Short-term outcomes of different modalities of pyloromyotomy versus gastric electrical stimulation in the treatment of gastroparesis: A systemic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the short-term outcomes surrounding the efficacy and complication rate between different modalities of pyloromyotomy and gastric electrical stimulation (GES) in the treatment of gastroparesis. METHODS: Comprehensive, computerized research was performed on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We additionally reviewed relevant articles, without any language limitations, published prior to April 15, 2020. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: Three studies totaling 196 participants who had received 4 interventions, including single per-oral pyloromyotomy (POP), double POP, laparoscopic pyloromyotomy, and GES, were eligible for analysis. Compared to single POP, double POP achieved a better clinical response with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.60, P = .04), while laparoscopic pyloromyotomy and GES showed no difference with a pooled RR of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.74-1.08, P = .23) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.73-1.04, P = .13), respectively. As for the recurrence and complication rates, only GES showed a borderline significance of recurrence in comparison to single POP (RR 2.17, 95% CI, 1.00-4.71, P = .05), while there were no differences in the remainder of the comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: We conducted a detailed comparison of 3 modalities of pyloromyotomy and GES in the treatment of gastroparesis, with the results suggesting that double POP demonstrated better clinical success with similar recurrence and complication rates. In addition, GES may result in more recurrence amongst these interventions.

Adequacy of Preoperative Resuscitation in Laparoscopic Pyloromyotomy and Anesthetic Emergence.

BACKGROUND: Pyloromyotomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on otherwise healthy infants. Pyloric stenosis results in a hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis that is considered a medical emergency. This alkalotic state is believed to be associated with an increased incidence of apneic episodes. Because apnea tends to occur during anesthetic emergence, we sought to examine the association between the preoperative serum bicarbonate level and anesthetic emergence time after laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. METHODS: Data were collected from patients who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomies from April 2014 to October 2018. To estimate the correlation between preoperative bicarbonate level and emergence time while accounting for the positive skew of emergence time and potential confounding variables, a weighted quantile mixed regression was used. Due to a nonlinear association with emergence time, preoperative serum bicarbonate was split into 2 continuous intervals (<24 and ≥24 mEq/L) and the slope versus outcome was fit for each interval. RESULTS: A total of 529 patients who underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy were analyzed in this study. After controlling for confounders, the preoperative serum bicarbonate interval of ≥24 mEq/L was linearly associated with median emergence time (median increase of 0.81 minutes per 1 mEq/L increase of bicarbonate; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-1.20; P < .001). Only 3 patients (0.6%) had apneic episodes after pyloromyotomy despite all having preoperative serum bicarbonate levels <29 mEq/L. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative serum bicarbonate was positively associated with median anesthetic emergence time in a linear manner for values ≥24 mEq/L, although this correlation may not appear to be clinically substantial per 1 mEq/L unit. However, when preoperative serum bicarbonate levels were dichotomized at a commonly used presurgical threshold, the difference in median emergence time between ≥30 and <30 mEq/L was an estimated 5.4 minutes (95% CI, 3.1-7.8 minutes; P < .001).

Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy: Current status and future directions.

Gastroparesis, or symptomatic delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction, is a challenging and increasingly identified syndrome. Medical options are limited and the only medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of gastroparesis is metoclopramide, although other agents are frequently used off label. With this caveat, first-line treatments for gastroparesis include dietary modifications, antiemetics and promotility agents, although these therapies are limited by suboptimal efficacy and significant medication side effects. Treatment of patients that fail first-line treatments represents a significant therapeutic challenge. Recent advances in endoscopic techniques have led to the development of a promising novel endoscopic therapy for gastroparesis via endoscopic pyloromyotomy, also referred to as gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy or per-oral endoscopic pyloromyotomy. The aim of this article is to review the technical aspects of the per-oral endoscopic myotomy procedure for the treatment of gastroparesis, provide an overview of the currently published literature, and outline potential next directions for the field.

Outcomes and Future Directions of Per-Oral Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy: A View from France.

Gastroparesis is a challenging functional gastroenterological disorder, the complex pathophysiology of which hampers development of therapeutic modalities. Per-oral pyloromyotomy (POP) is a promising endoscopic therapy with a short-term clinical success rate of greater than 80%. Interest in POP is increasing, particularly in France, a country in which there is considerable expertise in submucosal endoscopy and functional disorders. Long-term follow-up and pyloric function evaluation are needed to assess the efficacy of POP in gastroparetic patients.

Trends and surgical outcomes of laparoscopic versus open pyloromyotomy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is one of the most common pediatric illnesses necessitating surgical intervention. Controversy remains over the optimal surgical approach between laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LP) and open pyloromyotomy (OP). LP has gained acceptance for management of HPS in an era of expanding minimal access surgical approaches to pediatric conditions. Several studies suggest advantages of LP over OP; however, selection bias and small sample sizes remain a concern. This study compares the outcomes of LP versus OP using propensity score methods. METHODS: The 2013-2015 ACS NSQIP Pediatric PUF was queried for all infants undergoing pyloromyotomy. The trend in the proportion of infants undergoing LP was described and perioperative outcomes between the OP and LP cohorts were compared using propensity score weighted regression models. RESULTS: 4847 infants were identified to have undergone surgical pyloromyotomy. The proportion of LP performed increased significantly from 59% in 2013 to 65.5% in 2015 (p < 0.001). LP was associated with lower overall complications (1.4% vs 2.9%) (ORadj 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.80), surgical site-related complications (1.1% vs 2.1%) (ORadj 0.52, 95% CI 0.32-0.84), and post-operative length of stay (1.5 days vs 1.9 days) (ORadj 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.98) without significant differences in related re-operation (0.9% vs 0.9%) (ORadj 1.01, 95% CI 0.52-1.93) or readmissions (1.4% vs 2.1%) (ORadj 0.73, 95% CI 0.46-1.17). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that LP is increasingly utilized for management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and is associated with shorter length of stay, and lower odds of surgical site-specific and overall complications without differences in related re-operations. This study supports LP as a safe and effective method for management of HPS.