Pancreatic fluid collections: Clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and management.

Pancreatic fluid collections (PFC), including pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off pancreatic necrosis, are a known complication of severe acute pancreatitis. A majority of the PFCs remain asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously. However, some PFCs persist and can become symptomatic. Persistent PFCs can also cause further complications such as the gastric outlet, intestinal, or biliary obstruction and infection. Surgical interventions are indicated for the drainage of symptomatic sterile and infected PFCs. Management of PFCs has evolved from a primarily surgical or percutaneous approach to a less invasive endoscopic approach. Endoscopic interventions are associated with improved outcomes with lesser chances of complications, faster recovery time, and lower healthcare utilization. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of PFCs using lumen-apposing metal stents has become the preferred approach for the management of symptomatic and complicated PFCs.

[Pancreatic pseudocyst in children: about 7 cases]. / Le pseudokyste du pancréas chez l'enfant: à propos de 7 cas.

Pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare benign condition, in particular among children. It is an intra or extra pancreatic juice collection lacking of an epithelial lining. We conducted a retrospective study of 7 children whose medical record data were collected in the Department of Paediatric Surgery at the University Hospital Hassan II in Fez, over a period of 11 years, from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2016. All children were male, their average age was 6.6 years (15 months - 12 years). An history of abdominal trauma was found in 4 cases, abdominal bloating, pain, vomiting and transit disorders were the primary reason for consultation. Clinical examination showed epigastric tenderness and an alteration of the general state in all cases. Abdominal ultrasound as well as abdominal CT scan helped to diagnose pancreatic pseudocyst before surgery. Six patients, out of a total of seven, underwent surgery; we opted for internal bypass (gastro-cystic anastomosis) in 4 cases, external bypass in 2 cases and therapeutic abstention in one case. Pancreatic pseudocysts are rare. Nevertheless, they are the most frequent (80% of pancreatic cystic lesions are pseudocysts and due to acute and/or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma or pancreatic ductal obstruction).

A case report of autoimmune pancreatitis associated with a pancreatic pseudocyst.

RATIONALE: Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special type of chronic pancreatitis, which is rarely associated with pseudocyst. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 48-year-old man complained of a recurrent upper abdominal pain in our hospital. DIAGNOSES: A cystic mass of size 4 × 3 cm in his pancreatic tail was found by computed tomography. The concentrations of serum carbohydrate antigen19-9 (81 U/mL) and serum immunoglobulin G4 (181 mg/dL) were elevated. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received partial pancreatectomy with splenectomy and partial esophagectomy. OUTCOMES: Further histopathological examination revealed a pseudocyst, significant lymphoplasmatic infiltration, and fibrosis in the pancreas and esophagus. We report a rare case of AIP complicated with a pancreatic pseudocyst and invasion of lower esophagus. LESSONS: Our study demonstrated that surgical therapy should be considered for the refractory AIP complicated with a pancreatic pseudocyst and invasion of lower esophagus.

The emerging role of endoscopic ultrasound for pancreaticobiliary diseases in the pediatric population.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the pediatric population. Given the high accuracy and sensitivity of EUS, it is particularly effective in evaluating pancreaticobiliary disease. Published literature in the use of pediatric EUS is limited. Therefore we aimed to review the current literature for EUS indications, safety, and effectiveness for the pediatric population. DATA SOURCES: English language articles on the use of pediatric endoscopic ultrasound in evaluating pancreaticobiliary diseases were retrieved from PubMed/ MEDLINE. RESULTS: We analyzed various retrospective studies and case series publications. Data were extrapolated for pediatric patients with pancreaticobiliary diseases. CONCLUSIONS: EUS offers superior imaging. It is comparible to magnetic resonance imaging and/or pancreatic-protocol computed tomography. In the current literature, there are a variety of pancreaticobiliary conditions where EUS was utilized to make a diagnosis. These include recurrent pancreatitis, congenital anomalies, microlithiasis, pancreatic pseudocysts, and pancreatic mass lesions. EUS was shown to be a safe and cost-effective modality with both diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in the pediatric population. EUS is now increasingly being recognized as a standard of care when evaluating pancreaticobiliary conditions in children.

Chronic Pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis is a debilitating condition often associated with severe abdominal pain and exocrine and endocrine dysfunction. The underlying cause is multifactorial and involves complex interaction of environmental, genetic, and/or other risk factors. The pathology is dependent on the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. This review describes the clinical, gross, and microscopic findings of the main subtypes of chronic pancreatitis: alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, obstructive chronic pancreatitis, paraduodenal ("groove") pancreatitis, pancreatic divisum, autoimmune pancreatitis, and genetic factors associated with chronic pancreatitis. As pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma may be confused with chronic pancreatitis, the main distinguishing features between these 2 diseases are discussed.

Síndrome del ducto pancreático desconectado: transección completa del páncreas secundaria a pancreatitis aguda / Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome: complete pancreas transection secondary to acute pancreatitis

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Management of pancreatic fluid collections: A comprehensive review of the literature.

Pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) are a frequent complication of pancreatitis. It is important to classify PFCs to guide management. The revised Atlanta criteria classifies PFCs as acute or chronic, with chronic fluid collections subdivided into pseudocysts and walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN). Establishing adequate nutritional support is an essential step in the management of PFCs. Early attempts at oral feeding can be trialed in patients with mild pancreatitis. Enteral feeding should be implemented in patients with moderate to severe pancreatitis. Jejunal feeding remains the preferred route of enteral nutrition. Symptomatic PFCs require drainage; options include surgical, percutaneous, or endoscopic approaches. With the advent of newer and more advanced endoscopic tools and expertise, and an associated reduction in health care costs, minimally invasive endoscopic drainage has become the preferable approach. An endoscopic ultrasonography-guided approach using a seldinger technique is the preferred endoscopic approach. Both plastic stents and metal stents are efficacious and safe; however, metal stents may offer an advantage, especially in infected pseudocysts and in WOPN. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy is often required in WOPN. Lumen apposing metal stents that allow for direct endoscopic necrosectomy and debridement through the stent lumen are preferred in these patients. Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography with pancreatic duct (PD) exploration should be performed concurrent to PFC drainage. PD disruption is associated with an increased severity of pancreatitis, an increased risk of recurrent attacks of pancreatitis and long-term complications, and a decreased rate of PFC resolution after drainage. Any pancreatic ductal disruption should be bridged with endoscopic stenting.

Seroma de Morel-Lavallée: a propósito de un caso / Morel-Lavallée seroma: presentation of a case

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Prevalence, Natural History, and Outcome of Acute Fluid Collection and Pseudocyst in Children With Acute Pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: Recent years have witnessed an increase in acute pancreatitis (AP) in children; however, the natural history of acute fluid collection (AFC) and pseudocyst is largely unknown. We evaluated the frequency, clinical characteristics, and natural history of pseudocysts in children with AP. METHODS: Children with AP admitted at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences from 2001 to 2011 were enrolled and studied until complete resolution. Subjects with inadequate follow-up, recurrent AP, and chronic pancreatitis were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 58 children (43 boys, median age 14 [1-18] years) with AP, 34 (58.6%) and 22 (38%) developed AFC and pseudocyst, respectively. No difference in age (12 [4-18] vs 13 [1-16] years), etiology (idiopathic 64% vs 47% and traumatic 27.2% vs 22.2%), and systemic complications (pulmonary [18% vs 11%], renal [22.7% vs 11%], and shock [13.6% vs 10%]) was observed between children with and without pseudocyst. A total of 11 of the 22 subjects with pseudocyst underwent drainage, the commonest symptom requiring drainage being gastric outlet obstruction [n = 5] and infection [n = 2]. The 11 of the 22 children with AP and pseudocyst (size 6.4 [3-14.4] cm) showed spontaneous resolution (disappearance [n = 9] and significant reduction in size [n = 2]) during 110 (25-425) days. Symptomatic pseudocysts requiring drainage were more often secondary to traumatic AP (6/6 vs 2/14 [idiopathic], P = 0.0007) than asymptomatic pseudocysts resolving spontaneously. Overall, only 26.4% (9/34) children with AFC required drainage because of symptomatic pseudocyst. CONCLUSIONS: Among children with AP, 58.6% developed AFC and 38% developed pseudocysts. Only patients with symptomatic pseudocyst need drainage, and asymptomatic pseudocyst can be safely observed irrespective of size and duration of collection.

[Surgical approach to chronic pancreatitis: draining and resection procedure]. / Chirurgisches Vorgehen bei chronischer Pankreatitis : Drainierende und resezierende Verfahren.

The major aims of surgical therapy in chronic pancreatitis (CP) are pain relief and good long-term quality of life with preservation of endocrine and exocrine organ function. The surgical approach is therefore focused on drainage of the congested pancreatic (and bile) duct as well as resection of fibrotic and calcified tissue. Draining procedures alone are adequate for drainage of pseudocysts (cystojejunostomy) and the pancreatic duct (Partington) if no inflammatory tumor is present in the organ. Most CP patients present with unclear head mass and subsequent duct dilation. In these patients the different modifications of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resections (e.g. Beger, Bern) offer a preferable option. Partial duodenopancreatectomy is an alternative but may be difficult to perform due to inflammatory changes around the portal vein and venous collaterals. Segmental resection and V-shaped excision may be appropriate in special situations (segmental fibrosis, small duct disease) and are performed less frequently (approximately 5 %) in the entire surgical CP population. In cases of suspected CP-related malignancy, formal resections (partial, distal or total pancreaticoduodenectomy) must be the surgical procedures of choice and be performed according to oncological principles.

[Diagnosis of cysts in the pancreas in the mediastinum: what has changed over the past 25 years].

The paper describes a case of pancreatic pseudocyst atypically located in the mediastinum. The objective and subjective reasons for the untimely diagnosis were analyzed.

[Postnecrotic cysts of the pancreas: possible ways of minimally invasive external and internal drainage].

The authors have shown a possibility of minimally invasive interventional surgery in treatment of postnecrotic cysts of the pancreas and their complications. The most optimal accesses for drainage of the cavities located inside the body and the pancreas head are determined. The use of the methods of internal drainage of the cyst cavity connected with the main pancreatic duct allowed avoidance of open operations. The results of antegrade percutaneous or transcavital as well as retrograde endoscopic restoration of the patency of the main pancreatic duct in treatment of the pancreatic cysts connected with the duct system are shown.

The management of pancreatic injuries in children: operate or observe.

PURPOSE: The critical management decision in pediatric pancreatic injuries involves whether or not to operate on patients with grade II or III injuries. Because of the rarity of these injuries, no one hospital cares for enough patients to determine the outcome of this decision. Given this, the American Pediatric Surgical Association accrued a series of patients with pancreatic injuries from the members of its Trauma Committee. METHODS: A retrospective review of concurrent pancreatic injuries from 9 level 1 pediatric trauma centers was performed. RESULTS: Data on 131 children were submitted. Forty-three patients suffered grade II or grade III injuries. Twenty patients underwent an operation, and 23 were observed. Patients who underwent an operation had an average length of stay of 16.1 days compared with 14.2 days. Two in the operative group received total parenteral nutrition compared with 12 in the nonoperative group. Eight in the nonoperative group developed a pseudocyst compared with 3 in the operative group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with grade II or grade III pancreatic injuries managed nonoperatively had a higher rate of pseudocyst, lower rate of reoperation, and a comparable length of stay compared with those who underwent surgery. These data will be used to help design a prospective study of pancreatic injury management.

Clinical, biochemical, and radiologic parameters at admission predicting formation of a pseudocyst in acute pancreatitis.

GOALS: To evaluate clinical, biochemical, and radiologic parameters at admission, which predict the development of acute pseudocyst (AP) after acute pancreatitis. BACKGROUND: There is limited data on factors that predict the development of AP. STUDY: Seventy-five consecutive patients with AP were prospectively enrolled and subjected to clinical, laboratory, and radiologic investigation. The patients were followed up for a period of 4 weeks and then investigated radiologically for the development of AP. RESULTS: After exclusion, 65 patients (44 males) were studied. The median age was 37 years (40.9±15.5 y). Etiology of acute pancreatitis was alcohol in 24 patients, gallstones in 18, both in 4, drugs in 4, pancreas divisum in 2, postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 1, trauma in 1, and idiopathic in 11 patients. On admission, acute fluid collections were observed in 34 (52.31%) patients. Necrosis was noted in 38 (58.46%) patients (<30% necrosis, 30% to 50% necrosis, and >50% necrosis was observed in 36.8%, 26.3%, and 36.8% patients, respectively). On follow-up, 34 (52.3%) patients developed a pseudocyst. On univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with pseudocyst formation were male sex, palpable mass, blood sugar greater than 150 mg/dL, necrosis, sepsis, acute fluid collections, presence of ascites, pleural effusion, a high grade of pancreatitis, and a high computed tomography severity index (CTSI) score. Multivariate regression analysis showed that male sex, presence of a palpable abdominal mass, ascites, and a high CTSI score were associated with the development of AP. CONCLUSIONS: Male sex, palpable mass, ascites, and a high CTSI score at admission can predict the development of a pseudocyst after an attack of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis patients with these parameters at admission should be closely followed for the development of a pseudocyst.