopio y un software de análisis de imágenes. La imagen fotográfica fue evaluada por mediciones longitudinales, angulares y el índice del arco plantar. Resultados: Los pacientes evaluados tenían una edad media de 25,06+/-11,95 años, y predominaron las mujeres. La longitud total del pie y anchura del metatarso en el lado derecho fue de 226,55 ± 36,49 mm y 98,99 ± 22,71 mm respectivamente; y en el lado izquierdo fue de 229,81 ± 42,25 mm y 104,49 ± 16,84 mm respectivamente. El ángulo intermetatarsal del 1-2 rayo, ángulo intermetatarsal del 4-5 rayo y ángulo del retropié para el lado derecho fueron 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente; para el lado izquierdo 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º y 2 ± 2º respectivamente, y el índice plantar del arco derecho e izquierdo fueron 0,23 ± 0,2 y 0,22 ± 0,1 respectivamente. La variabilidad solo se presentó en el antepie en el 20 percent de los casos. Conclusiones: La obtención de las imágenes fotográficas del pie fueron válidas, las mediciones fueron menores o similares a otros estudios. La variabilidad de la normalidad solo se presentó en el antepie(AU)

Introduction: The musculoskeletal anatomical evaluation by imaging in the clinical examination of the diabetic foot is digital photography that assesses the superficial morphology. Objectives: To validate the obtaining of photographic images of the foot, to calculate the longitudinal and angular measurements and the index of the plantar arch, from the photographic images of the foot by photogrammetry, and to categorize the normality of the shape in healthy subjects, based on these photographic images. Methods: This an exploratory study in 30 healthy individuals evaluated at the Diabetic Foot Clinical Unit in Trujillo city, using a prototype of cameras around a podoscope and image analysis software. The photographic image was evaluated by longitudinal and angular measurements and the plantar arch index. Results: The patients evaluated had a mean age of 25.06+/-11.95 years, and women predominated. Total foot length and metatarsal width on the right side were 226.55 ± 36.49 mm and 98.99 ± 22.71 mm, respectively; and on the left side it was 229.81 ± 42.25 mm and 104.49 ± 16.84 mm, respectively. The 1st-2nd ray intermetatarsal angle, 4th-5th ray intermetatarsal angle and hindfoot angle for the right side were 14 ± 4º, 11 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively; for the left side 14 ± 3º, 9 ± 3º and 2 ± 2º respectively, and the plantar index of the right and left arch were 0.23 ± 0.2 and 0.22 ± 0.1 respectively. Variability only occurred in the forefoot in 20 percent of cases. Conclusions: Obtaining of the photographic images of the foot was valid, measurements were smaller or similar to other studies. The variability of normality only appeared in the forefoot(AU)

Prevalencia y biometría del espolón calcáneo en la población chilena: estudio radiológico / Prevalence and biometry of the calcaneal spur in the Chilean population: radiological study

RESUMEN: El dolor en la región calcánea del pie afecta aproximadamente a un tercio de los adultos mayores de 65 años. Asimismo, una gran cantidad de sujetos que consultan por esta condición, revelan hallazgos radiológicos de un crecimiento anormal en el hueso calcáneo, en su cara plantar, en forma de gancho denominado espolón calcáneo (EC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue relacionar la prevalencia y biometría de los EC en individuos chilenos según sexo y edad. Se realizó un estudio radiológico de tipo descriptivo-correlacional donde se revisaron al azar 400 radiografías de pies en proyección lateral de 200 sujetos chilenos entre 15 y 90 años. El análisis de los 200 exámenes radiográficos mostró que en 135 (67,5 %) de ellos presentaban EC de manera unilateral o bilateral. La presencia de al menos un EC era mayor en las mujeres 104 (52 %) que en los hombres 31 (15,5 %). Sin embargo, esta diferencia no es estadísticamente significativa p= 0,621. La edad promedio de los sujetos que presentaron EC era de 60,4 años, ampliamente superior a quien no lo presentaba (43,5 años), siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa P<0,05. Se puede concluir una prevalencia del 67,5 % de EC en la población de estudio, mayor en las mujeres y directamente relacionada con la edad. Esta información podría ser de gran valor morfológico y médico debido a la escasa literatura existente sobre esta materia en individuos chilenos.

SUMMARY: Pain in the talar region of the foot affects approximately one third of people over 65 years of age. Likewise, a large number of patients who consult for this condition reveal radiological findings of an abnormal growth of the hook-shaped calcaneus called a calcaneal spur (CS). The objective of the present study was to relate the prevalence and biometrics of CS in Chilean individuals according to sex and age. A descriptive-correlational radiological study was carried out where 400 lateral projection radiographs of the feet of 200 Chilean patients between 15 and 90 years of age were randomly reviewed. The analysis of the 200 people examined showed that 135 (67.5%) presented CS unilaterally or bilaterally. The presence of at least one CS is greater in the female sex 104 (52%) than in the male sex 31 (15.5%), however, this difference is not statistically significant p = 0.621. The average age of the people who presented CS is 60.43 years, much higher than those who do not present (43.51 years), this difference being statistically significant P = Sig. It can be concluded a prevalence of 67.5% of CS in the study population, higher in the female sex and directly related to age. This information will be of great morphological and medical value due to the little existing literature on this matter in Chilean individuals.

The skin of birds' feet: Morphological adaptations of the plantar surface.

The skin of the foot provides the interface between the bird and the substrate. The foot morphology involves the bone shape and the integument that is in contact with the substrate. The podotheca is a layer of keratinized epidermis forming scales that extends from the tarsometatarsus to the toe extremities. It varies in size, shape, amount of overlap and interacts with the degree of fusion of the toes (syndactyly). A study of toe shape and the podotheca provides insights on the adaptations of perching birds. Our analysis is based on micro-CT scans and scanning electron microscopy images of 21 species from 17 families, and includes examples with different orientations of the toes: zygodactyl (toes II and III forward), anisodactyl (toes II, III, and IV forward), and heterodactyl (toes III and IV forward). We show that in these three groups, the skin forms part of a perching adaptation that involves syndactyly to different degrees. However, syndactyly does not occur in Psittacidae that use their toes also for food manipulation. The syndactyly increases the sole surface and may reinforce adherence with the substrate. Scale shape and toe orientation are involved in functional adaptations to perch. Thus, both bone and skin features combine to form a pincer-like foot.

Biometría de los músculos extensor corto de los dedos y extensor corto del hallux en individuos brasileños: análisis anatómico para su uso como colgajo muscular en cirugías reconstructivas / Biometry of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles in Brazilian individuals: anatomical analysis for use as a muscle flap in reconstructive surgeries

RESUMEN: El músculo extensor corto de los dedos (ECD) se sitúa junto con el músculo extensor corto del hallux (ECH) en la región dorsal del pie y están encargados de colaborar con la acción agonista de los músculos extensor largo de los dedos (ELD) y extensor largo del hallux (ELH), en la extensión de los cuatro dedos mediales en las articulaciones metatarsofalángicas. Esta condición complementaria permite su transferencia quirúrgica hacia otras regiones receptoras sin afectar la funcionalidad extensora de los dedos del pie motivo por el cual durante las últimas décadas se ha convertido en un tejido importante para la reconstrucción de lesiones tisulares, sin embargo, son escasos los estudios biométricos que lo describan en detalle. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la longitud, ancho y área de extensión de estos músculos acompañada de la determinación de las distancias de éstos respecto a la cuña medial y la base del quinto metatarsiano para su uso quirúrgico. Sumado a lo anterior y posterior a la descripción de las variantes musculares encontradas se determinó los puntos motores de inervación de estos dos músculos. Para ello se estudiaron 36 miembros inferiores formolizados de individuos adultos brasileños pertenecientes a la Universidad Federal de Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brasil. Las mediciones se realizaron con un cáliper marca Mitutoyo de 0,01 mm de precisión obteniendo una longitud, ancho y área de 6,89 ± 1,64 cm, 3,81 ± 0,42 cm y 31,98 ± 7,60 cm2 en el lado derecho de 6,91 ± 1,64 cm, 3,68 ± 0,46 cm y 30,75 ± 7,61 cm2 en el izquierdo respectivamente. En el 17 % de los casos hay presencia de tendones accesorios para el músculo ECD. La distancia desde el margen medial del músculo ECH respecto a la cuña medial y del margen lateral del músculo ECD a la base del quinto metatarsiano fue de 1,97 ± 0,43 y 1,72 ± 0,41 al lado derecho y de 2,01 ± 0,62 y 1,87 ± 0,36 al lado izquierdo respectivamente. Los puntos motores (Pm) predominaron en un 64 % en el tercio medio del músculo ECH y en un 64 % en el tercio proximal del músculo ECD. Estos resultados son un aporte significativo, tanto para quienes realizan cirugía ortopédica como para el conocimiento detallado de la anatomía dorsal del pie.

SUMMARY: The extensor digitorum brevis muscle (EDB) is located along with the extensor hallucis brevis (EHD) in the dorsal region of the foot and are responsible for collaborating with the agonist action of the extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) and extensor hallucis longus (EHL) in the extension of the four medial fingers in the metatarsophalangeal joints. This complementary condition allows its surgical transfer to other receptor regions without affecting the extensor functionality of the toes, which is why during the last decades it has become an important tissue for the reconstruction of tissue injuries, however, there are few studies biometrics that describe it in detail. The objective of this investigation was to establish the length, width and area of extension of these muscles accompanied by the determination of their distances from the medial wedge and the base of the fifth metatarsal for surgical use. In addition to the above and after the description of the muscle variants found, the innervation motor points of these two muscles were determined. To do this, 36 formalized lower limbs of Brazilian adult individuals belonging to the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, Brazil, were studied. Measurements were made with a 0.01 mm precision Mitutoyo caliper obtaining a length, width and area of 6.89 ± 1.64 cm, 3.81 ± 0.42 cm and 31.98 ± 7.60 cm2 on the right side of 6.91 ± 1.64 cm, 3.68 ± 0.46 cm and 30.75 ± 7.61 cm2 on the left, respectively. In 17 % of cases there is presence of accessory tendons for the EDB muscle. The distance from the medial margin of the EHB muscle with respect to the medial wedge and the lateral margin of the EDB muscle to the base of the fifth metatarsal was 1.97 ± 0.43 and 1.72 ± 0.41 on the right side and 2,01 ± 0.62 and 1.87 ± 0.36 on the left side respectively. Motor points (Pm) predominated in 64 % in the middle third of the EHB muscle and in 64 % in the proximal third of the EDB muscle. These results are a significant contribution both for those who perform orthopedic surgery and for detailed knowledge of the dorsal foot anatomy.

The relation of foot morphology to performance in three vertical jumping tasks / Relación entre la morfología del pie y el rendimiento en tres saltos verticales

SUMMARY: The objective of this research is to relate the performance in three vertical jump events with morphological variables of the foot and stature. A total of 177 practitioners of 12 sporting events aged 24.5 ±8.0 years, with 71.01 ±13.00 kg of body mass, 1.71±0.09 m height, and BMI of 24.29±3.24 kg·m-2 were evaluated with an anthropometer in terms of foot length (FL), forefoot width (FW), navicular height (NH), and hindfoot width (HW). These variables were normalized to the height of the subjects. From the footprint record the arch index (AI) was obtained, which indicates the morphology of the medial longitudinal foot arch (MLFA). Performance was evaluated in three vertical jump events: countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ), recording the height reached. FL, FW and HW show a weak positive correlation (r<0.4; p<0.05) with the heights achieved in the three types of jump. The stature is strongly associated with FL, FW and HW (r=0.8; r=0.7 and r=0.6; respectively; p<0.05) and with the height in CMJ, SJ, and DJ (r=0.37; r=0.41 and r=0.32, respectively, p<0.05). The only normalized morphological foot variable that maintained consistency in the correlations analysis was the normalized foot length (NFL) with CMJ (r = 0.2, p<0,05). The subjects whose left foot length was equivalent to 14 % of the stature jumped 27.94 ±6.63 cm, those with 15 % jumped 30.96 ±7.4 cm, and those with 16 % jumped 31.03 ±7.8 cm. FL, FW, HW, and stature are moderately correlated with performance in vertical jump events. However, after discarding the stature of the subjects, only the foot length maintained its relation with performance in CMJ.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue relacionar el rendimiento en salto vertical con variables morfológicas del pie y estatura. 177 practicantes de 12 disciplinas deportivas de 24,5 ±8,0 años; 71,01 ±13,00 kg; 1,71 ±0,09 m, e IMC de 24,29 ±3,24 kg•m-2 fueron evaluados con un antropómetro obteniendo longitud de pie (FL), ancho de antepié (FW), altura navicular (NH) y ancho de retropié (HW). Estas variables fueron normalizadas a la estatura. Se midió la huella plantar obteniendo el índice del arco (AI), el cual indica la morfología del arco plantar longitudinal medial (MLFA). El rendimiento fue evaluado en tres pruebas de salto: salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), sentadilla con salto (SJ) y salto desde caída (DJ), registrando la altura alcanzada. FL, FW y HW mostraron una débil correlación positiva (r<0,4; p<0,05) con la altura alcanzada en los tres saltos. La estatura se asocia con FL, FW y HW (r=0,8; r=0,7 y r=0,6; respectivamente; p<0,05) y con la altura en CMJ, SJ y DJ (r=0,37; r=0,41 y r=0,32, respectivamente, p<0,05). La única variable normalizada del pie que mantuvo consistencia en el análisis de correlaciones fue la longitud del pie normalizada (NFL) con CMJ (r=0,2; p<0,05). Los sujetos cuyo pie tiene una longitud equivalente al 14 % de la estatura saltaron 27,94 ±6,63 cm, los que equivalen al 15 % saltaron 30,96 ±7,4 cm y quienes tuvieron un pie equivalente a un 16 % de la estatura saltaron 31,03 ±7,8 cm. FL, FW, HW y la estatura se correlacionan moderadamente con el rendimiento en salto vertical. Sin embargo, después de descartar la estatura de los sujetos, solamente la longitud del pie mantiene su relación con el rendimiento en CMJ.

An Anatomical Basis for the Myofascial Trigger Points of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle.

Myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by pain and a limited range of joint motion caused by muscle contracture related to motor-end-plate dysfunction and the presence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs). It is the most frequent cause of musculoskeletal pain, with a worldwide prevalence varying between 13.7% and 47%. Of the patients with myofascial pain syndrome, approximately 17% have pain in the medial hindfoot area. The abductor hallucis muscle is located in the medial, posterior region of the foot and is related to painful plantar syndromes. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of the medial plantar nerve and their anatomical relationship with MTrPs found in the literature. Thirty abductor hallucis muscles were dissected from 15 human cadavers (8 males and 7 females). The muscles were measured, and the distribution data of the medial plantar nerve branches in each quadrant were recorded. For statistical analysis, we used generalized estimation equations with a Poisson distribution and a log logarithm function followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons of the means. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The level of significance was adjusted to 5% (p < 0.05). A high concentration of nerve branches was observed in the first quadrant (Q1) of the abductor hallucis muscle, which is the same area in which the MTrPs are described. The topography of the entry points of the branches of the medial plantar nerve to the abductor hallucis muscle correlates with the topography of the muscular trigger points. The anatomical structure of the MTrPs may be useful for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of myofascial disorders and provide a basis for surgical and clinical treatments.

Anatomy of foot Compartments: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: There are discrepancies regarding the anatomy of the foot which complicate standardizing foot compartment treatment. We synthesized the existing evidence regarding the compartmental anatomy of the foot MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed evaluating the anatomy of the foot compartments in non-pathologic specimens. The search strategy was performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Three reviewers worked independently and in duplicate to screen all references via a title/abstract and full-text phase. The risk of bias was assessed with the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist. RESULTS: Ten studies were included. All were performed in cadavers except one. Half of them evaluated the plantar section of the foot and the other half evaluated the whole foot. Methods employed across studies tended to vary: anatomical dissections, dye infusion, imaging studies, or a combination of these. Five studies directly addressed the anatomic limits of each compartment and eight addressed the anatomical structures inside each of them. There seems to be an agreement regarding the number of compartments in the plantar region (three major compartments divided by the medial and lateral intermuscular septum), nevertheless, disagreements across authors tend to arise when describing its dorsal section. Only two studies were ranked with an overall low risk of bias, agreeing on nine compartments. CONCLUSION: This review provides the best available anatomical evidence regarding the anatomy of the foot compartments for compartment syndrome management. Future research should focus on settling the discrepancies highlighted to reach a more accurate anatomical description.

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion.

Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions, controversies, and questions, many of which concerned the death of Jesus Christ. To this day, much remains to be discovered in both religious and scientific realms. However, the aim of this study is to discuss such facts as are known from the medical perspectives of clinical anatomists. Nails/spikes were driven through the hands/wrists and feet of five adult cadavers, and the cadavers were then dissected to observe the anatomical structures that had been injured or placed at risk for injury. While many historical and archeological facts remain to be discovered, we hope that this cadaveric study will enhance our modern understanding of ancient practices from a medical and anatomical perspective. Clin. Anat. 32:12-21, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Avaliação das artérias podais ao eco-Doppler / Assessment of the pedal arteries with Duplex Scanning

Resumo A ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler é um método não invasivo útil no diagnóstico e planejamento terapêutico da doença oclusiva das artérias podais. A artéria pediosa dorsal é a continuação direta da artéria tibial anterior e tem trajeto retilíneo no dorso do pé, dirigindo-se medialmente ao primeiro espaço intermetatarsiano, onde dá origem a seus ramos terminais. A artéria tibial posterior distalmente ao maléolo medial se bifurca e dá origem às artérias plantar lateral e plantar medial. A plantar medial apresenta menor calibre e segue medialmente na planta do pé, enquanto a plantar lateral é mais calibrosa, seguindo um curso lateral na região plantar e formando o arco plantar profundo, o qual se anastomosa com a artéria pediosa dorsal através da artéria plantar profunda. A avaliação das artérias podais pode ser realizada de maneira não invasiva com exame de eco-Doppler, com adequado nível de detalhamento anatômico.

Abstract Vascular Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive method that can help in diagnostic and therapeutic planning in case of pedal arterial obstructive disease. The dorsalis pedis artery is the direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery and follows a straight course along the dorsum of the foot, leading medially to the first intermetatarsal space, where it gives off its terminal branches. The posterior tibial artery forks distal to the medial malleolus and gives rise to the lateral plantar and medial plantar arteries. The medial plantar artery has a smaller caliber and runs medially in the sole of the foot, while the lateral plantar artery is of larger caliber, following a lateral course in the plantar region and forming the deep plantar arch, which anastomoses with the dorsalis pedis artery via the deep plantar artery. The arteries of the foot can be assessed noninvasively with Doppler, providing an adequate level of anatomical detail.

Presencia y biometría del os peroneum en individuos chilenos: estudio radiológico / Presence and biometry of os peroneum in Chilean individuals: radiological study

RESUMEN: El esqueleto está formado por 206 huesos constantes (200 huesos axiales y apendiculares más los 6 osículos del oído). Sin embargo, aparte de éstos existen otros huesos que pueden ser inconstantes, los que se denominan accesorios y sesamoideos. Basado en lo anterior, el objetivo fue identificar el os peroneum, que es uno de los huesos sesamoideos que podría estar presente en el pie humano, relacionando su presencia con el sexo, grupos etarios y dominancia, registrando también mediciones de cada hueso encontrado. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo, en donde se utilizaron radiografías de 200 pacientes, de ambos sexos, chilenos, de la IX región de La Araucanía, 50 de sexo masculino y 150 de sexo femenino, con edades entre 15 y 90 años. De los 200 pacientes estudiados, se encontraron 28 (14 %) con presencia de Os peroneum, 23 del sexo femenino y 5 de sexo masculino. En 16 (57,1 %) individuos se determinó que los huesos eran bilaterales. Los registros biométricos del hueso en estudio se muestran en tablas. Los datos obtenidos complementarán el conocimiento morfológico y médico acerca de este hueso en la población chilena, ya que el dolor en la zona lateral del pie puede ser causado por un espectro de etiologías, y con los datos obtenidos, caracterizar a nuestra población, aportando otra posible causa al dolor lateral de pie.

SUMMARY: The skeleton is made up of 206 constant bones (200 bones and the 6 ossicles of the ear). However, apart from these there are other bones that can be inconstant, which are called accessories and sesamoids. Based on the above, the objective was to identify to the Os peroneum, which is one of the sesamoid bones that could be present in the human foot, relating its presence with sex, age groups and dominance, also recording measurements of each bone found. A descriptive study was carried out, in which radiographs of 200 patients of both sexes were used, Chilean, from the IX region of La Araucanía, 50 male and 150 female, aged between 15 and 90 years. Of the 200 patients studied, 28 (14 %) were found with the presence of peroneal bone, 23 of the female sex and 5 of the male sex. In 16 (57.1 %) individuals it was determined that the bones were bilateral. The biometric records of the bone under study are shown in tables. The data obtained will complement the morphological and medical knowledge about this bone in the Chilean population, since the pain in the lateral zone of the foot can be caused by a spectrum of etiologies, and with the data obtained, characterize our population, providing another possible cause to lateral standing pain.

Modificaciones morfológicas del pie luego de ocho semanas de entrenamiento de carrera a pie descalzo / Foot morphological adaptations developed after eight weeks of barefoot running training

La carrera descalza ha sido ampliamente estudiada últimamente, pero poco se sabe de cambios anatómicos que produce en el pie. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar estos cambios producidos de forma aguda y a largo plazo en sujetos que entrenan a pie descalzo. 29 sujetos divididos en dos grupos: Barefoot (BFGr) (n=17) y Shod (SGr) (n=12), realizaron un protocolo de efecto agudo consistente en correr durante 20 min sobre treadmill a 3.1 m/s y un protocolo de entrenamiento de 8 semanas de carrera de resistencia con aumento progresivo de volumen. BFGr realizó todas las sesiones a pie descalzo. Al finalizar cada protocolo se midió Foot Length (FL), Forefoot Width (FW), Hindfoot Width (HW), Navicular Height (NH), Arch Index (AI) y Maximum Surface (MS). Se efectuó ANOVA 3x2 para comprobar los efectos que el tiempo y la condición de calzado produjo. La condición de calzado produjo efectos significativos sobre todas las variables (FL: p=0.000, η2p=0.997; FW: p=0.000, η2p=0,997; HW: p=0.000, η2p= 0,994; NH: p=0.000, η2p=0.953; AI: p=0.000, η2p=0.898; MS: p=0.000, η2p=0.983) y el factor tiempo sobre AI (p=0.012, η2p=0.152) y MS (p=0.000, η2p=0.259). Hubo interacción significativa Tiempo x Condición en FW (p=0.036, η2p= 0.116) y NH (p=0.019, η2p= 0.143). MS aumentó luego del protocolo de efecto agudo (p=0.000) y a largo plazo (p=0.001) en BFGr. El porcentaje de sujetos con pie normal aumentó en BFGr y con pie plano aumentó en SGr. El entrenamiento de carrera a pie descalzo produce efectos, principalmente luego de un período de adaptación de 8 semanas, tendientes a un aumento armónico en la superficie de apoyo plantar con tendencia a una disminución relativa del área del mediopié, lo cual se tradujo en una disminución de sujetos con arco plantar de tipología plana.

Barefoot running has been studied extensively recently, but little is known of the anatomical changes that take place in the foot. The objective of this study was to determine the acute and chronic changes that are produced in subjects who train barefoot. 29 subjects divided into two groups, Barefoot (BFGr) (n=17) and Shod (SGr) (n=12), followed an acute effect protocol which consisted in running during 20 min on a treadmill at 3.1 m/s, and an eight-week long chronic effect protocol covering eight weeks of resistance running with progressively increasing volume. BFGr did all the sessions barefoot. At the end of each protocol Foot Length (FL), Forefoot Width (FW), Hindfoot Width (HW), Navicular Height (NH), Arch Index (AI), and Maximum Surface (MS) were measured. ANOVA 3x2 was run to verify the effects caused by time and the shod condition produced. Shod/ Unshod factor caused significant effects on all the variables (FL: p=0.000, η2p=0.997; FW: p=0.000, η2p=0,997; HW: p=0.000, η2p= 0,994; NH: p=0.000, η2p=0.953; AI: p=0.000, η2p=0.898; MS: p=0.000, η2p=0.983), and the time factor on AI (p=0.012, η2p=0.152) and MS (p=0.000, η2p=0.259). There was a significant Time x Condition interaction in FW (p=0.036, η2p=0.116) and NH (p=0.019, η2p= 0.143). MS increased after the acute (p=0.000) and the chronic (p=0.001) protocols in the BFGr. The percentage of subjects with normal feet increased in the BFGr and that with flat feet increased in SGr. Barefoot running training causes effects, mainly after an adaptation period of eight weeks, tending to a harmonic surface increase on the support plantar area, with a relative decrease of the midfoot area, which meant a decrease of subjects with plantar arch of flat type.

Functional morphology and identity of the thenar pad in the subterranean genus Ctenomys (Rodentia, Caviomorpha).

As in many other fossorial tetrapods, the most obvious adaptations to scratch-digging in the subterranean tuco-tuco (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae, Ctenomys) are found in the hands, which among other adaptations, present the mesaxonic condition; i.e. the central digits are more developed, and also their claws, which are curved and elongated. The thumb is atrophied and aligned with the rest of the digits, showing a small and flat claw. This configuration of digits and claws seems to be in accordance with what it is expected for rodents: rudimentary movements when handling food items. However, on the palmar side of the hand, tuco-tucos have several pads, the thenar (located under the thumb) being the most developed. In this study, we investigated the functional morphology of the thenar pad through different approaches: musculoskeletal anatomy, histology and functionality. The analysis of radiographs and clarified and double-stained hand samples of Ctenomys talarum and C. australis showed that the thenar pad is supported by a paddle-shaped bone that articulates with a protrusion in the scapholunate bone. This bone, flat and long, continues in a flat cartilaginous structure, with a shape similar to a claw. Dissections showed that the thenar pad has several associated muscles: the m. palmaris longus, the m. abductor pollicis longus, and a massive muscular complex located between the thumb and the thenar pad. By topology it might be inferred that this complex is formed by the m. abductor pollicis brevis, the m. flexor pollicis brevis and the m. adductor pollicis brevis. Longitudinal histological sections of the thenar pad stained with hematoxylin-eosin showed a thick layer of keratin at the distal end, external face. The observation of live specimens of C. talarum foraging on two food items of different size and filmed at 300 fps showed that the thenar pad acts as an opposable thumb, with digit-like movements. Tuco-tucos are able to perform more precise movements than expected, and to grasp and manipulate the food with one hand. In previous studies, it was suggested that the thenar pad was supported by a 'palmar ossicle', or 'prepollex' (= radial sesamoid bone). Our results suggest that this sesamoid underwent a radical change on its morphology, making the thenar pad a part of the food handling system in Ctenomys, so the thenar pad might be considered a 'false thumb', rather than a palmar pad. It is suggested to advance on the description and functional analysis of the thenar pad, redefining the structure, since the terms used so far to define it would not be accurate.

Plexos venosos plantares: Implicancia clínico-quirúrgica / Venous plantar plexus pump: Clinical and surgical implication

En 1888, Lejars describió la suela venosa que lleva su nombre. Se trata de un entramado venoso dispuesto en la planta del pie, que involucra los bordes medial y lateral. Dicho autor la describió en forma indirecta, por transparencia, a través de una inyección de resina y negro humo. En esta actualización, se ofrece una descripción directa y detallada de la suela venosa de Lejars mediante inyección con látex (Butaclor), que permitió identificar claramente dos planos. Las disecciones se efectuaron en pies de adultos y en fetos a término. Este trabajo de investigación anatómica pretende demostrar en forma objetiva la existencia de una malla venosa única que resulta imprescindible para la función hidráulica, sobre todo, del talón posterior del pie como centro de apoyo y marcha. Asimismo, se describen las incisiones quirúrgicas más idóneas para el abordaje de afecciones que comprometen dicho entramado. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

In 1888, Lejars described the vein sole that bears his name. It is a venous network arranged on the sole of the foot, which involves the medial and lateral borders. Said author described it indirectly, by transparency, through an injection of resin and black smoke. In this update, a direct and detailed description of the Lejars venous sole is offered by injection with latex (Butachlor), which clearly identified two planes. The dissections were performed on adult feet and full-term fetuses. This paper, based on anatomical research aims to objectively demonstrate the existence of a single venous mesh that is essential for hydraulic function, especially the posterior heel of the foot as a support and walking center. Likewise, the most appropriate surgical incisions are described for the treatment of conditions that compromise this network. Level of Evidence: IV

Comparative evaluation of anatomic structures in regio manus and regio pedis on computed tomography images and plastinated cross-sections of horse / Evaluación comparativa de estructuras anatómicas en regio manus y 1 en imágenes de tomografía computarizada y cortes transversales plastinados de caballos

SUMMARY: Movement analysis of horses is closely related to the bone, joint and muscle composition. Equine foot is quiet important not only for veterinarians, but also for farmers and horseshoer. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate and compare the anatomical structures of equine foot obtained from computed tomography images and S10B silicone plastinated sections of horse and 3 dimensional images of related structures as well. Four adult horses were used in this study. Computed tomography images were acquired in a proper position for equine feet. Then S10B silicone plastination was performed for the same specimens. Plastinates were sliced into 1 cm sections, corresponding to the computed tomography images. The sections obtained from silicone plastination were found to be compatible with computed tomography images. It was seen that osseous structures and tendons were clearly identified on computed tomography images. It was observed that the shrinkage on the osseous tissues was very limited. It was thought that the proportional differences between the plastinated specimens and computed tomography images were related with the fixation process. The specimens plastinated with S10B silicone polymer was determined to be closer to natural colour when compared to the standard polymers. Therefore it was found to be more useful. It is considered that plastinates can be effectively used in veterinary orthopaedics and radiology trainings as well as in veterinary anatomy education.

RESUMEN: El análisis del movimiento de los caballos está estrechamente relacionado con la composición ósea, articular y muscular. El pie equino es muy importante no solo para los veterinarios, sino también para los agricultores y herradores. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar y comparar las estructuras anatómicas del pie equino obtenidas a partir de imágenes de tomografía computarizada y secciones plastinadas con silicona S10B y también con imágenes tridimensionales de estructuras relacionadas. Cuatro caballos adultos fueron utilizados en este estudio. Las imágenes de tomografía computarizada se adquirieron en una posición adecuada para los pies equinos. Luego se realizó plastinación con silicona S10B para las mismas muestras. Los plastinados se cortaron en secciones de 1 cm, correspondientes a las imágenes de tomografía computada. Las secciones obtenidas de plastinación con silicona fueron compatibles con las imágenes de tomografía computarizada. Se observó que las estructuras óseas y los tendones estaban claramente identificados en las imágenes de tomografía computarizada. Se observó que la contracción de los tejidos óseos era muy limitada. Se pensó que las diferencias proporcionales entre las muestras plastinadas y las imágenes de tomografía computada estaban relacionadas con el proceso de fijación. Se determinó que las muestras plastinadas con polímero de silicona S10B se presentaron con un color más cercano al natural en comparación con los polímeros estándar. Por lo tanto, se encontró que fue más útil. Se considera que los plastinados se pueden utilizar eficazmente en ortopedia veterinaria y capacitación en radiología, así como en educación en anatomía veterinaria.

Características morfofuncionales del pie de deportistas universitarios chilenos en diez disciplinas deportivas / Morphofunctional foot characteristics of Chilean university athletes in ten sports disciplines

RESUMEN: Se sabe que hay gran variabilidad en la morfología de las zonas del pie entre sujetos. Esto es más evidente en deportistas, ya que la práctica de deportes somete a los pies a presiones y deformaciones anatómicas mayores que las que se ejercen en actividades de la vida diaria. Por lo anterior, se desprende que el conocimiento de la morfología del pie de la población objetivo es de alto interés para la confección de calzado apropiado a su forma y dimensiones. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar variables morfológicas referidas a las dimensiones del pie de deportistas seleccionados universitarios chilenos. La muestra se conformó de 169 sujetos de ambos sexos de una población de deportistas universitarios de 23,27 años, 71 kilogramos, 1,71 metros de estatura e índice de masa corporal de 24,29. En las mediciones se utilizó un antropómetro y la clasificación del Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial (APLM) se realizó mediante el Arch Index. Se demostró que la longitud del pie en hombres y mujeres se corresponde con el 15 % de la estatura del sujeto. La variable Ancho Antepie Normalizado (AAN) equivale al 39 % de la Longitud del Pie (LP), no registrándose diferencias entre sexos. El Ancho del Retropié por su parte, fue correspondiente con el 25 % de LP. El Ancho de Retropie (AR) equivale al 63 % del Ancho Antepie (AA). En cuanto al APLM, las mujeres presentan valores de normalidad ubicados entre 0,13 y 0,24 para pie izquierdo y 0,17 y 0,24 para pie derecho. Se aprecia que la prevalencia de pies planos fue mayor en hombres (25 % a 28 %) que en mujeres (4 % a 6 %) y la prevalencia de pies cavos fue mayor en mujeres (47 % a 53 %) respecto a hombres (27 % a 31 %).

SUMMARY: It is known that there is great variability in the morphology of feet areas among different subjects. This is more evident in athletes, since the practice of sports subjects their feet to greater pressures and anatomical deformations, other than those exerted during daily life activities. It is clear therefore, that knowledge of the target population foot morphology is of high interest for the production of appropriate footwear to its shapes and dimensions. The objective of this research is to characterize morphological variables related to the feet of selected Chilean university athletes. The sample consisted of 169 subjects of both sexes of university population athletes of an average age of 23.27 years, 71 kilograms, 1.71 meters height and body mass index of 24.29. An anthropometer was used for measurements and the classification of the Medial Longitudinal Plantar Arch (MLPA) was performed by the Arch Index. It was shown that foot length corresponds to 15 % of the subject's height. The Normal Forefoot Width (NFW) variable is equal to 39% of Foot Length (FL), with no differences between sexes. Posterior foot width corresponded to 25 % of LP; posterior foot Width is 63 % of the Forefoot Width (AA). Regarding the APLM, women presented values of normality located between 0.13 and 0.24 for left foot and 0.17 and 0.24 for right foot. The prevalence of flat foot was higher in men (25 % to 28%) than in women (4 % to 6 %) and the prevalence of cavus foot was higher in women (47 % to 53 %) than in men (27 % to 31 %).

¿Afecta una clase de Educación Física a las dimensiones del pie de los niños? / Does a Physical Education lesson affect the foot morphology in school-aged children?

Resumen: Introducción: Analizar las variaciones que se producen en las medidas morfológicas del pie de los niños escolares, tras la realización de una clase de Educación Física. Metodología: Participaron voluntariamente 10 escolares (5 niños y 5 niñas) con una media de edad de 9.3 ± 0.5 años. Se llevó a cabo la digitalización de ambos pies de manera consecutiva, a través de un escáner en 3D modelo IFU-S-01, Japón. Se calcularon las dimensiones del pie en dos momentos diferentes, antes y después de una clase de Educación Física (pre y post ejercicio) donde se realizaron diferentes actividades que implicaban desplazamientos, saltos y amortiguaciones. Resultados: Al comparar las medidas del pie antes y después del ejercicio se observaron diferencias significativas en la altura del arco plantar, que fue mayor tras la realización de actividad física (p<0.05). El ancho del antepié presentó mayores valores tras el ejercicio sin significancia estadística (p=0.07; tamaño del efecto [ES] = 0.2). Además, se observaron correlaciones positivas entre el ancho del antepié y la altura del arco (r = 0.6; p<0.05); y negativas entre la longitud del talón a la cabeza del metatarso I y el ancho del antepié (r = - 0.7; p<0.05). Conclusiones: El tipo de actividades realizadas durante la clase de Educación Física (desplazamientos, saltos y amortiguaciones) podría causar mayor presión en la zona del antepié, provocando mayor altura del arco plantar. Los sistemas de desarrollo del calzado deportivo infantil deberían tener en cuenta tanto las longitudes del pie, cómo sus anchuras y alturas, para un mejor ajuste del zapato, previniendo lesiones osteomusculares futuras.

Abstract: Background: To analyze the changes in foot morphology in school-age children, after a Physical Education lesson. Methods: A total of 10 school-age children (5 girls and 5 boys) were recruited with a mean age of 9.3 ± 0.5 years that voluntary participated in this study. Measurements of both feet were obtained using a 3D foot digitizer model IFU-S-01 (Japan) in two different moments, before and after a physical education lesson (per-exercise and post-exercise), where different activities involving displacements, jumps and landings were performed. Results: By comparing foot morphology before and after exercise, significant differences in the arch height were found, which increased after exercise (p<0.05). The ball width shows greater changes after exercise but without significant differences (p= 0.07; effect size [ES] = 0.2). Furthermore, a positive correlation between the ball width and the arch height (p<0.05) and negative correlation between the distance from the heel to the first metatarsal and the ball width (r = - 0.7; p<0.05), were observed. Conclusions: The type of activities undertaken during physical education lesson (displacements, jumps and landings) increased the pressure on the forefoot, which would lead to a lager arch height. Development of children's sport footwear systems should take into account the foot lengths, widths and heights, for a better fit, preventing future musculoskeletal injuries.