Grupos de la constitución del cuerpo. en mujeres kirguisas / Groups of the body constitution in kyrgyz women

Introduction. It should be considered that the body constitution which is widely used in the preventive and clinical medicine, leaves an imprint on the body mass index. The objective of this work is to study the features of body mass index and fat body mass in females of different constitutional and age groups. Materials and Methods. Using the method of complex anthropometry and bioimpedancemetry ("Medass"), we have also studied the physical status of 580 ethnic Kyrgyz women living in Osh, Kyrgyzstan and its surroundings. Statistical data processing included the calculation of arithmetic mean and error, as well as the minimum and maximum of each indicator (variation amplitude). The significance of difference was assessed by Student's t-test. Results. The body length and weight and, accordingly, the body mass index, significantly depend on the type of body constitution. The absolute fat mass is also unequal in women of different constitutional groups. The minimum and maximum of the absolute and percentage fat mass in women of the period of adulthood II with different body constitutions are, in general, more than in juvenile period. Conclusion. The obtained results can be used to develop measures aimed at the timely detection of overweight and obesity as well as for the implementation of measures to prevent alimentary-related diseases in juvenile and adulthood period. Somatometric assessment of the physical development can be used in the dynamic monitoring of health status in organized groups: in educational institutions, youth sports schools, enterprises.

Somatotipo y estado nutricional de 10 a 14 años de edad en una muestra de Mapuches de la IX Región, Temuco-Chile / Somatotype and nutritional status from 10 to 14 years of age in a sample of Mapuche subjects in the IX Region, Temuco-Chile

El grupo étnico mapuche tiene una amplia distribución en la Novena Región, el proceso migratorio propio del desarrollo urbano, han hecho que parte de la etnia mapuche se traslade a la ciudad de Temuco, modificando sus estilos de vida. El estudio del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), es el parámetro recomendado por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para conocer el estado nutricional de acuerdo a la norma técnica nutricional vigente en Chile. El somatotipo es utilizado para estimar la forma corporal y su composición. Este estudio describe la realidad nutricional y el somatotipo de una muestra de mapuches de los colegios municipalizados de la ciudad de Temuco. Se evaluaron 292 adolescentes mapuches de ambos sexos, 154 hombres (52,7 por ciento) y 138 mujeres (47,3 por ciento), entre 10 y 14 años de edad. Para obtener el somatotipo se utilizó el método antropométrico descrito por Heath & Carter mientras que la evaluación y clasificación del estado nutricional de acuerdo a las normas técnica nutricional. Los hombres presentaron un somatotipo mesoendomórficos (4.9/4.4). Las mujeres son endomesomórfico (5.4/4.3). El estado nutricional de la muestra tiene los siguientes resultados en el caso de los varones el 11,7 por ciento fueron obesos y el 20,1 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso. En las damas el 9,5 por ciento fueron obesas y un 27,5 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso. Al comparar por sexo se encontraron diferencias significativas en la Endomorfía a favor de las mujeres (p =0.00) y en los varones la Mesomorfía, con un (p= 0.00). No así en la Ectomorfía que no presentó diferencias. No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias al comparar los componentes del somatotipo entre las edades de la muestra. El ambiente Obesigénico donde destaca la modificación del estilo de vida, la alimentación, el efecto del sedentarismo, está afectando de igual forma a la población mapuche que al resto de la población escolar al ser comparados con muestras de estudiantes de...

The Mapuche ethnic group has a wide distribution in the IX Region, the migration process of urban development itself, has made part of the Mapuche people move to the city of Temuco, modifying their lifestyles. The study of Body Mass Index (BMI) is the standard recommended by the WHO to know the nutritional status according to the technical standard nutritional norm in Chile. The somatotype is used to estimate body shape and composition. This study describes the nutritional situation and somatotype of a sample of Mapuche municipal schools of the city of Temuco. We evaluated 292 Mapuche adolescents of both sexes, 154 men (52.7 percent) and 138 women (47.3 percent), between 10 and 14 years of age. For somatotype anthropometric method was used described by Heath & Carter while the assessment and classification of nutritional status according to technical standards nutrition. The men presented a mesomorphic somatotype (4.9/4.4). Women are endomesomórfico (5.4/4.3). The nutritional status of the sample has the following results in the case of males and 11.7 percent were obese and 20.1 percent were overweight. In checkers, 9.5 percent were obese and 27.5 percent were overweight. A comparison by gender differences were found in the endomorphy for women (p = 0.00) and mesomorphy in boys, one (p = 0.00). Not so in ectomorphy that did not differ. However, no differences were found when comparing the somatotype components between the ages of the sample. Obese-genic environment which emphasizes the modification of lifestyle, diet, sedentary effect is equally affecting the Mapuche population as the rest of the school population when compared with samples of students in municipal schools.

Ayurvedic genomics, constitutional psychology, and endocrinology: the missing connection.

A recent methodological approach for human classification, diagnosis, and therapeutics through the combination of current Western constitutional psychology somatotypes and traditional Indian medicine (prakriti) body types and mind (manas) is herein presented. The striking similarities between psychologic somatotypes and Indian medicine body types permits proposal of a finite genopsycho-somatotyping of humans. Genopsycho-somatotyping of humans consists of a set of common physiologic, physical, and psychologic attributes related to a common basic birth constitution that remains somewhat permanent during human lifetime, since it is proposed that this birth constitution is programmed in the person's DNA (genes). This mainly provides a tool for classifying the human population based on broad and finite phenotype clusters across different ethnicity, languages, geographical location, or self-reported ancestry. In spite of any social or environmental traumatic event, I propose for males that every basic constitution has an associated identification organ, a measured property or marker, a soma, and some psyche general tendencies suggesting specific behavior or recurrent conduct. Three (3) basic extreme genopsycho-somatotypes or birth constitutions are enunciated: mesomorphic or andrus (Pitta), endomorphic or thymus (Khapa), and ectomorphic or thyrus (Vata). The method further predicts that male andrus constitution across races shares similarities in androgen (An) nuclear receptor behavior, whereas thymus constitutions are mainly regulated by T-cells (Tc) nuclear receptor behavior. Moreover, it suggests that thyrus constitutions share similarities in thyroxine (Th) nuclear receptor behavior. These proposed nuclear receptors are expected to regulate the expression of specific genes, thereby controlling the embryonic development, adult homeostasis, and metabolism of the human organism in a very profound way. The method finally predicts small differences in measured property (An, Tc, and Th nuclear receptors behavior) within a birth constitution across different races to be expected by modulation effects in melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor behavior.

Screening for propagation suitability in vitro of different Cyclamen species / Revisión para la adecuación de propagación in vitro de diferentes especies de Cyclamen

In the present study we examined the possibility of propagating different Cyclamen species (C. africanum Boiss. and Reut., C. cilicium Boiss. and Heldr., C. coum Mill., C. hederifolium Ait., C. persicum Mill., C. purpurascens Mill.) including some of their subspecies and cultivars in vitro using explants of adult plants. For this purpose two protocols have been applied to eleven genotypes combined with mostly four explant types (placentas with ovules, leaves, petioles and peduncles). The use of these protocols has given rise to either somatic embryo-like structures and/or adventitious shoots in all genotypes. This way it was possible to propagate each of the examined genotypes in vitro using explants of adult plants in a time less than one year. These results may be used in breeding and propagation of Cyclamen as an ornamental plant and as a medicinal plant.

Endofenotipos de Distimia: uso racional de psicofármacos / Endophenotypes of Dysthymia: rational use of psychiatric drugs

El trastorno distímico es una patología subdiagnosticada, que genera un malestar clínicamente significativo con deterioro social, laboral o de otras áreas importantes de la actividad de un individuo. La interrelación entre la genética y la influencia ambiental hace que surjan determinadas etiologías de un trastorno psiquiátrico, que se manifiestan con características clínicas diferentes. A éstas las llamamos ¶características endofenotípicas÷. El endofenotipo determinará también una genética psiquiátrica particular, resultante de la relación que haya entre éste y el pool génico del individuo en cuestión, como así también una respuesta a los fármacos utilizados durante el tratamiento. En la Distimia el afrontamiento maladaptativo es un síntoma central; genera sentimientos negativos llevando a la deserción, fracaso o aumento de la respuesta fisiológica al estrés. La diferente modalidad de afrontamiento, predominando o no la ansiedad como síntoma capital, genera dos endofenotipos de esta patología: Distimia Ansiosa (con ansiedad) y Distimia Anérgica (sin ansiedad). Entre los endofenotipos, las diferencias se reflejan en tratamientos específicos: para la Distimia Anérgica se debe modular el sistema noradrenalina/dopamina. Los IRSS no serían la primera elección. Sí, en cambio, fármacos como el bupropion, la venlafaxina, la amisulprida y los antidepresivos tricíclicos; en la Distimia Ansiosa, se deben utilizar antidepresivos que mejoren la neurotransmisión noradrenérgica/serotoninérgica; los Inhibidores de la Recaptación de la Serotonina y la Noradrenalina (SNRI) tienen una mejor respuesta que los Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de la Serotonina (IRSS), aunque estos también otorgan una buena alternativa.(AU)

Dysthymic disorder is an underdiagnosed pathology characterized by clinically significant distress, and impairment in the social, occupational, or other important areas of activity of an individual. The inter relationship between genetics and the environmental influence cause the emergence of certain etiologies from a psychiatric disorder, which manifest with different clinical characteristics. These are called "endophenotypic characteristics". The endophenotype will also determine a particular psychiatric genetics, which results from the relationship between it and the gene pool of the individual in question, as well as a response to the psychiatric drugs used during the treatment. Within dysthymia, maladaptive coping is a central symptom, it generates negative feelings that led to desertion, failure, or to an increase in the physiological response to stress. Each coping modality, whether anxiety prevails as the central symptom or not, generates two endophenotypes of this pathology: anxious dysthymia (dysthymia with anxiety) and Anergic Dysthymia (dysthymia without anxiety). Among the endophenotypes, differences are reflected in specific treatments: in the case of Anergic Dysthymia, the noradrenaline/dopamine system has to be modulated. SSRls would not be the firest choice, but rather, drugs such as bupropion, venlafaxine, amisulpride and tryciclic antidepressants, for the treatment of Anxious Dysthymia, antidepressants have to be used that imporve the noradrenergic/serotoninergic neurotransmission, Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have a better response than Selective Serotonin Repuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have a better response than Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), although the latter also provide a good alternative.(AU)

Endofenotipos de Distimia: uso racional de psicofármacos / Endophenotypes of Dysthymia: rational use of psychiatric drugs

El trastorno distímico es una patología subdiagnosticada, que genera un malestar clínicamente significativo con deterioro social, laboral o de otras áreas importantes de la actividad de un individuo. La interrelación entre la genética y la influencia ambiental hace que surjan determinadas etiologías de un trastorno psiquiátrico, que se manifiestan con características clínicas diferentes. A éstas las llamamos “características endofenotípicas”. El endofenotipo determinará también una genética psiquiátrica particular, resultante de la relación que haya entre éste y el pool génico del individuo en cuestión, como así también una respuesta a los fármacos utilizados durante el tratamiento. En la Distimia el afrontamiento maladaptativo es un síntoma central; genera sentimientos negativos llevando a la deserción, fracaso o aumento de la respuesta fisiológica al estrés. La diferente modalidad de afrontamiento, predominando o no la ansiedad como síntoma capital, genera dos endofenotipos de esta patología: Distimia Ansiosa (con ansiedad) y Distimia Anérgica (sin ansiedad). Entre los endofenotipos, las diferencias se reflejan en tratamientos específicos: para la Distimia Anérgica se debe modular el sistema noradrenalina/dopamina. Los IRSS no serían la primera elección. Sí, en cambio, fármacos como el bupropion, la venlafaxina, la amisulprida y los antidepresivos tricíclicos; en la Distimia Ansiosa, se deben utilizar antidepresivos que mejoren la neurotransmisión noradrenérgica/serotoninérgica; los Inhibidores de la Recaptación de la Serotonina y la Noradrenalina (SNRI) tienen una mejor respuesta que los Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de la Serotonina (IRSS), aunque estos también otorgan una buena alternativa.

Dysthymic disorder is an underdiagnosed pathology characterized by clinically significant distress, and impairment in the social, occupational, or other important areas of activity of an individual. The inter relationship between genetics and the environmental influence cause the emergence of certain etiologies from a psychiatric disorder, which manifest with different clinical characteristics. These are called "endophenotypic characteristics". The endophenotype will also determine a particular psychiatric genetics, which results from the relationship between it and the gene pool of the individual in question, as well as a response to the psychiatric drugs used during the treatment. Within dysthymia, maladaptive coping is a central symptom, it generates negative feelings that led to desertion, failure, or to an increase in the physiological response to stress. Each coping modality, whether anxiety prevails as the central symptom or not, generates two endophenotypes of this pathology: anxious dysthymia (dysthymia with anxiety) and Anergic Dysthymia (dysthymia without anxiety). Among the endophenotypes, differences are reflected in specific treatments: in the case of Anergic Dysthymia, the noradrenaline/dopamine system has to be modulated. SSRls would not be the firest choice, but rather, drugs such as bupropion, venlafaxine, amisulpride and tryciclic antidepressants, for the treatment of Anxious Dysthymia, antidepressants have to be used that imporve the noradrenergic/serotoninergic neurotransmission, Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have a better response than Selective Serotonin Repuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) have a better response than Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), although the latter also provide a good alternative.

Descripción del somatotipo e IMC en una muestra de adolescentes de colegios municipalizados de la ciudad de Temuco - Chile / Description of somatotype and BMI the adolescent's sample to public school of the Temuco - Chile

La mal nutrición en el mundo se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, similar situación ocurre en Chile. Los estudios del índice de masa corporal (IMC), de la composición corporal, estado nutricional, de la población, son los parámetros recomendados por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), para conocer el estado nutricional. Realizamos este estudio para describir la realidad nutricional de los adolescentes de los colegios municipalizados de la ciudad de Temuco. Evaluamos 993 adolescentes de ambos sexos, 543 hombres (54,7 por ciento) y 450 mujeres (45,3 por ciento), entre 6 y 14 años de edad, alumnos de diferentes colegios urbanos municipalizados. Para obtener el somatotipo utilizamos el método antropométrico descrito por Heath & Cárter, efectuándose la evaluación y clasificación del IMC de acuerdo a las normas de la OMS. Los hombres, fueron más mesomórficos que las mujeres, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. p<= 0,05. Al comparar los componentes Ectomorfía y Mesomorfía del somatotipo en relación al sexo presentaron valores estadísticamente significativos a favor de los varones, pero el valor de Endomorfía fue estadísticamente significativo a favor de las mujeres. El 19,4 por ciento del total de la muestra eran obesos, y un 23,1 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso. En los hombres el 19,3 por ciento fueron obesos y un 23,9 por ciento presentaron sobrepeso, en las mujeres el 22,0 por ciento sobrepeso y un 19.6 por ciento obesidad. Observamos un predominio del componente endomesomórfico en las mujeres y mesoendomórficos en los varones. Los probables factores son la modificación de estilo de vida, alimentación y efecto del sedentarismo que en la Novena Región alcanza un 96,4 por ciento de la población.

Bad nutrition has become a public health problem, similar situation had happened in Chile studies on body composition, nutritional state, and body mass index (BMI), are parameters recommended by the WHO for determining human beings' nutritional state. This study has been carried out to describe the adolescent nutritional situation of the urban public schools in Temuco - Chile. Nine thousands and ninety nine subjects were evaluated, 543 men (54.7 percent) and 450 women (46.3 percent), between 6 and 14 years old, all students at urban public schools. In order to obtain the Somatotype the anthropometric Heath & Carter method was used, classifying BMI according to the WHO norms. Men were more endomorphic than women, this difference was statistically significant (p=0.005). To compare the ectomorphic and mesomorphic components of somatotopic in relation to sex, this value were statistic statistically significant to men, but the endomorphic value was statistically significant was to women. Regarding to the total sample, 19.4 percent was obese and 23.1 percent was overweight. Then, according to men, 19.3 percent were obese and a 23.9 percent were overweight, and women had a 22.0 percent of overweight and a 19.6 percent were obese. It was observed a prevalence of the endomesomorphic component in women and mesoendomorphic in men. These results show an obesity prevalence of 19.4 percent and an overweight of 23.1 percent within the evaluated population getting closer to the national standards of the adult population, which corresponds to a 50 percent according to the a survey given by the Chilean Ministry of Health (MINSAL), the probable factors are the modification of lifestyle, food and sedentary effect that in the Chilean ninth region reaches a 96.4 percent out of the population.

Análisis del IMC y somatotipo en una muestra de adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad en Temuco-Chile / Analysis of BMI and somatotype in a sample of adolescents were overweight and obesity in Temuco - Chile

El sobrepeso y la obesidad en Chile se han convertido en una epidemia que sobrepasa todos los sectores sociales. Los factores más importantes han sido el cambio del estilo de vida, económicos, sedentarismo, genéticos, entre otros. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y somatotipo en una muestra de adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad de la ciudad de Temuco-Chile. Evaluamos 50 sujetos de ambos sexos (19 hombres 31 mujeres) de 14 a 16 años de edad, de colegios municipalizados de la ciudad de Temuco, IX Región, Chile. Los sujetos fueron evaluados en sus propios colegios. Para obtener el somatotipo utilizamos el método antropométrico de Heath & Cárter, efectuándose la clasificación del IMC de acuerdo a las normas de la OMS. Las mujeres resultaron ser más endomórficas que los hombres, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Los componentes mesomórfico y ectomorfico no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas según el sexo. El IMC mostró un valor de 27. La muestra presentó un predominio del componente endomesomórfico para hombres y mujeres pero, además, en ambos hay predominio de este componente. Estos resultados demostraron la existencia de una gran cantidad de tejido adiposo en los adolescentes, con el consecuente aumento de peso y obesidad. Esto último, producto de la falta de actividad física, cambios de los hábitos alimenticios y diversos factores adicionales tales como padres obesos y aspectos genéticos.

Overweight and obesity in Chile have become an epidemic which exceeds all social sectors. The main factors have been the change in lifestyle, economy, sedentary and genetic. The purpose of this study was analysing the BMI and Somatotype in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents in Temuco city. 50 adolescents were assessed, both sexs (19 men and 31 women) between 14 and 16 years old belonging to subsidized schools of Temuco city, IX Region of Chile. The adolescents were evaluated on their schools. To obtain the somatotype the anthropometric of Heath & Carter method was used, classifying BMI according to the WHO norms. Women were more endomorphofic than men, this difference was statistically significant. The mesomorphic and ectomorphic component didn't show statistically significant differences between sexes. The BMI value showed an average of 27.8; the minimum value was 23 and the maximum value was 35, the mode was 30.6. The sample presented a prevalence of the endomorphofic component. These results show the existence of a great amount of adipose tissue within adolescents. Then, they were more overweight and obese. These factors are due to the lack of physical activity, change in food habit, and different other reasons; such as, obese parents, genetics, etc.

Classificação morfológica de volibolistas do sexo feminino em escalões de formação / Physique classification of female volleyball players in beginner's class

As características morfológicas têm sido objeto de vários estudos em Ciências Desporto, pelo fato de o fenômeno do desporto de alta competição exigir o máximo da estrutura física dos atletas e pela expectativa da função que o atleta desempenha em jogo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo: (1) descrever e comparar, do ponto de vista somático, a estrutura morfológica de 71 atletas de voleibol do sexo feminino dos escalões de formação A e B (entre os 12 e 14 anos de idade); (2) identificar os componentes da estrutura somática quemelhor diferenciam as atletas de níveis distintos. Para a avaliação da estrutura somática das atletas foram efetuadas 21 avaliações, incluindo além do peso e altura, comprimento dos membros, perímetros, diâmetros e pregas de adiposidade subcutâneas. Com o intuito de verificar o poder discriminatório das variáveis na separação dos grupos, foi utilizada a análise da função discriminante (AFD). Os resultados evidenciaram que não houve diferença quanto à estrutura morfológica entre as atletas dos níveis A e B. Quanto à classificação somatotipológica, as atletas foram classificadas na categoria meso-endomórfica (A = 4.76 - 3.78 - 1.85; B =4.37 - 4.02 - 1.88).

The physique characteristics have been subject of several studies in sport sciences, because the highcompetition sports demand the maximal of physical constitution of the players. Furthermore, the function performedby the players in a game may be related to a particular modality. The mean goals of the present study were: (1). To describe and to compare, from a somatic point of view, the physique of 71 female volleyball players by the level of initiation A and B (aged 12-14 years); and (2) To identify the components of somatic structure that better differentiate the athletics by levels of initiation. To evaluate the players' somatic structure, we perform 21 measures including: weight and height, diameters, circumferences, upper and lower limb measures and skinfolds thickness. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to identify the power of variables classification. No differencewas in physique between level A and B players. They were classified by the somatotype as mesomorphicendomorphs(A = 4.76 - 3.78 - 1.85; and B = 4.37 - 4.02 - 1.88).