RESUMEN
Augustine is a newly identified blood group system comprising four antigens, one of which is the high-frequency antigen Ata in the original "series". Four antigens are located on a multipass membrane glycoprotein equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), and equilibrative nucleoside transporter is encoded by SLC29A1. In 2016, the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) recognised Augustine as a blood group system and numbered it as 036. The glycoprotein ENT1 transports nucleotides into cells to participate in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and this is an important link for chemotherapeutic glycosides to enter tumour cells. Augustine antibodies are clinically relevant in blood transfusion and pregnancy.
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Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido , Humanos , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Femenino , Embarazo , Transfusión SanguíneaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms of molecules are known to cause individual differences in the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. However, to date, germline mutations (but not somatic mutations) for anticancer drugs have not been adequately studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between germline polymorphisms of gemcitabine metabolic and transporter genes with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) response (decrease ≥50% from the pretreatment level at 8 weeks) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer who receive gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. METHODS: This multicenter, prospective, observational study enrolled patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer patients who were receiving gemcitabine monotherapy or gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel combination chemotherapy. Thirteen polymorphisms that may be involved in gemcitabine responsiveness were genotyped, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association of these genotypes with CA 19-9 response and OS. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: In total, 180 patients from 11 hospitals in Japan were registered, and 159 patients whose CA 19-9 response could be assessed were included in the final analysis. Patients who had a CA 19-9 response had significantly longer OS (372 vs. 241 days; p = .007). RRM1 2464A>G and RRM2 175T>G polymorphisms suggested a weak association with CA 19-9 response and OS, but it was not statistically significant. COX-2 -765G>C polymorphism did not significantly correlate with CA 19-9 response but was significantly associated with OS (hazard ratio, 2.031; p = .019). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic polymorphisms from the pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine did not indicate a significant association with efficacy, but COX-2 polymorphisms involved in tumor cell proliferation might affect OS.
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Antígeno CA-19-9 , Desoxicitidina , Gemcitabina , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/uso terapéutico , Desoxicitidina/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano , Estudios Prospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Antígeno CA-19-9/sangre , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Ribonucleósido Difosfato Reductasa/genética , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Paclitaxel/uso terapéutico , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Resultado del Tratamiento , Pruebas de Farmacogenómica , GenotipoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine-nabpaclitaxel (GnP) are standard first-line treatment regimens for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, currently, there is a lack of predictive biomarkers to aid in the treatment selection. We aimed to explore the prognostic and predictive value of class III ß-Tubulin (TUBB3) and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression, which have previously been shown to be associated with taxane and gemcitabine resistance in advanced PDAC. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 106 patients with advanced PDAC treated with GnP and/or FOLFIRINOX at our institution. TUBB3 and hENT1 immunohistochemical staining was performed on tumor specimens and subsequently evaluated based on the intensity and percentage of expression. RESULTS: In patients who received the GnP regimen, a high combined score (TUBB3low/hENT1high) was associated with a higher DCR and longer PFS compared to those with intermediate (TUBB3high/hENT1high or TUBB3low/hENT1low) and low score (TUBB3high/hENT1low). In the multivariate analysis, a high combined score was an independent predictor of higher DCR (OR:11.96; 95 % CI:2.61-54.82; p = 0.001) and longer PFS (HR:0.33; 95%CI:0.18-0.60; p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in response rates or PFS based on TUBB3 and hENT1 expression among patients receiving the FOLFIRINOX regimen. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that tumor TUBB3 and hENT1 expression may predict the efficacy of the GnP regimen, and low TUBB3 and high hENT1 expression (TUBB3low/hENT1high) are associated with a higher DCR and longer PFS in patients treated with GnP. Evaluating TUBB3 and hENT1 jointly can identify the patients most (as well as least) likely to benefit from GnP chemotherapy.
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Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Desoxicitidina/uso terapéutico , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/análisis , Gemcitabina , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tubulina (Proteína)/genética , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismo , Tubulina (Proteína)/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Previous studies implicate extracellular adenosine signaling in attenuating myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). This extracellular adenosine signaling is terminated by its uptake into cells by equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). Thus, we hypothesized that targeting ENTs would function to increase cardiac adenosine signaling and concomitant cardioprotection against IRI. Mice were exposed to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Myocardial injury was attenuated in mice treated with the nonspecific ENT inhibitor dipyridamole. A comparison of mice with global Ent1 or Ent2 deletion showed cardioprotection only in Ent1-/- mice. Moreover, studies with tissue-specific Ent deletion revealed that mice with myocyte-specific Ent1 deletion (Ent1loxP/loxP Myosin Cre+ mice) experienced smaller infarct sizes. Measurements of cardiac adenosine levels demonstrated that postischemic elevations of adenosine persisted during reperfusion after targeting ENTs. Finally, studies in mice with global or myeloid-specific deletion of the Adora2b adenosine receptor (Adora2bloxP/loxP LysM Cre+ mice) implied that Adora2b signaling on myeloid-inflammatory cells in cardioprotection provided by ENT inhibition. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized role for myocyte-specific ENT1 in cardioprotection by enhancing myeloid-dependent Adora2b signaling during reperfusion. Extension of these findings implicates adenosine transporter inhibitors in cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido , Isquemia Miocárdica , Receptor de Adenosina A2B , Daño por Reperfusión , Animales , Ratones , Adenosina , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Miocardio , Receptor de Adenosina A2B/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To use bifunctional target genes to increase the intracellular transport of gemcitabine (GEM) to reverse chemotherapy resistance and to simultaneously use reporter gene imaging to localize therapeutic genes. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by [18F]FLT PET/CT to visualize the effect of gene therapy. METHODS: A viral gene vector containing the pancreatic cancer-targeting promoter MUC1 for specific transcription of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and NIS (nuclide transport channel) was employed. [125I]NaI uptake tests and [131I]NaI SPECT imaging were performed to verify the function of NIS and the target function of MUC1. The correlation between [18F]FLT uptake and GEM resistance were assessed, and the influence ENT1 and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) expression on [18F]FLT micro-PET/CT was measured, which provides a theoretical basis for the use of [18F]FLT micro-PET/CT to evaluate the efficacy of gene therapy. RESULTS: First, functions of gene therapy were confirmed: ENT1 reversed the drug resistance of GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells by increasing GEM intracellular transport; MUC1 drove NIS target gene expression in pancreatic cancer; and therapeutic genes could be localized using [131I]NaI SPECT reporter gene imaging. Second, the [18F]FLT uptake ratio was affected by drug resistance and GEM treatment. The mechanism underlying this effect was related to ENT1 and TK1. Increased expression of ENT1 inhibited the expression of TK1 after GEM chemotherapy to reduce the uptake of [18F]FLT. Finally, micro-PET/CT indicated that the SUVmax of [18F]FLT could predict survival time. SUVmax exhibited an increasing trend in resistant pancreatic cancer but a trend of inhibition after upregulation of ENT1, which was more significant after GEM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bifunctional targeted genes can localize therapeutic genes through reporter gene imaging, reverse the drug resistance of GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer and be visually evaluated through [18F]FLT micro-PET/CT.
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Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Gemcitabina , Terapia Genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Didesoxinucleósidos/metabolismo , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Mucina-1/genética , Mucina-1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/terapia , Tomografía Computarizada por Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), a key enzyme for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides, have failed in clinical trials for various cancers despite robust efficacy in preclinical animal models. To probe for druggable mediators of DHODH inhibitor resistance, we performed a combination screen with a small molecule library against pancreatic cancer cell lines that are highly resistant to the DHODH inhibitor brequinar (BQ). The screen revealed that CNX-774, a preclinical Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, sensitizes resistant cell lines to BQ. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is independent of BTK and instead results from inhibition of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by CNX-774. We show that ENT1 mediates BQ resistance by taking up extracellular uridine, which is salvaged to generate pyrimidine nucleotides in a DHODH-independent manner. In BQ-resistant cell lines, BQ monotherapy slowed proliferation and caused modest pyrimidine nucleotide depletion, whereas combination treatment with BQ and CNX-774 led to profound cell viability loss and pyrimidine starvation. We also identify N-acetylneuraminic acid accumulation as a potential marker of the therapeutic efficacy of DHODH inhibitors. In an aggressive, immunocompetent pancreatic cancer mouse model, combined targeting of DHODH and ENT1 dramatically suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Overall, our study defines CNX-774 as a previously uncharacterized ENT1 inhibitor and provides strong proof of concept support for dual targeting of DHODH and ENT1 in pancreatic cancer.
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Oxidorreductasas actuantes sobre Donantes de Grupo CH-CH , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Ratones , Animales , Dihidroorotato Deshidrogenasa , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Oxidorreductasas actuantes sobre Donantes de Grupo CH-CH/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Nucleótidos de Pirimidina , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Hypoxia-mediated red blood cell (RBC) sickling is central to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD). The signalling nucleoside adenosine is thought to play a significant role in this process. This study investigated expression of the erythrocyte type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1), a key regulator of plasma adenosine, in adult patients with SCD and carriers of sickle cell trait (SCT). Relative quantitative expression analysis of erythrocyte ENT1 was carried out by Western blot and flow cytometry. Patients with SCD with steady state conditions, either with SS or SC genotype, untreated or under hydroxycarbamide (HC) treatment, exhibited a relatively high variability of erythrocyte ENT1, but with levels not significantly different from normal controls. Most strikingly, expression of erythrocyte ENT1 was found to be significantly decreased in patients with SCD undergoing painful vaso-occlusive episode and, unexpectedly, also in healthy SCT carriers. Promoting hypoxia-induced adenosine signalling, the reduced expression of erythrocyte ENT1 might contribute to the pathophysiology of SCD and to the susceptibility of SCT individuals to altitude hypoxia or exercise to exhaustion.
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Rasgo Drepanocítico , Humanos , Adenosina , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Hipoxia/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Levetiracetam (LEV) has been found to have an antihyperalgesic effect via acting on the adenosine system. However, the effects of LEV on the modulation of the adenosine system in the brain have not been elucidated in the prevention of seizures and epilepsy. The present study aimed to explore the possible LEV mechanisms of action in the adenosine signaling systems in an animal model of epilepsy. Methodology: A docking study was initially performed to determine the possible interaction of LEV with adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters-1 (ENT1). The experimental study was divided into an acute seizure test (32 mice distributed into 4 groups) and a chronic kindling model study (40 mice distributed into 5 groups), followed by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry. The kindling model lasted 26 days and took 13 subconvulsive doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to completely kindle the mice in the PTZ control group. Gene expression changes in the A1Rs, potassium inwardly-rectifying channel 3.2 (Kir3.2), and ENT1 in the brain tissue samples of the mice following treatment with LEV were analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry was performed for the A1R protein expression. Results: Docking studies predicted a significant interaction of LEV with A1Rs and ENT1 proteins. Results from the acute testing revealed that caffeine (100 mg/kg) and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (25 mg/kg) significantly reversed the antiseizure effects of LEV by reversing the percent protection and shortening the onset of the first myoclonic jerk (FMJ) and generalized clonic seizures (GCSs). In the PTZ-induced kindling, LEV demonstrated an increased gene expression of A1Rs and Kir3.2 in the brain. LEV also significantly reduced the gene expression of ENT1. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis showed that LEV increased the protein expression of A1Rs in the brain. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that LEV modulates epileptogenesis by acting on the adenosine pathway in the central nervous system.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Epilepsia , Excitación Neurológica , Levetiracetam , Animales , Levetiracetam/farmacología , Ratones , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Epilepsia/metabolismo , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Excitación Neurológica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Piracetam/farmacología , Piracetam/análogos & derivados , Receptor de Adenosina A1/metabolismo , Receptor de Adenosina A1/efectos de los fármacos , Receptor de Adenosina A1/genética , Pentilenotetrazol , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/farmacología , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX) and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP) remain standard first-line options for patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) was hypothesized to be a biomarker of gemcitabine in the adjuvant setting, with conflicting results. In this study, we explore hENT1 mRNA expression as a predictive biomarker in advanced PDAC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: COMPASS was a prospective observational trial of patients with advanced PDAC. A biopsy was required prior to initiating chemotherapy, as determined by treating physician. Biopsies underwent laser capture microdissection prior to whole genome and RNA sequencing. The cut-off thresholds for hENT1 expression were determined using the maximal χ2 statistic. RESULTS: 253 patients were included in the analyses with a median follow-up of 32 months, with 138 patients receiving mFFX and 92 receiving GnP. In the intention to treat population, median overall survival (OS) was 10.0 months in hENT1high versus 7.9 months in hENT1low (P = 0.02). In patients receiving mFFX, there was no difference in overall response rate (ORR; 35% vs. 28%, P = 0.56) or median OS (10.6 vs. 10.5 months, P = 0.45). However, in patients treated with GnP, the ORR was significantly higher in hENT1high compared with hENT1low tumors (43% vs. 21%, P = 0.038). Median OS in this GnP-treated cohort was 10.6 months in hENT1high versus 6.7 months hENT1low (P < 0.001). In an interaction analysis, hENT1 was predictive of treatment response to GnP (interaction P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In advanced PDAC, hENT1 mRNA expression predicts ORR and OS in patients receiving GnP.
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Adenocarcinoma , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero , Gemcitabina , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1) is reported to predict survival of gemcitabine (GEM)-treated patients. However, predictive values of immunohistochemical hENT1 expression may differ according to the antibodies, 10D7G2 and SP120. AIM: We aimed to investigate the concordance of immunohistochemical hENT1 expression between the two antibodies and prognosis. METHODS: The subjects of this study were totally 332 whose formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens and/or unstained sections were obtained. The individual H-scores and four classifications according to the staining intensity were applied for the evaluation of hENT1 expression by 10D7G2 and SP120, respectively. RESULTS: The highest concordance rate (79.8%) was obtained when the cut-off between high and low hENT1 expression using SP120 was set between moderate and strong. There were no correlations of hENT1 mRNA level with H-score (p = .258). Although the hENT1 mRNA level was significantly different among four classifications using SP120 (p = .011), there was no linear relationship among them. Multivariate analyses showed that adjuvant GEM was a significant predictor of the patients with low hENT1 expression using either 10D7G2 (Hazard ratio [HR] 2.39, p = .001) or SP120 (HR 1.84, p < .001). In contrast, agent for adjuvant chemotherapy was not significant predictor for the patients with high hENT1 expression regardless of the kind of antibody. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the two antibodies for evaluating hENT1 expression are equivalent depending on the cut-off point and suggests that S-1 is the first choice of adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer with low hENT1 expression, whereas either S-1 or GEM can be introduced for the pancreatic cancer with high hENT1 expression, no matter which antibody is used.
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Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Animales , Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/análisis , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , ARN Mensajero/uso terapéutico , Conejos , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) mediate the cellular uptake of nucleosides and nucleobases across the plasma membrane and play important roles in the salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis. However, information about nucleoside transport systems in the lung alveolar epithelial cells is limited. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the function and expression of nucleoside transporters using primary cultured alveolar type II cells and transdifferentiated type I-like cells. The uptake of uridine, a substrate for ENTs and CNTs, in type II and type I-like cells was time, temperature, and concentration dependent, and was inhibited by other nucleoside transporter substrates such as adenosine. Uridine uptake in both cells was insensitive to nanomolar concentrations of NBMPR, a potent ENT1 inhibitor, while it was inhibited by higher concentrations of NBMPR, suggesting that ENT2, but not ENT1, is involved in uridine uptake in these cells. Additionally, uridine uptake was higher in the presence of Na+ than in the absence of Na + and was partially inhibited by a CNT inhibitor phloridzin in these cells, suggesting that CNT is also involved in uridine uptake. In both cells, the mRNA expression of ENT1, ENT2, CNT2, and CNT3 was observed. Finally, the activity of uridine uptake was considerably higher in type II cells than in type I-like cells. In addition, the mRNA expression of ENT2, CNT2, and CNT3, but not ENT1, was lower in type I-like cells than in type II cells. These findings would help understand the functional roles of equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters in alveolar epithelial cells.
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Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido , Proteínas de Transporte de Nucleósidos , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/metabolismo , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/genética , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Nucleósidos/metabolismo , Nucleósidos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
RNA contains a wide variety of posttranscriptional modifications covalently attached to its base or sugar group. These modified nucleosides are liberated from RNA molecules as the consequence of RNA catabolism and released into extracellular space, but the molecular mechanism of extracellular transport and its pathophysiological implications have been unclear. In the present study, we discovered that RNA-derived modified nucleosides are exported to extracellular space through equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 (ENT1 and ENT2), with ENT1 showing higher preference for modified nucleosides than ENT2. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of ENT1 and ENT2 significantly attenuated export of modified nucleosides thereby resulting in their accumulation in cytosol. Using mutagenesis strategy, we identified an amino acid residue in ENT1 that is involved in the discrimination of unmodified and modified nucleosides. In ENTs-deficient cells, the elevated levels of intracellular modified nucleosides were closely associated with an induction of autophagy response as evidenced by increased LC3-II level. Importantly, we performed a screening of modified nucleosides capable of inducing autophagy and found that 1-methylguanosine (m1G) was sufficient to induce LC3-II levels. Pathophysiologically, defective export of modified nucleosides drastically induced Zika virus replication in an autophagy-dependent manner. In addition, we also found that pharmacological inhibition of ENTs by dilazep significantly induced Zika virus replication. Collectively, our findings highlight RNA-derived modified nucleosides as important signaling modulators that activate autophagy response and indicate that defective export of these modified nucleoside can have profound consequences for pathophysiology.
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Autofagia , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Nucleósidos/metabolismo , ARN/metabolismo , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Virus Zika/fisiología , Transporte Activo de Núcleo Celular , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/genética , Humanos , Nucleósidos/química , Nucleósidos/genética , ARN/genética , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Replicación Viral , Infección por el Virus Zika/genética , Infección por el Virus Zika/patologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Fluoropyrimidines are one of the most used drug class to treat cancer patients, although they show high levels of associated toxicity. This study analyzed 33 polymorphisms in 17 pharmacogenes involved with the pharmacogenomics of fluoropyrimidines, in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing fluoropyrimidine-based treatment in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: The study population was composed of 216 patients, 92 of whom have an anatomopathological diagnosis of gastric cancer and 124 of colorectal cancer. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped by allelic discrimination using the TaqMan OpenArray Genotyping technology, with a panel of 32 customized assays, run in a QuantStudio ™ 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, Carlsbad USA). Ancestry analysis was performed using 61 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs). RESULTS: The study population show mean values of 48.1% European, 31.1% Amerindian, and 20.8% African ancestries. A significant risk association for general and severe toxicity was found in the rs4451422 of FPGS (p = 0.001; OR 3.40; CI 95% 1.65-7.00 and p = 0.006; OR 4.63; CI 95% 1.56-13.72, respectively) and the rs9524885 of ABCC4 (p = 0.023; OR 2.74; CI 95% 1.14-6.65 and p = 0.024; OR 5.36; IC 95% 1.24-23.11, respectively) genes. The rs760370 in the SLC29A1 gene (p = 0.009; OR 6.71; CI 95% 1.16-8.21) and the rs1801133 in the MTHFR toxicity (p = 0.023; OR 3.09; CI 95% 1.16-8.21) gene also demonstrated to be significant, although only for severe toxicity. The results found in this study did not have statistics analysis correction. CONCLUSION: Four polymorphisms of the ABCC4, FPGS, SLC29A1, and MTHFR genes are likely to be potential predictive biomarkers for precision medicine in fluoropyrimidine-based treatments in the population of the Brazilian Amazon, which is constituted by a unique genetic background.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/genética , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Brasil , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Camptotecina/farmacología , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Fluorouracilo/farmacocinética , Fluorouracilo/farmacología , Humanos , Leucovorina/farmacología , Masculino , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Reductasa (NADPH2)/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Asociadas a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Compuestos Organoplatinos/farmacología , Péptido Sintasas/genética , Variantes Farmacogenómicas , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido SimpleRESUMEN
Chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are characterized by a deficit in fully functional regulatory T cells. DNA-methylation inhibitors have previously been shown to promote regulatory T cell responses and, in the present study, we evaluated their potential to ameliorate chronic and acute animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Of the drugs tested, decitabine was the most effective, producing a sustained therapeutic effect that was dependent on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and was associated with expansion of induced regulatory T cells, particularly at the site of disease activity. Treatment with decitabine also caused apoptosis of Th1 and Th17 cells in active arthritis in a highly selective manner. The molecular basis for this selectivity was shown to be ENT1, a nucleoside transporter, which facilitates intracellular entry of the drug and is up-regulated on effector T cells during active arthritis. It was further shown that short-term treatment with decitabine resulted in the generation of a population of regulatory T cells that were able to suppress arthritis upon adoptive transfer. In summary, a therapeutic approach using an approved drug is described that treats active inflammatory disease effectively and generates robust regulatory T cells with the IDO-dependent capacity to maintain remission.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Decitabina/farmacología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Células TH1/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th17/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/inmunología , Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Artritis Experimental/metabolismo , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/inmunología , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/metabolismo , Desmetilación del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/inmunología , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Humanos , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/genética , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/inmunología , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenasa/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos DBA , Ratones Noqueados , Inducción de Remisión , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Células TH1/citología , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th17/citología , Células Th17/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The tight regulation of intracellular nucleotides is critical for the self-renewal and lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nucleosides are major metabolite precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and their availability in HSCs is dependent on their transport through specific membrane transporters. However, the role of nucleoside transporters in the differentiation of HSCs to the erythroid lineage and in red cell biology remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that the absence of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) in human red blood cells with a rare Augustine-null blood type is associated with macrocytosis, anisopoikilocytosis, an abnormal nucleotide metabolome, and deregulated protein phosphorylation. A specific role for ENT1 in human erythropoiesis was demonstrated by a defective erythropoiesis of human CD34+ progenitors following short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1. Furthermore, genetic deletion of ENT1 in mice was associated with reduced erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, anemia, and macrocytosis. Mechanistically, we found that ENT1-mediated adenosine transport is critical for cyclic adenosine monophosphate homeostasis and the regulation of erythroid transcription factors. Notably, genetic investigation of 2 ENT1null individuals demonstrated a compensation by a loss-of-function variant in the ABCC4 cyclic nucleotide exporter. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ABCC4 in Ent1-/- mice rescued erythropoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ENT1-mediated nucleotide metabolism in erythropoiesis.
Asunto(s)
Adenosina Monofosfato/metabolismo , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Eritropoyesis , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Animales , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones NoqueadosRESUMEN
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) 1 and 2 reportedly accept fluorouracil as a substrate. Here, we evaluated ENT1/2 expression at the messenger RNA (mRNA), protein, and functional levels in a panel of four triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines, BT-549, Hs578T, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435, and we examined the relationship of the observed profiles to fluorouracil sensitivity. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) at 0.1 µM inhibits only ENT1, while dipyridamole at 10 µM or NBMPR at 100 µM inhibits both ENT1 and ENT2. We found that the uptake of [3 H]uridine, a typical substrate of ENT1 and ENT2, was decreased to approximately 40% by 0.1 µM NBMPR. At 100 µM, NBMPR almost completely blocked the saturable uptake of [3 H]uridine, but this does not imply a functional role of ENT2, because 10 µM dipyridamole showed similar inhibition to 0.1 µM NBMPR. Expression of ENT1 mRNA was almost 1 order of magnitude higher than that of ENT2 in all TNBC cell lines. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) LC-MS/MS-based targeted protein quantification showed that ENT1 protein levels were in the range of 9.3-30 fmol/µg protein in plasma membrane fraction of TNBC cell lines, whereas ENT2 protein was below the detection limit. [3 H]Fluorouracil uptake was insensitive to 0.1 µM NBMPR and 10 µM dipyridamole, suggesting a negligible contribution of ENT1 and ENT2 to fluorouracil uptake. The levels of ENT1 mRNA, ENT1 protein, ENT2 mRNA, and ENT1-mediated [3 H]uridine uptake in the four TNBC cell lines showed no correlation with fluorouracil sensitivity. These results indicate that neither ENT1 nor ENT2 contributes significantly to the fluorouracil sensitivity of TNBC cell lines.
Asunto(s)
Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Fluorouracilo/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/genética , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/genéticaRESUMEN
The PharmacoScan pharmacogenomics platform screens for variation in genes that affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, immune adverse reactions and targets. Among the 1,191 genes tested on the platform, 12 genes are expressed in the red cell membrane: ABCC1, ABCC4, ABCC5, ABCG2, CFTR, SLC16A1, SLC19A1, SLC29A1, ATP7A, CYP4F3, EPHX1 and FLOT1. These genes represent 5 ATP-binding cassette proteins, 3 solute carrier proteins, 1 ATP transport protein and 3 genes associated with drug metabolism and adverse drug reactions. Only ABCG2 and SLC29A1 encode blood group systems, JR and AUG, respectively. We propose red cells as an ex vivo model system to study the effect of heritable variants in genes encoding the transport proteins on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Altered pharmacodynamics in red cells could also cause adverse reactions, such as haemolysis, hitherto unexplained by other mechanisms.
Asunto(s)
Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/genética , Farmacogenética , Polimorfismo Genético , Transportador de Casetes de Unión a ATP, Subfamilia G, Miembro 2/genética , ATPasas Transportadoras de Cobre/genética , Regulador de Conductancia de Transmembrana de Fibrosis Quística/genética , Familia 4 del Citocromo P450/genética , Epóxido Hidrolasas/genética , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos/genética , Proteínas Asociadas a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteína Portadora de Folato Reducido/genética , Simportadores/genéticaRESUMEN
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) 1 and 2 facilitate nucleoside transport across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Improving drug entry into the testes with drugs that use endogenous transport pathways may lead to more effective treatments for diseases within the reproductive tract. In this study, CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 was used to generate HeLa cell lines in which ENT expression was limited to ENT1 or ENT2. We characterized uridine transport in these cell lines and generated Bayesian models to predict interactions with the ENTs. Quantification of [3H]uridine uptake in the presence of the ENT-specific inhibitor S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) demonstrated functional loss of each transporter. Nine nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and 37 nucleoside/heterocycle analogs were evaluated to identify ENT interactions. Twenty-one compounds inhibited uridine uptake and abacavir, nevirapine, ticagrelor, and uridine triacetate had different IC50 values for ENT1 and ENT2. Total accumulation of four identified inhibitors was measured with and without NBMPR to determine whether there was ENT-mediated transport. Clofarabine and cladribine were ENT1 and ENT2 substrates, whereas nevirapine and lexibulin were ENT1 and ENT2 nontransported inhibitors. Bayesian models generated using Assay Central machine learning software yielded reasonably high internal validation performance (receiver operator characteristic > 0.7). ENT1 IC50-based models were generated from ChEMBL; subvalidations using this training data set correctly predicted 58% of inhibitors when analyzing activity by percent uptake and 63% when using estimated-IC50 values. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can thereby circumvent the BTB through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study is the first to predict drug interactions with equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 using Bayesian modeling. Novel CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 functional knockouts of ENT1 and ENT2 in HeLa S3 cells were generated and characterized. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can circumvent the blood-testis barrier through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Didesoxinucleósidos/farmacología , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/genética , Nevirapina/farmacología , Ticagrelor/farmacología , Uridina/análogos & derivados , Uridina/metabolismo , Teorema de Bayes , Transporte Biológico , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Línea Celular , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Transportador Equilibrativo 2 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Células HeLa , Humanos , Aprendizaje Automático , Tioinosina/análogos & derivados , Tioinosina/farmacología , Uridina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Developmental-regulatory networks often include large gene families encoding mechanistically-related proteins like G-protein-coupled receptors, zinc finger transcription factors and solute carrier (SLC) transporters. In principle, a common mechanism may confer expression of multiple members integral to a developmental process, or diverse mechanisms may be deployed. Using genetic complementation and enhancer-mutant systems, we analyzed the 456 member SLC family that establishes the small molecule constitution of cells. This analysis identified SLC gene cohorts regulated by GATA1 and/or GATA2 during erythroid differentiation. As >50 SLC genes shared GATA factor regulation, a common mechanism established multiple members of this family. These genes included Slc29a1 encoding an equilibrative nucleoside transporter (Slc29a1/ENT1) that utilizes adenosine as a preferred substrate. Slc29a1 promoted erythroblast survival and differentiation ex vivo. Targeted ablation of murine Slc29a1 in erythroblasts attenuated erythropoiesis and erythrocyte regeneration in response to acute anemia. Our results reveal a GATA factor-regulated SLC ensemble, with a nucleoside transporter component that promotes erythropoiesis and prevents anemia, and establish a mechanistic link between GATA factor and adenosine mechanisms. We propose that integration of the GATA factor-adenosine circuit with other components of the GATA factor-regulated SLC ensemble establishes the small molecule repertoire required for progenitor cells to efficiently generate erythrocytes.
Asunto(s)
Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/metabolismo , Eritropoyesis , Factores de Transcripción GATA/metabolismo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Tranportador Equilibrativo 1 de Nucleósido/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Identifying stabilising variants of membrane protein targets is often required for structure determination. Our new computational pipeline, the Integral Membrane Protein Stability Selector (IMPROvER) provides a rational approach to variant selection by employing three independent approaches: deep-sequence, model-based and data-driven. In silico tests using known stability data, and in vitro tests using three membrane protein targets with 7, 11 and 16 transmembrane helices provided measures of success. In vitro, individual approaches alone all identified stabilising variants at a rate better than expected by random selection. Low numbers of overlapping predictions between approaches meant a greater success rate was achieved (fourfold better than random) when approaches were combined and selections restricted to the highest ranked sites. The mix of information IMPROvER uses can be extracted for any helical membrane protein. We have developed the first general-purpose tool for selecting stabilising variants of [Formula: see text]-helical membrane proteins, increasing efficiency and reducing workload. IMPROvER can be accessed at http://improver.ddns.net/IMPROvER/ .