RESUMEN
The agropastoral farmers have employed Turraea vogelii(TVL),Senna podocarpa(SPL), and Jaundea pinnata (JPL) leaves for treating various diseases, including intestinal parasites in livestock and the human population in Nigeria. Gastrointestinal nematodes are highly significant to livestock production and people's health, and natural products are interesting as sources of new drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of extracts derived from these plants in treating parasitic infections using third-stage infective larvae (L3) of Strongyloides venezuelensis. We obtained crude extracts using n-gexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (Ea), and methanol (Met). The extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical composition, and their ability to prevent hemolysis were tested. The mean concentrations of total phenols in SPL Hex, SPL Ea, and SPL Met were 92.3 ± 0.3, 103.0 ± 0.4, and 128.2 ± 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Total tannin concentrations for JPL Ea, SPL Ea, SPL Hex, and TVL Hex were 60.3 ± 0.1, 89.2 ± 0.2, 80.0 ± 0.1, and 66.6 ± 0.3 mg/100 g, respectively. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) at 72 h for JPL Ea 39 (26-61) µg/mL. SPL Ea was 39 (34-45) µg/mL, and TVL Hex 31 (26-36) µg/mL. The antiparasitic activities of the extracts against L3 were dose- and time-dependent. All the extracts were slightly hemolytic to the erythrocytes. In this study, the plant extract tested demonstrated significant anti-S. venezuelensis activity. These phytobotanical extracts could be used to create formulations for the potential treatment of helminthiasis in animals and humans.
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Antihelmínticos , Hemólisis , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Strongyloides , Estrongiloidiasis , Animales , Strongyloides/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Estrongiloidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrongiloidiasis/veterinaria , Estrongiloidiasis/parasitología , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/química , Ratas , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Taninos/farmacología , Taninos/análisis , Etnobotánica , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , NigeriaRESUMEN
We report an unusual case of strongyloidiasis in a 62-year-old male, presenting with fever, and acute diarrhea. The patients had concomitant bilateral renal parenchymal disease and carrier for Hepatitis B. Numerous motile larvae were observed in wet mount of the freshly passed stool. The patient responded well to oral ivermectin. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can prevent the consequences associated with hyperinfective syndrome.
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Diarrea , Heces , Ivermectina , Estrongiloidiasis , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidiasis/complicaciones , Estrongiloidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/parasitología , Diarrea/etiología , Heces/parasitología , Animales , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Portador Sano/parasitología , Strongyloides/aislamiento & purificación , Resultado del Tratamiento , Antiparasitarios/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
In Argentina, as in the rest of the world, cyathostomins are the most common nematodes parasitizing horses. Control is based almost exclusively on the administration of benzimidazoles, pyrimidines, and macrocyclic lactones. However, intensive use of these drugs is resulting in the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR). For example, AR to benzimidazoles is currently distributed throughout Argentina, while incipient AR to pyrimidines (pyrantel embonate) is appearing in areas where this drug is used. Macrocyclic lactones and especially ivermectin, are by far the most used drugs by the vast majority of equine premises in the country. Although ivermectin has been used since 1982, its efficacy against equine strongylid parasites has remained very high until the present. In this study we report for the first time, the presence of a cyathostomin population with resistance to ivermectin in adult horses belonging to an equine premise located in central Argentina. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed following the most recent guidelines of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) for the diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance (research protocol) and resistance was considered when the Upper 90% Credible Interval fell below the expected efficacy threshold of 99.9%. Calculations were carried out using two different online calculation interfaces suggested by WAAVP. For the 14-day post-treatment interval, ivermectin efficacy was 79.5% (90% Credible Interval: 68.1-88.8) and 79.3% (74.2-83.6.3%) with the two methods, respectively. At 19 days post treatment, fecal egg count reductions were 68.6% (50.5-83.1) and 68.4% (61.9-74.1), respectively. At both intervals, this cyathostomin population fullfilled the criteria for AR. These findings suggest dispersion of ivermectin resistant cyathostomins in Argentina. Given the widespread use of macrocyclic lactones, it is important that veterinarians and the equine industry promote a more selective and evidence-based use of these drugs and establish routine monitoring to determine anthelmintic field efficacy to detect treatment failures as early as possible and avoid potential health problems as well as further spread of resistant genes.
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Resistencia a Medicamentos , Ivermectina , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Animales , Caballos , Ivermectina/farmacología , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Argentina , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea/parasitología , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Strongyloidea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the species diversity and structure of the strongylid community in domestic horses in Eastern Slovakia. Also, an analysis of the impact of age, sex, and collection location factors on the strongyid communities was performed. METHODS: Twenty-seven horses 1.5-21 years old from two farms in eastern Slovakia with different horse-management conditions were studied. Strongylids were collected after horse treatments with Noromectin (0.2 mg ivermectin); 66,170 specimens were collected and identified. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed following fenbendazole (FBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) treatments. RESULTS: Twenty-four strongylid species were found; horses were infected with 6 to 16 (average = 11.7) species. Six cyathostomin species (Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, C. pateratum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, C. goldi, C. calicatus) were the most prevalent; C. catinatum was the dominant species in both farms (Berger-Parker index 0.34 and 0.42). The structure of the strongylid community was multimodal with dominant, subdominant, background, and rare species. The Mantel test showed that horse age and sex did not significantly affect the nematode infracommunity composition (p > 0.05), while the impact of the collection location (farm) was significant (p = 0.03). Additionally, C. longibursatus was identified as the species contributing significantly to the observed farm differences. Strong resistance to FBZ was documented on both farms (FECRT was 36.4% and 22.7%); IVM resistance was not observed (FECRT = 100%). CONCLUSION: This study presents the first report on the strongylids parasitizing domestic horses in Eastern Slovakia and gives basic information for further studies of horse parasites and their control in the region.
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Heces , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Animales , Caballos/parasitología , Eslovaquia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Heces/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/epidemiología , Ivermectina , Biodiversidad , Strongyloidea/clasificación , Strongyloidea/aislamiento & purificación , Strongyloidea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Certain entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are among the most studied biocontrol tools, some of which are commercially available against pest insects. Their use against foliar and subterranean insect pests is largely unexplored in the Canadian Prairies. We conducted a laboratory-based study to produce baseline information on the biocontrol potential of a few commercial EPN species. Percent mortality of flea beetles, diamondback moths (DBMs), lygus, cabbage root maggots, and black cutworms (BCWs) was assessed after 72 hours exposure to Steinernema carpocapsae, S. kraussei, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora at varying concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 infective juveniles (IJs) per larvae, pupae, or cm2 of soil surface). Irrespective of concentration level, S. carpocapsae and S. kraussei caused significant mortality in DBM and BCW larvae compared with H. bacteriophora.S. kraussei, and S. feltiae were more efficient than S. carpocapsae in controlling root maggot larvae. H. bacteriophora caused zero mortality to root maggots at any concentration. Root maggot pupae were resistant to entry to EPN species tested, likely due to hard outer covering. Compared with root maggot pupae, a moderate level of mortality was observed in DBM pupae, suggesting differential ability of the tested EPNs in killing different life stages of certain pests. All nematode species tested caused low mortality (≤10%) in flea beetle adults. The findings of this investigation form fundamental data essential for carrying out field-based studies on canola and other related crops aimed at control and management of these pest species.
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Escarabajos , Rabdítidos , Humanos , Animales , Adulto , Alberta , Insectos , Larva , Pupa , StrongyloideaRESUMEN
Cyathostomins are globally important equine parasites, responsible for both chronic and acute pathogenic effects. The occurrence of mixed infections with numerous cyathostomin species hinders our understanding of parasite epidemiology, host-parasite dynamics, and species pathogenicity. There have been few studies of cyathostomin species occurring in horses in Ireland, where temperate climatic conditions with year-round rainfall provide suitable conditions for infection of grazing animals with bursate nematodes. Here, we amplified and sequenced the ITS-2 region of adult worms harvested at post-mortem from eleven adult horses between August 2018 and June 2020, and recorded species prevalence and abundance of worms recovered from the caecum, right ventral colon and left dorsal colon, using both BLAST and IDTAXA for taxonomic attribution. Phylogenetic relationships and community composition were also recorded and compared with other relevant studies, including a global meta-analysis. Overall, our results agree with previous studies that there does not seem to be a major difference in cyathostomin species occurrence in equids in different geographical regions. We confirmed the results of other workers in relation to the difficulties in discriminating between Cylicostephanus calicatus and Coronocyclus coronatus on the basis of ITS-2 sequences.
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Enfermedades de los Caballos , Filogenia , Animales , Caballos , Irlanda/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Strongyloidea/clasificación , Strongyloidea/aislamiento & purificación , Strongyloidea/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mixed strongylid infections significantly impact equine health and performance. Traditional microscopy-based methods exhibit limitations in accurately identifying strongylid species. Nemabiome deep amplicon sequencing approach previously succeeded in describing the strongylid communities in livestock including equids. However, there are no available studies that describe the structural communities of strongylid parasites in horses in Thailand. Therefore, this study was undertaken encompassing the ITS-2 rDNA metabarcoding assay to characterize strongylid species within horse fecal samples collected from a cohort of yearlings at the largest domesticated stud farm in Thailand. In addition, to investigate the capability of ITS-2 rDNA in assessing the phylogenetic relationships among the identified strongylid species. RESULTS: The study identified 14 strongylid species in the examined equine populations, each with varying prevalence. Notably, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus longibursatus were identified as the predominant species, with Strongylus spp. conspicuously absent. The phylogenetic analysis of 207 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) displayed a complex relationship among the investigated cyathostomin species, with some species are positioned across multiple clades, demonstrating close associations with various species and genera. CONCLUSION: The ITS-2 nemabiome sequencing technique provided a detailed picture of horse strongylid parasite species in the studied population. This establishes a foundation for future investigations into the resistance status of these parasites and enables efforts to mitigate their impact.
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Enfermedades de los Caballos , Nematodos , Humanos , Animales , Caballos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Tailandia/epidemiología , Filogenia , Strongyloidea/genética , Heces/parasitología , ADN Ribosómico , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
Strongyloides myopotami is an intestinal nematode parasite of nutrias. Identification of S. myopotami is conducted based on the morphological characteristics of adult worms or cultured larvae. To widely and effectively understand the infection in nutrias, it would be preferable to develop the molecular identification using a few grams of the feces. Here, we attempted to identify S. myopotami using DNA extracted from eggs obtained from fecal samples. Among previously reported primer pairs targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Strongyloides spp., most could not be successful. We newly designed primers that successfully amplified the partial sequences in S. myopotami, resulting in being sequenced. Our simple protocol can be useful in nationwide surveys for clarifying the risk of human infection.
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Parasitosis Intestinales , Enfermedades de los Roedores , Humanos , Animales , Strongyloides/genética , Óvulo , Roedores , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Roedores/parasitologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is caused mainly by Strongyloides stercoralis, with an estimated 600 million people infected worldwide, and in fewer cases by Strongyloides fuelleborni fuelleborni and Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi. A number of studies have been conducted on the genetic diversity of S. stercoralis in East and Southeast Asia; however, there is very limited corresponding information from West Asian countries, including Iran. METHODS: For Strongyloides worms collected from patients in southwestern Iran, the hypervariable regions I (HVR-I) and IV (HVR-IV) of the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus (SSU) and a fragment of the subunit 1 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene (cox-1) were sequenced. For a subset of the worms, whole-genome sequencing data were generated. RESULTS: The cox-1 sequences of 136 worms isolated from 23 patients indicated that all isolates were S. stercoralis. Among the cox-1 sequences, 33 polymorphic sites and 13 haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that some sequences clustered fairly closely with sequences from humans and dogs from other parts of the world, while others formed a separate, Iran-specific group. Among 64 S. stercoralis analyzed, we found three of the previously described SSU HVR-I haplotypes, with haplotype II being the most frequent haplotype. In contrast to Southeast Asia, where S. stercoralis heterozygous for different haplotypes at the HVR-I locus are rare, we found 20 worms to be heterozygous for two different HVR-I haplotypes, 18 of which fell into the Iran-specific cox-1 cluster. SSU-heterozygous worms also showed elevated heterozygosity at the whole-genome level. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the S. stercoralis population from the Khuzestan province shares much of the genetic diversity with the population in Southeast Asia, but there is an indication of additional genetic input. There appears to be some population structure with different subpopulations, which however do interbreed at least occasionally.
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Strongyloides stercoralis , Estrongiloidiasis , Humanos , Animales , Perros , Strongyloides stercoralis/genética , Genotipo , Filogenia , Irán/epidemiología , Estrongiloidiasis/epidemiología , Estrongiloidiasis/veterinaria , Strongyloides , HecesRESUMEN
A relatively new method to study the species richness and diversity of nematode parasites in grazing animals is to perform deep sequencing on composite samples containing a mixture of parasites. In this work, we compared species composition of strongyles in two groups of horses as a function of egg count and age, based on a DNA barcoding approach. Faecal egg counts and larval cultures were obtained from nearly 300 horses, i.e., domestic horses (n = 167) and trotters (n = 130) sampled nationwide. The second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) of strongyle nematodes in the larval cultures was first amplified using barcoded universal primers and then sequenced on the PacBio platform. Subsequently, bioinformatic sequence analysis was performed using SCATA to assign operational taxonomic units (OTU). Finally, species occurrence and composition were assessed using R. ITS2 sequences were found in the majority (89%) of larval samples. Sequencing yielded an average of 140 (26 to 503) reads per sample. The OTUs were assigned to 28 different taxa, of which all but three could be identified as species. The average relative abundance of the seven most abundant species (all Cyathostominae) accounted for 87% of the combined data set. The three species with the highest prevalence in both horse groups were Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus calicatus, and they were frequently found in different combinations with other species regardless of horse group. Interestingly, this result is largely consistent with a previous Swedish study based on morphological analysis of adult worms. In addition, two migratory strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus) occurred in few domestic horses and trotters. Except for C. minutus and C. nassatus, which decreased with age, and C. catinatum and S. vulgaris, which increased, no specific trends were observed with respect to horse age. Taken together, these results are broadly consistent with data obtained before the introduction of selective targeted treatment in Sweden in 2007. All in all, our results suggest that this treatment strategy has not led to a significant change in strongyle nematode community structure in Swedish horses. The study also confirms that nemabiome analysis in combination with diversity index analysis is an objective method to study strongyle communities in horses.
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Antihelmínticos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Parasitosis Intestinales , Parásitos , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea , Caballos , Animales , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea/epidemiología , Infecciones Equinas por Strongyloidea/parasitología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Strongyloidea/genética , Strongylus , Heces/parasitología , Larva , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin on strongyles and Parascaris sp. infecting adult riding horses in three regions with different climates. During 2021 and 2022 fecal specimens were randomly collected from 483 horses older than three years in 31 equestrian clubs in Hamedan (n = 217), Yazd (n = 146) and Tabriz cities (n = 120). Eggs were counted by McMaster technique, and the strongyle larvae were identified using coproculture, PCR and sequencing. Horses with strongyles and Parascaris egg counts ≥150 were enrolled in fecal egg count reduction (FECR) examination following treatment with ivermectin or fenbendazole. In total, 26.5% of examined horses were positive with at least one parasite. Infection rates varied in three cities i.e., 25.8% in Hamedan, 28.8% in Yazd, 25% in Tabriz. Fifty-seven horses had FECR measured. FECR below <90% was observed for IVM-strongyle in two horses in Tabriz, for FBZ-strongyle in two horses in Tabriz and two horses in Hamedan, for IVM-Parascaris in one horse in all three cities, and for FBZ-Parascaris in one horse in Yazd. Furthermore, FECR 90-100% was observed in IVM-Parascaris and FBZ -Parascaris groups in Tabriz. Data herein presented demonstrate different degrees of resistance of strongyles and Parascaris infecting horses in Iran against both ivermectin and fenbendazole. Since non-principled use of anthelminthics is common among horse owners, urgency of test-and-treatment strategy should be educated and implemented by policy-making organizations. Evaluating efficacy of different anthelminthics and choosing the most effective treatment in each region is suggested.
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Antihelmínticos , Ascaridoidea , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Caballos , Animales , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Fenbendazol/uso terapéutico , Irán , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Óvulo , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Strongyloides , Heces/parasitología , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
This study quantified the extent of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in ascarid and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintics in Australian Thoroughbred horses. Faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs, n = 86) and egg reappearance period (ERP) tests were conducted on 22 farms across Australia. Faecal egg counts (FECs) were determined using the modified McMaster technique, and percent faecal egg count reduction (%FECR) was calculated using the Bayesian hierarchical model and hybrid Frequentist/Bayesian analysis method. The results were interpreted using old (published in 1992) and new (2023) research guidelines of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). The species composition of strongylid nematodes was detected utilising a DNA-metabarcoding method using pre- and post-treatment samples. Resistance was observed in strongylid nematodes to commonly used single-active and combination anthelmintics, including ivermectin (IVM %FECR range: 82%-92%; 95% lower credible interval (LCI) range: 80%-90%), abamectin (ABM: 73%-92%; 65%-88%), moxidectin (MOX: 89%-91%; 84%-89%), oxfendazole (OFZ: 0%-56%; 0%-31%) and its combination with pyrantel (OFZ + PYR: 0%-82%; 0%-78%). Resistance in Parascaris spp. was observed to IVM (10%-43%; 0%-36%), ABM (0%; 0%) and MOX (0%; 0%). When the new thresholds recommended by the WAAVP were used, AR was detected in six additional FECRTs for strongylids and three more tests for Parascaris spp., introducing resistance to OFZ and OFZ + PYR in the latter. Shortened ERPs (4-6 weeks) of strongylids were observed in 31 FECRTs in which AR was not detected at 2 weeks post-treatment for all the anthelmintics tested. Among cyathostomins, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Coronocyclus coronatus were the most prevalent species at 2 weeks post-treatment, whereas the main species appearing at five weeks following treatments with macrocyclic lactones were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicocyclus ashworthi. After treatment with OFZ + PYR, the latter three, plus Coronocyclus coronatus and Cyathostomum catinatum, were detected at 5 weeks post-treatment. Overall, the study highlights the prevalence of AR in both ascarids and strongylid nematodes against commonly used anthelmintic products to control worms in Australian horses. The results indicate that ML combination products provided acceptable efficacy at 2 weeks. However, ERP calculations suggest that products work less effectively than previously measured. It is suggested to regularly monitor the efficacy of the anthelmintics and consider changing the worm control practices to better manage worms and AR in Australian horses.
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Antihelmínticos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Animales , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Australia/epidemiología , Teorema de Bayes , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Heces/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Caballos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Strongyloidea/genéticaRESUMEN
This study reports the spatial and temporal distribution of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Thoroughbred horses by age category across different climatic zones in Australia over an 18-month period. Faecal samples (n = 2046) from individual horses were analysed using the modified McMaster technique for faecal egg counts (FECs). Strongylids were identified using PCR-directed next-generation sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Yearlings had the highest prevalence (82%) of strongyle eggs followed by weanlings (79%), foals (58%), wet mares (49%) and dry mares (46%). For Parascaris spp., foals had the highest prevalence (35%) followed by weanlings (21%) and yearlings (10%). The highest mean FECs for Parascaris spp. were observed in foals (525 eggs per gram [EPG] of faeces) while those for strongyles were in yearlings (962 EPG). Among horses that were classified as adults at the time of sampling, 77% (860 of 1119) of mares were low (i.e., <250 EPG) strongyle egg-shedders. Mean strongyle FEC counts were highest in the Mediterranean (818 EPG) followed by summer (599 EPG), winter (442 EPG), and non-seasonal (413 EPG) rainfall zones. Twenty-six nematode species were detected, with Cylicostephanus longibursatus (26.5%), Cylicocyclus nassatus (23.7%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (20.5%) being the most frequently detected species. Their richness and relative abundance varied with horse age, season and climatic zone. In addition, Strongylus equinus and Triodontophorus spp. (T. brevicauda and T. serratus) were also detected. This comprehensive study elucidates spatial (climatic zone) and temporal (i.e., seasonal) trends in prevalence and burdens of intestinal nematodes in Australian horses using non-invasive conventional and molecular methods. The information presented in this study is crucial for developing integrated management strategies to control horse parasites in farmed horses.
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Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Óvulo , Caballos , Animales , Femenino , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico/veterinaria , Australia/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Strongyloidea/genética , StrongyloidesRESUMEN
The Strongyloides genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease. Here, a community of Strongyloides researchers have posed thirteen major questions about Strongyloides biology and infection that sets a Strongyloides research agenda for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Estadios del Ciclo de Vida , Strongyloides , Animales , HumanosRESUMEN
Among nematodes, the free-living model organism Caenorhabditis elegans boasts the most advanced portfolio of high-quality omics data. The resources available for parasitic nematodes, including Strongyloides spp., however, are lagging behind. While C. elegans remains the most tractable nematode and has significantly advanced our understanding of many facets of nematode biology, C. elegans is not suitable as a surrogate system for the study of parasitism and it is important that we improve the omics resources available for parasitic nematode species. Here, we review the omics data available for Strongyloides spp. and compare the available resources to those for C. elegans and other parasitic nematodes. The advancements in C. elegans omics offer a blueprint for improving omics-led research in Strongyloides. We suggest areas of priority for future research that will pave the way for expansions in omics resources and technologies. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Caenorhabditis elegans , Nematodos , Animales , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , StrongyloidesRESUMEN
Strongyloides are small rhabditid nematodes primarily associated with enteric disease in a variety of animal species, including reptiles. Strongyloides spp life stages were associated with a disease outbreak in a large breeding colony of snakes. Multiple Pantherophis and Lampropeltis colubrids exhibited respiratory distress, anorexia, stomatitis, facial deformation, and waning body condition that resulted in death or necessitated euthanasia. Postmortem examinations of 13 snakes revealed epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation of the alimentary and respiratory tracts associated with varying numbers of adult and larval nematodes and embryonated or larvated ova. In a subset of snakes, aberrant nematode migration was also observed in the eye, genitourinary system, coelom, and vasculature. Histomorphology and gross examination of parasitic adult female nematodes from host tissues were consistent with a Strongyloides spp. Sedimented fecal material from 101/160 (63%) snakes housed in the affected facility was positive for nematodes and/or larvated ova. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of portions of the 18S and 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) genes and the internal transcribed spacer region of adult female parasites and positive fecal samples supported the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Strongyloides spp possess a unique life cycle capable of alternating between parasitic (homogonic) and free-living (heterogonic) stages, resulting in the production of directly infective larvae. Commonly utilized husbandry practices in reptile collections can amplify the numbers of infective larvae generated in the captive environment, increasing the risk for rhabditid hyperinfections. This report documents morbidity, mortality, and non-enteric disease manifestations due to Strongyloides hyperinfections in a captive colubrid snake colony.
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Colubridae , Estrongiloidiasis , Femenino , Animales , Estrongiloidiasis/epidemiología , Estrongiloidiasis/veterinaria , Estrongiloidiasis/diagnóstico , Colubridae/genética , Strongyloides/anatomía & histología , Strongyloides/genética , Serpientes , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Consisting of approximately 50 different species, the cyathostomin parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses. Co-infection with several species is common, and large burdens can cause the fatal disease of larval cyathostominosis. Due to intense anthelmintic drug use, cyathostomin resistance has developed to all available anthelmintic drug groups. Resistance to the anthelmintic drug pyrantel (PYR) has been documented in over 90% of studies published over the past two decades. In Sweden, a study performed in the early 2000s only confirmed resistance in 4.5% of farms. Further, prescription-only administration of equine anthelmintic drugs was enforced in Sweden in 2007. However, it is unknown if this conservative drug use has maintained PYR efficacy in cyathostomins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PYR on cyathostomin infection in Sweden using fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRTs). Further, the effect of PYR treatment on cyathostomin species composition was studied using metabarcoding. Sixteen farms with at least six horses excreting a minimum of 100 eggs per gram feces were included. Using the current World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) guidelines, PYR resistance was demonstrated in nine of farms, with seven farms showing full susceptibility. Farms with low biosecurity measures had significantly lower efficacy of PYR treatment. The most common cyathostomin species were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cys. calicatus, Cys. goldi, Cys. minutus, Coronocyclus coronatus and Cya. pateratum, accounting for 97% of all sequence reads prior to treatment. Of these, Cyc. nassatus and Cya. catinatum had the highest occurrence, accounting for 68% of all sequence reads prior to PYR treatment. Treatment did not significantly affect the species composition. The results highlight the importance of drug efficacy testing when using PYR to treat cyathostomin infection, even when selective anthelmintic treatment and thus low treatment intensity, is used on the farm.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Animales , Caballos , Pamoato de Pirantel/uso terapéutico , Suecia , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/parasitología , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinaria , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Pirantel/uso terapéutico , Strongyloidea , Heces/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) is a gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control strategy where anthelmintic treatment decisions are made at an individual animal level. TST has been proven to reduce anthelmintic use and subsequently slow down anthelmintic resistance development, however questions remain regarding optimal TST methods and their applicability across farms. In this study, the influence of Mineral and Vitamin (MV) supplementation on optimal energy utilisation (EU) TST thresholds was assessed on three Welsh farms. In total, 360 lambs were split into two groups, MV supplemented and control, and were treated with an anthelmintic against GIN at the midway point of the experiment. Lambs that improved their EU efficiency post treatment were deemed to have benefited from anthelmintic treatment. Optimal EU TST thresholds was determined for each treatment group per farm using Youden's J statistic where the treatment threshold retrospectively exhibiting the greatest combined sensitivity and specificity in correctly identifying lambs benefiting from treatment was deemed to be optimal. Results demonstrated that the optimal EU TST threshold was higher in MV supplemented groups at 0.72, 0.71 and 0.56 versus 0.58, 0.67, 0.51 for control groups on each respective farm. Identification of lambs for TST was more effective when using an optimised EU TST threshold, compared to when using the standard EU TST threshold of 0.66. The study highlights that applying standard EU TST thresholds may not be appropriate on all commercial farms with factors including MV status as noted in this study likely to influence optimal EU TST thresholds. Additional refinement of TST systems can further strengthen their applicability across sheep flocks.
Asunto(s)
Antihelmínticos , Nematodos , Infecciones por Nematodos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Ovinos , Vitaminas/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Vitamina A , Strongyloides , Vitamina K/uso terapéutico , Minerales/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/prevención & control , Heces , Infecciones por Nematodos/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Nematodos/prevención & control , Infecciones por Nematodos/veterinaria , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
From the safety inside vehicles, Knowsley Safari offers visitors a close-up encounter with captive olive baboons. As exiting vehicles may be contaminated with baboon stool, a comprehensive coprological inspection was conducted to address public health concerns. Baboon stools were obtained from vehicles, and sleeping areas, inclusive of video analysis of baboonvehicle interactions. A purposely selected 4-day sampling period enabled comparative inspections of 2662 vehicles, with a total of 669 baboon stools examined (371 from vehicles and 298 from sleeping areas). As informed by our pilot study, front-line diagnostic methods were: QUIK-CHEK rapid diagnostic test (RDT) (Giardia and Cryptosporidium), KatoKatz coproscopy (Trichuris) and charcoal culture (Strongyloides). Some 13.9% of vehicles were contaminated with baboon stool. Prevalence of giardiasis was 37.4% while cryptosporidiosis was <0.01%, however, an absence of faecal cysts by quality control coproscopy, alongside lower than the expected levels of Giardia-specific DNA, judged RDT results as misleading, grossly overestimating prevalence. Prevalence of trichuriasis was 48.0% and strongyloidiasis was 13.7%, a first report of Strongyloides fuelleborni in UK. We advise regular blanket administration(s) of anthelminthics to the colony, exploring pour-on formulations, thereafter, smaller-scale indicator surveys would be adequate.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis , Cryptosporidium , Giardiasis , Parasitosis Intestinales , Parásitos , Animales , Humanos , Papio anubis , Criptosporidiosis/parasitología , Proyectos Piloto , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Parasitosis Intestinales/veterinaria , Giardiasis/epidemiología , Papio/parasitología , Giardia , Strongyloides , Heces/parasitología , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Detection of parasite-specific IgG in urine is a sensitive method for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis and gives similar accuracy to serum IgG. However, there are no data concerning detection of IgG subclass in urine. To further explore the utility of diagnosis from urine samples, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of IgG4 in urine compared with parasitological and other immunological methods. METHODS: The urine and sera included proven strongyloidiasis (group 1, n = 93), other parasitic infections (group 2, n = 40) and parasite negatives (group 3, n = 93). The performance of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine for diagnosis of strongyloidiasis using fecal examinations as the reference standard was assessed. RESULTS: With fecal examination as a gold standard, Strongyloides-specific IgG4 in urine had 91.4% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity while serum IgG4 had 93.6% sensitivity and 91.0% specificity. IgG4 in both urine and serum had almost perfect diagnostic agreements with fecal examination (Cohen's kappa coefficient was > 0.8). Cross-reactivity to Opisthorchis viverrini and Taenia spp. of IgG4 in urine were 7.5% and 12.5% in serum. Concurrent analyses of total IgG in urine and serum showed that the sensitivities (97.9-100%) and specificities (88.7-91.0%) were similar (P > 0.05). The sensitivity for parasitological examination by the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) was 49.5% and that for agar plate culture technique (APC) it was 92.6%. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that specific IgG4 detection in urine yielded similar diagnostic performance to the same biomarkers in serum. This suggests that accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can be performed using urine samples and IgG4 is a valid choice of diagnostic marker. Further assessment is required to assess the utility of urine IgG4 for measuring the response treatment in strongyloidiasis.