Gross morphology of the brain and some sense organs of subterranean pencil catfishes of the genus Ituglanis Costa and Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae), with a discussion on sensory compensation versus preadaptation in subterranean fishes.

Subterranean organisms provide excellent opportunities to investigate morphological evolution, especially of sensory organs and structures and their processing areas in the central nervous system. We describe the gross morphology of the brain and some cephalic sensory organs (olfactory organ, eye, semicircular canals of the inner ear) and the swim bladder (a non-sensory accessory structure) of subterranean species of pencil catfishes of the genus Ituglanis Costa and Bockmann, 1993 (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) and compare them with an epigean species of the genus, Ituglanis goya Datovo, Aquino and Langeani, 2016. We compared qualitatively the size of the different brain regions and sense organs of the subterranean species with those of the epigean one, searching for modifications possibly associated with living in the subterranean environment. Our findings suggest that species of Ituglanis exhibit sensory characteristics that are preadaptive for the subterranean life, as only slight modifications were observed in the brains and sense organs of the subterranean species of the genus when compared with the epigean one. Because most subterranean fish species belong to lineages putatively preadapted for subterranean life, our results, discussed in the context of available information on the brain and sense organs of other subterranean species, help identify general trends for the evolution of the brain and sensory organs of subterranean fishes in general.

The origin of an invasive air sac system in sauropodomorph dinosaurs.

One of the most remarkable features in sauropod dinosaurs relates to their pneumatized skeletons permeated by a bird-like air sac system. Many studies described the late evolution and diversification of this trait in mid to late Mesozoic forms but few focused on the origin of the invasive respiratory diverticula in sauropodomorphs. Fortunately, it is possible to solve this thanks to the boom of new species described in the last decade as well as the broad accessibility of new technologies. Here we analyze the unaysaurid sauropodomorph Macrocollum itaquii from the Late Triassic (early Norian) of southern Brazil using micro-computed tomography. We describe the chronologically oldest and phylogenetically earliest unambiguous evidence of an invasive air sac system in a dinosaur. Surprisingly, this species presented a unique pattern of pneumatization in non-sauropod sauropodomorphs, with pneumatic foramina in posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae. This suggests that patterns of pneumatization were not cladistically consistent prior to the arrival of Jurassic eusauropods. Additionally, we describe the protocamerae tissue, a new type of pneumatic tissue with properties of both camellae and camerae. This reverts the previous hypothesis which stated that the skeletal pneumatization first evolved into camarae, and derived into delicate trabecular arrangements. This tissue is evidence of thin camellate-like tissue developing into larger chambers. Finally, Macrocollum is an example of the gradual evolution of skeletal tissues responding to the fastly specializing Respiratory System of saurischian dinosaurs.

Effects of supplementation with vitamins C and E on the acute inflammatory response in Piaractus mesopotamicus / Efeitos da suplementação com vitaminas C e E na resposta inflamatória aguda em Piaractus mesopotamicus

Vitamins C and E are potent antioxidants that reduces the harmful effects of stress in several species including fish. In this study, it was evaluated the effect of vitamins C, E and their combination in the acute aerocystitis induced by inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila in pacu. 288 fish were distributed into 4 groups supplemented for 90 days: G1-control; G2- supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C; G3-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin E; G4-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C + 500 mg of Vitamin E. The fish were divided in three groups, the first was not inoculated; second were inoculated in the swim bladder with 3 x 109 CFU of inactivated A. hydrophila and the last one with saline. The inflammatory exudate was collected from the swim bladder for assessment of cellular component and cytochemistry. The results showed higher accumulation of leukocytes in fish inoculated with bacteria. Cytochemistry was effective identifying thrombocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and, granulocytes present in the exudate. It was also observed fish that received supplementation with vitamins presented higher accumulation of total cells in the exudate with a predominance of lymphocytes and thrombocytes. These results suggested that supplementation with vitamins improved the immunological responses.

As vitaminas C e E são potentes antioxidantes que reduzem os efeitos nocivos do estresse em várias espécies, incluindo peixes. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito das vitaminas C, E e sua combinação na aerocistite aguda induzida por Aeromonas hydrophila inativada em pacu. 288 peixes foram distribuídos em 4 grupos suplementados por 90 dias: G1-controle; G2- suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C; G3-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina E; G4-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C + 500 mg de Vitamina E. Os peixes foram divididos em três grupos, o primeiro não foi inoculado; o segundo foi inoculado na bexiga natatória com 3 x 109 UFC de A. hydrophila inativada e a última com soro fisiológico. O exsudato inflamatório foi coletado da bexiga natatória para avaliação do componente celular e citoquímica. Os resultados mostraram maior acúmulo de leucócitos nos peixes inoculados com a bactéria. A citoquímica foi eficaz na identificação de trombócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e granulócitos presentes no exsudato. Também foi observado que os peixes que receberam suplementação com vitaminas apresentaram maior acúmulo de células totais no exsudato com predominância de linfócitos e trombócitos. Esses resultados sugeriram que a suplementação com vitaminas melhorou as respostas imunológicas.

The absence of an invasive air sac system in the earliest dinosaurs suggests multiple origins of vertebral pneumaticity.

The origin of the air sac system present in birds has been an enigma for decades. Skeletal pneumaticity related to an air sac system is present in both derived non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. But the question remained open whether this was a shared trait present in the common avemetatarsalian ancestor. We analyzed three taxa from the Late Triassic of South Brazil, which are some of the oldest representatives of this clade (233.23 ± 0.73 Ma), including two sauropodomorphs and one herrerasaurid. All three taxa present shallow lateral fossae in the centra of their presacral vertebrae. Foramina are present in many of the fossae but at diminutive sizes consistent with neurovascular rather than pneumatic origin. Micro-tomography reveals a chaotic architecture of dense apneumatic bone tissue in all three taxa. The early sauropodomorphs showed more complex vascularity, which possibly served as the framework for the future camerate and camellate pneumatic structures of more derived saurischians. Finally, the evidence of the absence of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in the oldest dinosaurs contradicts the homology hypothesis for an invasive diverticula system and suggests that this trait evolved independently at least 3 times in pterosaurs, theropods, and sauropodomorphs.

Aerossacolitis and pneumonia in an Indian peafowl caused by Lactobacillus agilis

Background: The peafowl is an ornamental bird that has the habit of eating directly from the earthy soil, which makes thisbird more susceptible to endoparasites. One important endoparasite is Eucoleus contortus, which leads to inflammatoryprocesses that alter the local microbiota, potentializing disease. By the other way, a member of the birds microbiota thereis the genus Lactobacillus, but when occurs some imbalance, these bacteria can overgrowth and even cause some infection.This report describes the pathological and microbiological findings of chronic necrotizing pneumonia and aerossacolitiscaused by Lactobacillus agilis in a peafowl, associated with parasitism by E. contortus.Case: A peafowl (Pavo cristatus), adult, male, who lived on a farm with contact with other species of animal, was submittedto post-mortem examination due to sudden death. This animal lived in an extensive system on the property and was the onlyone of its species. During the gross evaluation, the air sacs were filled with solid yellowish crumbly material. The samematerial was observed forming well-defined nodules that occupied > 50% of the lung parenchyma. Histological analysisshowed multiple parabronchi dilated and filled with caseous necrosis, characterized by abundant cellular debris and fibrindeposition. These areas were surrounded by the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and inflammatory infiltrate ofmacrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The air sacs parenchyma showed fibrin deposition and mixedinflammatory infiltrate. Multiple gram-positive bacilli were observed within the caseous foci in Gram-stained slides. Inthe crop and esophageal mucosa, cross-sections of filiform nematodes morphologically compatible with E. contortus wereassociated with chronic inflammatory infiltrate and epidermal hyperkeratosis. A lung section was submitted to GramBrown-Hopps and Ziehl-Neelsen...(AU)

Aerossacolitis and pneumonia in an Indian peafowl caused by Lactobacillus agilis

Background: The peafowl is an ornamental bird that has the habit of eating directly from the earthy soil, which makes thisbird more susceptible to endoparasites. One important endoparasite is Eucoleus contortus, which leads to inflammatoryprocesses that alter the local microbiota, potentializing disease. By the other way, a member of the bird’s microbiota thereis the genus Lactobacillus, but when occurs some imbalance, these bacteria can overgrowth and even cause some infection.This report describes the pathological and microbiological findings of chronic necrotizing pneumonia and aerossacolitiscaused by Lactobacillus agilis in a peafowl, associated with parasitism by E. contortus.Case: A peafowl (Pavo cristatus), adult, male, who lived on a farm with contact with other species of animal, was submittedto post-mortem examination due to sudden death. This animal lived in an extensive system on the property and was the onlyone of its species. During the gross evaluation, the air sacs were filled with solid yellowish crumbly material. The samematerial was observed forming well-defined nodules that occupied > 50% of the lung parenchyma. Histological analysisshowed multiple parabronchi dilated and filled with caseous necrosis, characterized by abundant cellular debris and fibrindeposition. These areas were surrounded by the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and inflammatory infiltrate ofmacrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The air sacs parenchyma showed fibrin deposition and mixedinflammatory infiltrate. Multiple gram-positive bacilli were observed within the caseous foci in Gram-stained slides. Inthe crop and esophageal mucosa, cross-sections of filiform nematodes morphologically compatible with E. contortus wereassociated with chronic inflammatory infiltrate and epidermal hyperkeratosis. A lung section was submitted to GramBrown-Hopps and Ziehl-Neelsen...

Comparison of collagen characteristic from the skin and swim bladder of Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus).

Collagens extracted from different tissues and fish species display different physicochemical properties, thus novel sources require characterization. Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus) is processed industrially for food. Of the by-products, the swim bladder is used for fish maw, but other tissues are treated as waste. In the present study, pepsin-soluble collagen from Gulf corvina skin and swim bladder was extracted and characterized. Skin produced a higher collagen yield (82 ± 1.53 %) than swim bladder (69 ± 1.60 %). Both collagens exhibited electrophoresis bands corresponding to ([α1(I)]2α2(I)) and ß chains, all characteristic of type I collagen. Spectra analysis showed the collagens to maintain their triple-helix structure. The skin collagen had a lower denaturation temperature (29.8 °C) than the swim bladder collagen (32.5 °C), due to its relatively low imino acid content (168 vs. 190 /1000 residues, respectively). Both collagens were highly soluble in acidic pH ranges; Zeta potential values were 5.5 for the skin collagen and 6.2 for the swim bladder collagen. Gulf corvina skin and swim bladder are excellent sources of type I collagen with similar physicochemical properties.

Classificação dos graus de lesões de aerossaculite em perus associadas com enterobactérias / [Classification of the levels of the airsacculitis injuries in turkeys associated with Enterobacteriaceae]

Foram padronizados os graus de lesões dos sacos aéreos em perus com aerossaculite, associadas com a presença de isolados de enterobactérias nesses órgãos. Um total de 110 amostras de sacos aéreos de perus machos com aerossaculite foi coletado para o estudo. Durante o processo de abate, as amostras foram coletadas por meio de swabs e submetidas a três métodos de armazenamento (imediato, congelado ou pré-incubado após congelamento) para posterior comparação das suas eficiências de isolamento. Os gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae foram identificados pelas séries bioquímicas EPM, MILi e citrato de Simmons. O crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em 43,64% das amostras. Neste estudo, quatro padrões de lesões de aerossaculite foram identificados de acordo com as características patológicas dos sacos aéreos. Os principais gêneros de enterobactérias identificadas foram: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Kluyvera, Salmonella e Klebsiella. Foi observado que os graus padronizados como 3 e 4 apresentaram maior variedade de gêneros bacterianos. O armazenamento imediato apresentou maior porcentagem de positividade, 41,82%, no entanto o pré-incubado após congelamento se apresentou mais eficaz em relação à quantidade de colônias.(AU)

The degrees of air sac lesions in turkeys with airsacculitis were standardized, associated with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these organs. A total of 110 samples of air sacs from male turkeys with airsacculitis were collected and analyzed. During the slaughtering process, the sample collection was done using swabs and submitted to three storage methods (immediate, frozen, or pre incubated after freezing) for further comparison of their isolated efficiency. The bacterial genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified biochemical series EPM, MILi and Simmons citrate. Bacterial growth occurred in 43.64% of samples. In this study, four patterns of aerossaculitis lesions were identified according to the pathological characteristics of air sacs. The frequencies of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated identified in the samples were: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganell, Kluyvera, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Otherwise, it was observed that the levels already standardized as level three and four showed higher variety of genus. The immediate storage showed higher percentage of positivity at 41.82%, however, the pre incubated after freezing showed more efficiency in relation to the quantity of colonies.(AU)

Classificação dos graus de lesões de aerossaculite em perus associadas com enterobactérias / [Classification of the levels of the airsacculitis injuries in turkeys associated with Enterobacteriaceae]

Foram padronizados os graus de lesões dos sacos aéreos em perus com aerossaculite, associadas com a presença de isolados de enterobactérias nesses órgãos. Um total de 110 amostras de sacos aéreos de perus machos com aerossaculite foi coletado para o estudo. Durante o processo de abate, as amostras foram coletadas por meio de swabs e submetidas a três métodos de armazenamento (imediato, congelado ou pré-incubado após congelamento) para posterior comparação das suas eficiências de isolamento. Os gêneros da família Enterobacteriaceae foram identificados pelas séries bioquímicas EPM, MILi e citrato de Simmons. O crescimento bacteriano ocorreu em 43,64% das amostras. Neste estudo, quatro padrões de lesões de aerossaculite foram identificados de acordo com as características patológicas dos sacos aéreos. Os principais gêneros de enterobactérias identificadas foram: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganella, Kluyvera, Salmonella e Klebsiella. Foi observado que os graus padronizados como 3 e 4 apresentaram maior variedade de gêneros bacterianos. O armazenamento imediato apresentou maior porcentagem de positividade, 41,82%, no entanto o pré-incubado após congelamento se apresentou mais eficaz em relação à quantidade de colônias.(AU)

The degrees of air sac lesions in turkeys with airsacculitis were standardized, associated with the presence of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from these organs. A total of 110 samples of air sacs from male turkeys with airsacculitis were collected and analyzed. During the slaughtering process, the sample collection was done using swabs and submitted to three storage methods (immediate, frozen, or pre incubated after freezing) for further comparison of their isolated efficiency. The bacterial genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae were identified biochemical series EPM, MILi and Simmons citrate. Bacterial growth occurred in 43.64% of samples. In this study, four patterns of aerossaculitis lesions were identified according to the pathological characteristics of air sacs. The frequencies of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated identified in the samples were: Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Proteus, Edwardsiella, Morganell, Kluyvera, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Otherwise, it was observed that the levels already standardized as level three and four showed higher variety of genus. The immediate storage showed higher percentage of positivity at 41.82%, however, the pre incubated after freezing showed more efficiency in relation to the quantity of colonies.(AU)

Radiography and computed tomography of the heart and lower respiratory tract in toco toucans (Ramphastos toco).

This study aimed to evaluate normal features of the heart and lower respiratory tract in toco toucans by means of radiography and helical computed tomography (CT) scanner. Fifteen healthy adult toco toucans (Ramphastos toco), 10 females and 5 males, average body mass of 650 g were studied. CT examination as well as right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographic examinations of the coelomic cavity were performed under chemical restraint. Heart, lungs, air sacs, trachea and syrinx were analysed. The mean values of heart length, heart width and thoracic cavity in radiographs were, respectively, 23.76 mm, 25.94 mm and 48.87 mm. In both X-rays and CT scans, the lung parenchyma had honeycomb-like pattern. The topographic areas of the anterior and posterior air sacs were visualized as dark and air-filled spaces in X-rays. On CT evaluation, the air sacs occupied a larger area in the coelomic cavity compared to X-ray. In the lateral radiographic view, the cervical part of the trachea was positioned more ventrally in the transition from cervical to thoracic regions showing a V-shaped appearance. In all CT planes was visible division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi at the level of 3rd thoracic vertebra. The syrinx was difficult to visualize in X-rays, but on CT it was easily identified in axial slice. In conclusion, the normal features of toco toucan's heart and lower respiratory tract that were determined on X-rays and CT scans are useful to compare with sick toco toucans, as well as other bird species.

In-depth analysis of swim bladder-associated microbiota in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Our knowledge regarding microbiota associated with the swim bladder of physostomous, fish with the swim bladder connected to the esophagus via the pneumatic duct, remains largely unknown. The goal of this study was to conduct the first in-depth characterization of the swim bladder-associated microbiota using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16 S rRNA gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We observed major differences in bacterial communities composition between swim bladder-associated microbiota and distal intestine digesta microbiota in fish. Whilst bacteria genera, such as Cohnella, Lactococcus and Mycoplasma were more abundant in swim bladder-associated microbiota, Citrobacter, Rhodobacter and Clavibacter were more abundant in distal intestine digesta microbiota. The presumptive metabolic function analysis (PICRUSt) revealed several metabolic pathways to be more abundant in the swim bladder-associated microbiota, including metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides and lipoic acid as well as oxidative phosphorylation, cell growth, translation, replication and repair. Distal intestine digesta microbiota showed greater abundance of nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and bacterial secretion system. We demonstrated swim bladder harbors a unique microbiota, which composition and metabolic function differ from microbiota associated with the gut in fish.

Disturbance calls of five migratory Characiformes species and advertisement choruses in Amazon spawning sites.

Species-specific disturbance calls of five commercially-important characiform species are described, the Curimatidae commonly called branquinhas: Potamorhina latior, Potamorhina altamazonica and Psectrogaster amazonica; Prochilodontidae: jaraquí Semaprochilodus insignis and curimatã Prochilodus nigricans. All species have a two-chambered swimbladder and the sonic mechanism, present exclusively in males, utilises hypertrophied red muscles between ribs that adhere to the anterior chamber. The number of muscles is unusually plastic across species and varies from 1 to 4 pairs suggesting considerable evolution in an otherwise conservative system. Advertisement calls are produced in river confluences in the Madeira Basin during the high-water mating season (January-February). Disturbance calls and sampling allowed recognition of underwater advertisement choruses from P. latior, S. insignis and P. nigricans. The advertisement calls of the first two species have largely similar characteristics and they mate in partially overlapping areas in the Guaporé River. However, P. latior sounds have a lower dominant frequency and it prefers to call from river confluences whereas S. insignis shoals occur mostly in the main river channel adjacent to the confluence. These results help identify and differentiate underwater sounds and evaluate breeding areas during the courtship of commercially important characids likely to be affected by two hydroelectric dams.

Sound Generating Structures of the Humpback Dolphin Sousa plumbea (Cuvier, 1829) and the Directionality in Dolphin Sounds.

The macroscopic morphology of structures involved in sound generation in the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) were described for the first time using computed tomography imaging and standard gross dissection techniques. The Indian Ocean humpback dolphin may represent a useful comparative model to the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) to provide insights into the functional anatomy of the sound production in dolphins, since these coastal dolphins exhibit similar body size and share similarities on acoustic behavior. The general arrangement of sound generating structures, that is, air sacs and muscles, was similar in both the bottlenose dolphin and the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin. The main difference between the two species existed in a small left posterior branch of the melon in the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin, which was not found in the bottlenose dolphin and might reflect an adaptation of directionality for high frequency communication sounds as seen in some other delphinids (e.g., Lagenorhynchus sp., Grampus griseus). Thus, this may be the main reason for the asymmetry of the sound production structures in dolphins. Additionally, the longer rostrum in Indian Ocean humpback dolphins might suggest a more directional echolocation beam compared to the Lahille's bottlenose dolphin. Anat Rec, 302:849-860, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Air Sac Nematode ( Serratospiculum tendo) Infection in an Austral Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus cassini) in Argentina.

We report a case of air sac nematode ( Serratospiculum tendo) infection in an adult male Austral Peregrine Falcon ( Falco peregrinus cassini) admitted to a rehabilitation center in Mendoza Province, Argentina, in September 2017. This case of air sac nematodes reported in an Argentine raptor is only the second report of S. tendo in South America. We recommend examination of all raptors, especially those falcon species that include insects in their diet and inhabit open lands and those in rehabilitation centers or kept for falconry, education, or captive breeding. Fecal analysis and microscopic examination of oral swabs for evidence of parasites are simple noninvasive diagnostic procedures that allow easy detection of these parasites under field and captive circumstances.

Induced aerocystitis and hemato-immunological parameters in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with essential oil of Lippia alba / Aerocistite induzida e parâmetros hemato-imunológicos em tilápia do Nilo suplementada com óleo essencial de Lippia alba

The present study evaluated the dietary supplementation with essential oil of Lippia alba on the hemato-immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to acute inflammation induced by carrageenin injection in the swim bladder. For a period of 45 days, 96 fish were divided in four treatments in triplicate, as follows: fish fed supplemented diet with essential oil of L. alba (4 mL kg-1 dry ration) injected with carrageenin; fish fed supplemented diet with cereal alcohol injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet with essential oil injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet and noninjected. Cortisol levels, erythrogram, leukogram and the inflammatory infiltrate were analyzed 6 h after inflammatory stimulus. Carrageenin-injected fish showed acute inflammatory reaction in the swim bladder characterized by higher infiltrate of neutrophils and monocytes. The circulating neutrophils number was significantly higher in fish fed L. alba when compared to other treatments. No difference in cortisol levels was found. For dose, time and administration form tested, supplementation with essential oil of L. alba did not present anti-inflammatory activity. On the other hand, influence of dietary supplementation was observed on the neutrophils number after induced aerocystitis highlighting its immunomodulatory characteristic.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou a suplementação dietária com óleo essencial de Lippia alba sobre os parâmetros hemato-imunológicos em tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas à inflamação aguda induzida por carragenina na bexiga natatória. Pelo período de 45 dias, 96 peixes foram divididos em quarto tratamentos em triplicata: a) peixes suplementados com óleo esencial de L. alba (4 mL kg-1 de ração) injetados com carragenina; b) peixes suplementados com álcool de cereais injetados com carragenina; peixes não suplementados com óleo essencial injetados com carragenina; c) peixes não suplementados não injetados. Os níveis de cortisol, eritrograma, leucograma e o infiltrado inflamatório foram analisados seis horas após o estímulo inflamatório. Peixes injetados com carragenina apresentaram reação inflamatória aguda na bexiga natatória caracterizada por maior infiltrado de neutrófilos e monócitos. O número de neutrófilos circulantes foi significativamente maior nos peixes suplementados com L. alba quando comparado aos outros tratamentos. Não houve diferença nos níveis de cortisol. Para a dose, o tempo e a forma de administração testada, a suplementação com óleo essencil de L. alba não apresentou atividade anti-inflamatória. Por outro lado, foi constatada influência da suplementação dietária no número de neutrófilos após a aerocistite enfatizando a sua característica imunomoduladora.(AU)

Induced aerocystitis and hemato-immunological parameters in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with essential oil of Lippia alba / Aerocistite induzida e parâmetros hemato-imunológicos em tilápia do Nilo suplementada com óleo essencial de Lippia alba

The present study evaluated the dietary supplementation with essential oil of Lippia alba on the hemato-immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to acute inflammation induced by carrageenin injection in the swim bladder. For a period of 45 days, 96 fish were divided in four treatments in triplicate, as follows: fish fed supplemented diet with essential oil of L. alba (4 mL kg-1 dry ration) injected with carrageenin; fish fed supplemented diet with cereal alcohol injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet with essential oil injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet and noninjected. Cortisol levels, erythrogram, leukogram and the inflammatory infiltrate were analyzed 6 h after inflammatory stimulus. Carrageenin-injected fish showed acute inflammatory reaction in the swim bladder characterized by higher infiltrate of neutrophils and monocytes. The circulating neutrophils number was significantly higher in fish fed L. alba when compared to other treatments. No difference in cortisol levels was found. For dose, time and administration form tested, supplementation with essential oil of L. alba did not present anti-inflammatory activity. On the other hand, influence of dietary supplementation was observed on the neutrophils number after induced aerocystitis highlighting its immunomodulatory characteristic.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou a suplementação dietária com óleo essencial de Lippia alba sobre os parâmetros hemato-imunológicos em tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas à inflamação aguda induzida por carragenina na bexiga natatória. Pelo período de 45 dias, 96 peixes foram divididos em quarto tratamentos em triplicata: a) peixes suplementados com óleo esencial de L. alba (4 mL kg-1 de ração) injetados com carragenina; b) peixes suplementados com álcool de cereais injetados com carragenina; peixes não suplementados com óleo essencial injetados com carragenina; c) peixes não suplementados não injetados. Os níveis de cortisol, eritrograma, leucograma e o infiltrado inflamatório foram analisados seis horas após o estímulo inflamatório. Peixes injetados com carragenina apresentaram reação inflamatória aguda na bexiga natatória caracterizada por maior infiltrado de neutrófilos e monócitos. O número de neutrófilos circulantes foi significativamente maior nos peixes suplementados com L. alba quando comparado aos outros tratamentos. Não houve diferença nos níveis de cortisol. Para a dose, o tempo e a forma de administração testada, a suplementação com óleo essencil de L. alba não apresentou atividade anti-inflamatória. Por outro lado, foi constatada influência da suplementação dietária no número de neutrófilos após a aerocistite enfatizando a sua característica imunomoduladora.(AU)

A incidência de aerossaculite na produção de frango de corte / The incidence of airsacculitis in the production of broiler

Esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito de uma das principais infecções respiratórias que podem acometer os frangos de corte, denominada aerossaculite. Essa patologia é de extrema importância para as empresas avícolas pois, uma vez que causa o acometimento dos sacos aéreos, desencadeia grandes perdas econômicas para o produtor em decorrência da condenação de sua carcaça. Dessa forma, foi discutido a incidência que a aerossaculite tem sobre os sistemas de criação, as principais causas que podem levar a contaminação e a disseminação dessa patogenia e como o produtor pode prevenir a exposição dos animais a essa infecção, visando assim a melhor qualidade e aceitação desse produto no mercado interno e externo.

This literature review was conducted with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of one of the main respiratory infections that can be accompanied by broilers, called airsacculitis. This pathology is of extreme importance for poultry companies, since it causes the attack of the air sacs, it triggers great economic losses for the producer due to the condemnation of its carcass. Thus, it was discussed the incidence of airsacculitis on breeding systems, as the main causes that can lead to a contamination and a dissemination of the pathogenesis and how the producer can prevent an exposure of the animals to this infection, aiming at the best quality and acceptance of the product in the internal and external market.

A incidência de aerossaculite na produção de frango de corte / The incidence of airsacculitis in the production of broiler

Esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito de uma das principais infecções respiratórias que podem acometer os frangos de corte, denominada aerossaculite. Essa patologia é de extrema importância para as empresas avícolas pois, uma vez que causa o acometimento dos sacos aéreos, desencadeia grandes perdas econômicas para o produtor em decorrência da condenação de sua carcaça. Dessa forma, foi discutido a incidência que a aerossaculite tem sobre os sistemas de criação, as principais causas que podem levar a contaminação e a disseminação dessa patogenia e como o produtor pode prevenir a exposição dos animais a essa infecção, visando assim a melhor qualidade e aceitação desse produto no mercado interno e externo.(AU)

This literature review was conducted with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of one of the main respiratory infections that can be accompanied by broilers, called airsacculitis. This pathology is of extreme importance for poultry companies, since it causes the attack of the air sacs, it triggers great economic losses for the producer due to the condemnation of its carcass. Thus, it was discussed the incidence of airsacculitis on breeding systems, as the main causes that can lead to a contamination and a dissemination of the pathogenesis and how the producer can prevent an exposure of the animals to this infection, aiming at the best quality and acceptance of the product in the internal and external market.(AU)

Small Ca2+ releases enable hour-long high-frequency contractions in midshipman swimbladder muscle.

Type I males of the Pacific midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) vibrate their swimbladder to generate mating calls, or "hums," that attract females to their nests. In contrast to the intermittent calls produced by male Atlantic toadfish (Opsanus tau), which occur with a duty cycle (calling time divided by total time) of only 3-8%, midshipman can call continuously for up to an hour. With 100% duty cycles and frequencies of 50-100 Hz (15°C), the superfast muscle fibers that surround the midshipman swimbladder may contract and relax as many as 360,000 times in 1 h. The energy for this activity is supported by a large volume of densely packed mitochondria that are found in the peripheral and central regions of the fiber. The remaining fiber cross section contains contractile filaments and a well-developed network of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and triadic junctions. Here, to understand quantitatively how Ca2+ is managed by midshipman fibers during calling, we measure (a) the Ca2+ pumping-versus-pCa and force-versus-pCa relations in skinned fiber bundles and (b) changes in myoplasmic free [Ca2+] (Δ[Ca2+]) during stimulated activity of individual fibers microinjected with the Ca2+ indicators Mag-fluo-4 and Fluo-4. As in toadfish, the force-pCa relation in midshipman is strongly right-shifted relative to the Ca2+ pumping-pCa relation, and contractile activity is controlled in a synchronous, not asynchronous, fashion during electrical stimulation. SR Ca2+ release per action potential is, however, approximately eightfold smaller in midshipman than in toadfish. Midshipman fibers have a larger time-averaged free [Ca2+] during activity than toadfish fibers, which permits faster Ca2+ pumping because the Ca2+ pumps work closer to their maximum rate. Even with midshipman's sustained release and pumping of Ca2+, however, the Ca2+ energy cost of calling (per kilogram wet weight) is less than twofold more in midshipman than in toadfish.

Passive acoustic monitoring, development of disturbance calls and differentiation of disturbance and advertisement calls in the Argentine croaker Umbrina canosai (Sciaenidae).

Disturbance and advertisement calls of the Argentine croaker Umbrina canosai were recorded from coastal Uruguayan waters. Dissections indicate typical sciaenid extrinsic swimbladder muscles present exclusively in males. Disturbance calls were produced when captive U. canosai were startled, chased with a net or grabbed by the tail. Calls were unusual for sciaenids because each pulse consisted of multiple cycles. The number of cycles per pulse and dominant frequency did not change with U. canosai size, but pulse duration and interpulse interval increased. Advertisement calls were recorded from unseen choruses in the field and confirmed with captive individuals in a large tank. Advertisement calls were recorded throughout the known range of the species in Uruguay indicating a continuous belt of spawning populations. Tank recordings of the same individuals permitted explicit comparisons between the two calls. Advertisement call pulses averaged 2·4 more cycles (11·0-8·6) although pulses of both calls were basically similar as were durations and dominant frequencies. Pulse number, however, differed markedly, averaging 13·6 and 3·4 pulses for disturbance and advertisement calls respectively. Furthermore, disturbance calls were produced as a rapid series with an interpulse interval of 26-31 ms whereas advertisement call patterns were less stereotyped and ranged from <100 to 450 ms. Multicycle pulses distinguished U. canosai from other sympatric sciaenids.