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This study aimed to investigate the developmental change of body growth and gene expression related to fatty acid uptake and oxidation in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and jejunum during embryogenesis in Muscovy ducks. The weights of embryos and yolk sac (YS) (5 embryos per replicate, n = 6) were recorded on embryonic days (E)16, E19, E22, E25, E28, E31, and the day of hatch (DOH). The fat and fatty acid contents in YSM, jejunal histology, and gene expression related to fatty acid metabolism in YSM and jejunum were determined in each sampling time. Among the nonlinear models, the maximum growth is estimated at 2.83 (E22.5), 2.67 (E22.1), and 2.60 (E21.3) g/d using logistic, Gompertz, and Von Bertalanffy models, respectively. The weight of YS, and ether extract-free YS as well as the amounts of fat and fatty acids in YS decreased (P < 0.05) linearly, whereas the villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth, and musculature thickness in jejunum increased (P < 0.05) linearly during embryogenesis. The mRNA expression of CD36, SLC27A4, and FABP1 related to fatty acid uptake as well as the mRNA and protein expressions of PPARα and CPT1 related to fatty acid oxidation increased in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05) in both YS and jejunum, and the maximum values were achieved during E25 to E28. In conclusion, the maximum growth rate of Muscovy duck embryos was estimated at 2.60 to 2.83 g/d on E21.3 to E23.5, while the accumulations of lipid and fatty acid in YS were decreased in association with the increased absorptive area of morphological structures in jejunum. The gene and protein expression involved in fatty acid metabolism displayed a similar enhancement pattern between YSM and jejunum during E25 to E28, suggesting that fatty acid utilization could be strengthened to meet the energy demand for embryonic development.
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Patos , Desarrollo Embrionario , Ácidos Grasos , Yeyuno , Oxidación-Reducción , Saco Vitelino , Animales , Patos/embriología , Patos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Patos/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Saco Vitelino/metabolismo , FemeninoRESUMEN
The alterations of the intestinal proteome were observed in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) piglets during early life by gel-based approaches. Nevertheless, how IUGR affects the intestinal membrane proteome during neonatal development remains unclear. Here, we applied the iTRAQ-based proteomics technology and biochemical analysis to investigate the impact of IUGR on the membrane proteome of the jejunal mucosa in the piglets. Three hundred sixty-one membrane proteins were screened by functional prediction. Among them, eight, five, and one differentially expressed membrane proteins were identified between IUGR and NBW piglets at day 0, day 7, and day 21 after birth, respectively. Differentially expressed membrane proteins (DEMPs) including F1SBL3, F1RRW8, F1S539, F1S2Z2, F1RIR2, F1RUF2 I3LP60, Q2EN79, and F1SIH8 were reduced while the relative abundance of I3L6A2, F1SCJ1, F1RI18, I3LRJ7, and F1RNN0 were increased in IUGR piglets than NBW piglets. From the aspects of function, F1RRW8, F1S539, F1S2Z2, and F1RIR2 are mainly associated with D2 dopamine receptor binding, transmembrane transport of small molecules, signal transduction, and translocation of GLUT4, respectively, and F1SIH8, I3LRJ7, and F1RNN0 are related to autophagy, metabolism of vitamins, and intracellular protein transport. Additionally, IUGR decreased the level of proteins (F1RRW8, Q2EN79, and F1RI18) that are involved in response to oxidative stress.
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Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/patología , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteoma/análisis , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso al Nacer , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Espectrometría de Masas , Estrés Oxidativo , Embarazo , Preñez , Proteómica , PorcinosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Reversed rotation of the midgut is the rarest variation of midgut malrotations, which are congenital disorders that result from aberrant rotation and fixation of the midgut during embryological development. Common complications of these disorders are small bowel obstruction by volvulus or peritoneal bands, usually occurring in early infancy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 23-year-old Caucasian woman presented with recurrent abdominal pain. A contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography study revealed a novel variant of reversed rotation of the midgut. Besides the specific finding of a retro-arterial transverse colon, we also found the proximal jejunum to cross posterior to the mesenteric root, a variation that has not been reported in the literature so far. In this case, substantial symptomatic relief was achieved with conservative management. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis of a double reversed rotation of the pre-arterial segment of the umbilical loop around the superior mesenteric artery axis provides a possible explanation for this anomaly. There is no evidence-based consensus on the management of patients presenting with non-symptomatic or mildly symptomatic intestinal malrotations. In this case, radiologic and clinical presentations excluded acute small bowel obstruction, and surgical intervention was avoided.
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Dolor Abdominal/etiología , Colon Transverso/diagnóstico por imagen , Anomalías del Sistema Digestivo/diagnóstico por imagen , Vólvulo Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Yeyuno/diagnóstico por imagen , Dolor Abdominal/terapia , Colon Transverso/anomalías , Colon Transverso/enzimología , Anomalías del Sistema Digestivo/complicaciones , Anomalías del Sistema Digestivo/embriología , Femenino , Humanos , Vólvulo Intestinal/congénito , Yeyuno/anomalías , Yeyuno/embriología , Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector , Recurrencia , Rotación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) may elicit a series of postnatal body developmental and metabolic diseases due to their impaired growth and development in the mammalian embryo/fetus during pregnancy. In the present study, we hypothesized that IUGR may lead to abnormally regulated DNA methylation in the intestine, causing intestinal dysfunctions. We applied reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) technology to study the jejunum tissues from four newborn IUGR piglets and their normal body weight (NBW) littermates. The results revealed extensively regional DNA methylation changes between IUGR/NBW pairs from different gilts, affecting dozens of genes. Hiseq-based bisulfite sequencing PCR (Hiseq-BSP) was used for validations of 19 genes with epigenetic abnormality, confirming three genes (AIFM1, MTMR1, and TWIST2) in extra samples. Furthermore, integrated analysis of these 19 genes with proteome data indicated that there were three main genes (BCAP31, IRAK1, and AIFM1) interacting with important immunity- or metabolism-related proteins, which could explain the potential intestinal dysfunctions of IUGR piglets. We conclude that IUGR can lead to disparate DNA methylation in the intestine and these changes may affect several important biological processes such as cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, and immunity, which provides more clues linking IUGR and its long-term complications.
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Metilación de ADN , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/metabolismo , Yeyuno/embriología , Animales , Femenino , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/patología , Yeyuno/patología , Embarazo , Sus scrofaRESUMEN
An ex vivo experimental strategy that replicates in vivo intestinal development would in theory provide an accessible setting with which to study normal and dysmorphic gut biology. The current authors recently described a system in which mouse embryonic jejunal segments were explanted onto semipermeable platforms and fed with chemically defined serum-free media. Over 3 days in organ culture, explants formed villi and they began to undergo spontaneous peristalsis. As defined in the current study, the wall of the explanted gut failed to form a robust longitudinal smooth muscle (SM) layer as it would do in vivo over the same time period. Given the role of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1) in SM differentiation in other organs, it was hypothesized that exogenous TGFß1 would enhance SM differentiation in these explants. In vivo, TGFß receptors I and II were both detected in embryonic longitudinal jejunal SM cells and, in organ culture, exogenous TGFß1 induced robust differentiation of longitudinal SM. Microarray profiling showed that TGFß1 increased SM specific transcripts in a dose dependent manner. TGFß1 proteins were detected in amniotic fluid at a time when the intestine was physiologically herniated. By analogy with the requirement for exogenous TGFß1 for SM differentiation in organ culture, the TGFß1 protein that was demonstrated to be present in the amniotic fluid may enhance intestinal development when it is physiologically herniated in early gestation. Future studies of embryonic intestinal cultures should include TGFß1 in the defined media to produce a more faithful model of in vivo muscle differentiation. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/embriología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/citología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión de Mamíferos/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratones , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMEN
An important characteristic of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate is the impaired intestinal barrier function. With the use of a pig model, this study was conducted to identify the responsible microRNA (miRNA) for the intestinal damage in IUGR neonates through comparing the miRNA profile of IUGR and normal porcine neonates and to investigate the regulation mechanism. Compared with the normal ones, we identified 83 upregulated and 76 downregulated miRNAs in the jejunum of IUGR pigs. Notably, IUGR is associated with profoundly increasesd miR-29 family and decreased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and tight junction (TJ) proteins in the jejunum. Furthermore, in vitro study using theporcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-1) showed that inhibition of miR-29a expression could improve the monolayer integrity by increasing cell proliferation and transepithelial resistance. Also, overexpression/inhibition of miR-29a in IPEC-1 cells can suppress/increase the expression of integrin-ß1, collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and claudin 1, both at transcriptional and translational levels. Subsequent luciferase reporter assay confirmed a direct interaction between miR-29a and the 3'-untranslated regions of these genes. In conclusion, this study reveals that IUGR-impaired intestinal barrier function is associated with downregulated ECM and TJ protein expression mediated by the upregulation of miR-29a.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) remains a major problem for both human health and animal production due to its association with high rates of preweaning morbidity and mortality. We have identified the abnormal expression of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in the small intestine of IUGR neonates, as well as its targets and mechanisms. These results provide new information about biological characteristics of IUGR-affected intestinal dysfunction and can lead to the development of potentially solution for preventing and treating IUGR in the future.
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Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/metabolismo , Absorción Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Animales , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/embriología , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/patología , MicroARNs/metabolismo , PorcinosRESUMEN
Although gut flexures characterize gut morphology, the mechanisms underlying flexure formation remain obscure. Previously, we analyzed the mouse duodenojejunal flexure (DJF) as a model for its formation and reported asymmetric morphologies between the inner and outer bending sides of the fetal mouse DJF, implying their contribution to DJF formation. We now present the extracellular matrix (ECM) as an important factor for gut morphogenesis. We investigate ECM distribution during mouse DJF formation by histological techniques. In the intercellular space of the gut wall, high Alcian-Blue positivity for proteoglycans shifted from the outer to the inner side of the gut wall during DJF formation. Immunopositivity for fibronectin, collagen I, or pan-tenascin was higher at the inner than at the outer side. Collagen IV and laminins localized to the epithelial basement membrane. Beneath the mesothelium at the pre-formation stage, collagen IV and laminin immunopositivity showed inverse results, corresponding to the different cellular characteristics at this site. At the post-formation stage, however, laminin positivity beneath the mesothelium was the reverse of that observed during the pre-formation stage. High immunopositivity for collagen IV and laminins at the inner gut wall mesenchyme of the post-formation DJF implied a different blood vessel distribution. We conclude that ECM distribution changes spatiotemporally during mouse DJF formation, indicating ECM association with the establishment of asymmetric morphologies during this process.
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Duodeno/embriología , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Yeyuno/embriología , Morfogénesis , Animales , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Duodeno/metabolismo , Femenino , Fibronectinas , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Laminina/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Biológicos , Proteoglicanos/metabolismo , Tenascina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine through a variety of transporter proteins, which have not been as well characterized in turkeys as in chickens. The objective of this study was to profile the mRNA expression of amino acid and monosaccharide transporters in the small intestine of male and female turkeys. Jejunum was collected during embryonic development (embryonic d 21 and 24, and d of hatch (DOH)) and duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected in a separate experiment during posthatch development (DOH, d 7, 14, 21, and 28). Real-time PCR was used to determine expression of aminopeptidase N (APN), one peptide (PepT1), 6 amino acid (ASCT1, b(o,+)AT, CAT1, EAAT3, LAT1, y(+)LAT2) and 3 monosaccharide (GLUT2, GLUT5, SGLT1) transporters. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using JMP Pro 11.0. APN, b(o,+)AT, PepT1, y(+)LAT2, GLUT5, and SGLT1 showed increased expression from embryonic d 21 and 24 to DOH. During posthatch, all genes except GLUT2 and SGLT1 were expressed greater in females than males. GLUT2 was expressed the same in males as females and SGLT1 was expressed greater in males than females. All basolateral membrane transporters were expressed greater during early development then decreased with age, while the brush border membrane transporters EAAT3, GLUT5, and SGLT1 showed increased expression later in development. Because turkeys showed high-level expression of the anionic amino acid transporter EAAT3, a direct comparison of tissue-specific expression of EAAT3 between chicken and turkey was conducted. The anionic amino acid transporter EAAT3 showed 6-fold greater expression in the ileum of turkeys at d 14 compared to chickens. This new knowledge can be used not only to better formulate turkey diets to accommodate increased glutamate transport, but also to optimize nutrition for both sexes.
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Duodeno/metabolismo , Íleon/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/genética , Pavos/metabolismo , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Duodeno/enzimología , Duodeno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Femenino , Íleon/enzimología , Íleon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/enzimología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Pavos/embriología , Pavos/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The asymmetric shape of component cells determines the asymmetric features of developing organs. Here, we focused on the murine duodenojejunal flexure (DJF), which bends without affecting the mesentery, and analyzed the morphological asymmetries of the mucosal epithelium and gut wall cells between the inner and outer bending sides at embryonic days 10.75-11.75. In the mucosal epithelium, the cell shape and the expression of epithelial markers (Cdx2, E-cadherin) showed no differences between the two DJF sides. In contrast, the gut wall cells comprising the inner and outer sides of the DJF were elongated along the inner-outer axis and perpendicular to this axis, respectively. Furthermore, the gut wall cells in the outer side possessed cytoplasmic processes connecting cells via adherens junctions, but those in the inner side were attached via adherens junctions of juxtaposed cell bodies and were relatively more crowded. In immunohistochemistry experiments, there was no remarkable difference in the positive reactions of markers for mesenchyme (vimentin), smooth muscle cells (αSMA), endothelial cells (LYVE-1, CD34), and undifferentiated neurons (Sox10) between the DJF sides. Interestingly, Tuj1-positive cells, indicating differentiated neurons, were observed in the middle layer of the gut wall, and these cells were significantly more abundant and tended to be larger in the inner side than in the outer side of the DJF. In conclusion, we clarified the asymmetries of gut wall cell morphology and neural differentiation between the inner and outer sides of the DJF. These characteristics of the developing murine DJF indicate its asymmetric formation.
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Antígenos de Diferenciación/metabolismo , Duodeno/citología , Duodeno/embriología , Yeyuno/citología , Yeyuno/embriología , Animales , Células Endoteliales/citología , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Mucosa Intestinal/embriología , Ratones , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/citología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The accuracy of prenatal ultrasound examination in detecting jejunal and ileal atresia has been reported in the literature to be highly variable, at 25-90%. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in detecting non-duodenal small bowel atresia (ND-SBA). METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library, including The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), were searched electronically. The overall detection rate of jejunal or ileal atresia using ultrasound was reported. The accuracy of using polyhydramnios and dilated loops of bowel as diagnostic signs was also explored. RESULTS: Sixteen studies involving 640 fetuses were included in this review. The detection rate of ND-SBA by prenatal ultrasound was highly variable, with values ranging from 10 to 100%, with an overall prediction of 50.6% (95% CI, 38.0-63.2%). When analyzed separately, the detection rates of jejunal and ileal atresia were 66.3%, (95% CI, 33.9-91.8%) and 25.9% (95% CI, 4.0-58.0%), respectively. Both dilated loops of bowel and polyhydramnios as diagnostic signs for ND-SBA provided a low overall detection rate. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic performance of prenatal ultrasound in identifying ND-SBA is extremely variable. Large studies are needed in order to identify objective and combined criteria for the diagnosis of these anomalies.
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Íleon/diagnóstico por imagen , Atresia Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Intestino Delgado/anomalías , Yeyuno/diagnóstico por imagen , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Femenino , Humanos , Íleon/embriología , Recién Nacido , Atresia Intestinal/embriología , Atresia Intestinal/patología , Intestino Delgado/diagnóstico por imagen , Intestino Delgado/embriología , Intestino Delgado/patología , Yeyuno/embriología , Embarazo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from the enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs), and many molecules and biochemical processes may be involved in its development. This study examined the effects of modulating embryonic nitric oxide (NO) activity on the intestinal motility induced by ENS. One-hundred-and-twenty fertilized chicken eggs were assigned to three main groups and incubated at 37 degrees Centigrade and 60 percent humidity. The eggs were treated with NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-arginine (L-Arg) or vehicle from days 3 (1st group), 7 (2nd group) and 10 (3rd group) of incubation and continued up to day 18. On day 19, the embryos were sacrificed, the jejunal and colorectal segments were taken and the intestinal motility was assessed using isolated organ system. The intestinal motility was recorded normally and following cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) stimulations. The ENS structure was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Rhythmic intestinal contractions were seen in all treatment groups, but inhibition of NO in the LNAME- treated embryos caused significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in the frequency and amplitude of the contraction. The responsiveness to adrenergic, cholinergic and NANC stimulations was also significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). The GFAP expression was significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced in the L-NAME-treated embryos. This study showed that the inhibition of NO caused a deficient development of the ENS, leading to a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the intestinal contractions and reduced the responsiveness to adrenergic, cholinergic and NANC signalling.
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Sistema Nervioso Entérico/efectos de los fármacos , Motilidad Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Animales , Arginina/farmacología , Embrión de Pollo , Sistema Nervioso Entérico/embriología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/embriología , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/embriología , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacología , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Transmisión SinápticaRESUMEN
The mammalian gut undergoes morphological changes during development. We studied the developing mouse duodenojejunal flexure (DJF) to elucidate the mechanism of formation. During embryonic days 10.75-13.75, DJF formation was morphologically classified into three stages: the expansion stage, flexure formation stage, and flexure elongation stage. From the expansion to the flexure formation stages, the DJF wall showed asymmetric morphology and proliferation along the left-right intestinal axis. From the flexure formation to the flexure elongation stage, the DJF started to bend dorsally with counterclockwise rotation along the antero-caudal intestinal axis, indicating that the original right side of the duodenum was rotated towards the dorsal body wall during development of the DJF. The direction of attachment of the dorsal mesentery to the DJF did not correspond to the bending direction of the DJF during flexure formation, and this finding indicated that the dorsal mesentery contributed very little to DJF formation. During DJF formation, Aldh1a2 and hedgehog mRNAs were detected at the DJF, and their expression levels differed along the bending axis. In conclusion, DJF formation might be triggered by asymmetric morphology and proliferation along the left-right intestinal axis under the control of retinoic acid and hedgehog signaling.
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Duodeno/embriología , Yeyuno/embriología , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Duodeno/citología , Duodeno/fisiología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Yeyuno/citología , Yeyuno/fisiología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Anatómicos , Modelos Animales , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Understanding gut development may illuminate the adaptive response to massive small-bowel resection and facilitate enteral nutrition. We reported that Schlafen-3 (Slfn3) mediates differentiation in vitro in rat intestinal epithelial. We hypothesized that Slfn3 is involved in intestinal development in vivo. METHODS: We removed fetal intestines, liver, and lungs on day 20 of gestation, at birth, and on postnatal days 1 and 5. Expression of Slfn3, markers of intestinal differentiation, and Slfn5, to address specificity, were determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Villin expression increased on days 1 and 5 (8.7 ± .6 and 5.4 ± .4, respectively; P < .01). Intestinal Slfn3 expression was increased substantially after birth (2.1- ± .5-fold) and on days 1 and 5 (P < .02). Slfn3 was higher after birth in liver and lung but decreased sharply thereafter. Slfn5 expression was mostly unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the developmental/maturation effects we observed correlate with Slfn3 but not Slfn5 and are more relevant to the intestines. A better understanding of how Slfn3 promotes intestinal differentiation could help promote intestinal maturation, improving outcomes in children or adults with short-gut syndrome.
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Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Dipeptidil Peptidasa 4/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/embriología , Mucosa Intestinal/crecimiento & desarrollo , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hígado/embriología , Hígado/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hígado/metabolismo , Pulmón/embriología , Pulmón/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaAsunto(s)
Duodeno/diagnóstico por imagen , Urgencias Médicas , Fluoroscopía , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/etiología , Vólvulo Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Yeyuno/diagnóstico por imagen , Mesenterio/anomalías , Bilis , Duodeno/embriología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Seudoobstrucción Intestinal/cirugía , Vólvulo Intestinal/congénito , Vólvulo Intestinal/cirugía , Yeyuno/embriología , Mesenterio/diagnóstico por imagen , Mesenterio/embriología , Vómitos/etiologíaRESUMEN
The potential for growth and feed efficiency in turkey poults directly correlates with the early development of the intestinal epithelium. Although the metabolic aspects of enteric maturation have been studied, little is known about the ultrastructural development of the enteric epithelium in the turkey embryo and poult. Hence, the objective of this study was to document the morphological and ultrastructural development of the jejunum mucosa in turkeys, from 15 d of incubation (embryonic day; E) to 12 d posthatch. Intestinal samples from 4 embryos or poults were collected and analyzed by light and electron microscopy (transmission and scanning). In addition, amniotic fluid volume was determined in 6 eggs from E15 to E25. Longitudinal previllus ridges at E15 gradually formed zigzag patterns that led to the formation of 2 parallel lines of mature villi by E25. The volume of amniotic fluid was rapidly depleted as the embryo swallowed it between E19 and E25. During this period, a major increase occurs in villus height, the apical end of epithelial cells is gradually tightened by the junctional complex, and mature goblet cells are visible at the apical end of villi. Villus height steadily increases until reaching a plateau at 8 d. Villi morphology shifts gradually from finger-like projections before hatch to leaf-like projections by 12 d. At this age, the enteric epithelium is in intimate association with microbes such as segmented filamentous bacteria. The profound morphological adaptations of the turkey gut epithelium in response to amniotic fluid swallowing before hatch, and dietary factors and bacteria after hatch, demonstrate the plasticity of the enteric epithelium at this time. Hence, the supplementation of enteric modulators before hatch (in ovo feeding) and after hatch has the potential to shape gut maturation and enhance the growth performance of turkey poults.
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Mucosa Intestinal/fisiología , Yeyuno/fisiología , Pavos/embriología , Animales , Embrión no Mamífero/fisiología , Embrión no Mamífero/ultraestructura , Células Caliciformes/citología , Células Caliciformes/ultraestructura , Histocitoquímica/veterinaria , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Mucosa Intestinal/embriología , Mucosa Intestinal/ultraestructura , Yeyuno/citología , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/veterinaria , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/veterinariaRESUMEN
Disabled-2 (Dab2) is an intracellular adaptor protein proposed to function in endocytosis. Here, we investigate the intestinal and renal Dab2 expression versus maturation. Dab2 mRNA levels measured by RT-PCR are greater in the small than in the large intestine. Immunological studies localize Dab2 to the terminal web domain of the enterocytes and reveal the presence of a 96-kDa Dab2 isoform in the apical membrane of the jejunum, ileum, and renal cortex of the suckling and adult rat. A 69-kDa Dab2 isoform is only observed in the apical membranes of the suckling ileum. During the suckling period, the Dab2 mRNA levels measured in the enterocytes and crypts and those of the 96-kDa Dab2 isoform are greater in the ileum than in the jejunum. No segmental differences are observed in the adult intestine. In the intestine, the levels of Dab2 mRNA and those of the 96-kDa Dab2 isoform decrease to adult values at weaning, whereas in the kidney they increase with development. Weaning the pups on a commercial milk diet slows the periweaning decline in the levels of Dab2 mRNA in the crypts and of those of the 96-kDa isoform. This is the first report showing that the 96-kDa Dab2 isoform is expressed at the apical domain of rat small intestine, that ontogeny regulates Dab2 gene expression in intestine and kidney and that retarding weaning affects intestinal Dab2 gene expression.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras del Transporte Vesicular/genética , Epitelio/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Intestino Grueso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Riñón/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Adaptadoras del Transporte Vesicular/metabolismo , Animales , Epitelio/embriología , Epitelio/metabolismo , Íleon/embriología , Íleon/crecimiento & desarrollo , Íleon/metabolismo , Intestino Grueso/embriología , Intestino Grueso/metabolismo , Yeyuno/embriología , Yeyuno/crecimiento & desarrollo , Yeyuno/metabolismo , Riñón/embriología , Riñón/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
The objectives were to evaluate effects of maternal nutrient restriction and stage of gestation on maternal and fetal visceral organ mass and indices of jejunal growth and vascularity in beef cows. Thirty multiparous beef cows (BW = 571 +/- 63 kg; BCS = 5.4 +/- 0.7) carrying female fetuses (d 30 of gestation) were allocated to receive a diet of native grass hay (CON; 12.1% CP, 70.7% IVDMD, DM basis) to meet NRC recommendations for BW gain during early gestation or a nutrient-restricted diet of millet straw (NR; 9.9% CP, 54.5% IVDMD, DM basis) to provide 68.1% of NE(m) and 86.7% of MP estimated requirements. On d 125 of gestation, 10 CON and 10 NR cows were killed and necropsied. Five remaining CON cows received the CON diet, and 5 NR cows were realimented with a concentrate supplement (13.2% CP, 77.6% IVDMD, DM basis) and the CON hay to achieve a BCS similar to CON cows by d 220 of gestation. Remaining cows were necropsied on d 245 of gestation. Cow BW and eviscerated BW (EBW) were less (P < 0.01) for NR than CON at d 125 but did not differ (P > 0.63) at d 245. Cows fed the CON diet had greater (P < 0.09) total gastrointestinal (GI) tract, omasal, and pancreatic weights. Stomach complex, ruminal, and liver weights were greater for CON than NR cows (P < 0.09) on d 125. Total GI, stomach complex, and pancreatic weights increased (P < 0.001) with day of gestation. Restricted cows had decreased (P = 0.09) duodenal RNA:DNA compared with CON. Duodenal DNA was less (P = 0.01) and jejunal RNA:DNA (P = 0.09) was greater for cows at d 125 vs. 245. Cow jejunal capillary area density increased with day of gestation (P = 0.02). Fetal BW and EBW were unaffected by dietary treatment (P > or = 0.32). Total GI tract and all components increased in mass with day of gestation (P < 0.001). Fetuses from NR dams had greater (P = 0.003) reticular mass at d 245 than CON fetuses. Fetuses from NR cows had greater (P = 0.02) percent jejunal proliferation at d 125 and greater (P = 0.03) total intestinal vascularity (mL) at d 245. Fetal jejunal DNA decreased (P = 0.09), RNA:DNA increased (P = 0.05), and total jejunal proliferating cells increased (P < 0.001) with day of gestation. Jejunal capillary area density, number density, and surface density were greater (P < 0.008) during late gestation. Results indicate that maternal and fetal intestines undergo changes during gestation, which can be affected by nutrient restriction and may partially explain differences observed in fetal development and postnatal performance.
Asunto(s)
Yeyuno/embriología , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos/fisiología , Vísceras/embriología , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Desarrollo Fetal , Privación de Alimentos/fisiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/anatomía & histología , Edad Gestacional , Intestinos/irrigación sanguínea , Intestinos/embriología , Yeyuno/irrigación sanguínea , Omaso/anatomía & histología , Tamaño de los Órganos/fisiología , Páncreas/anatomía & histología , Embarazo , Vísceras/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of maternal dietary restriction and Se supply on angiogenic factor mRNA expression in intestinal and mammary tissues, and jejunal crypt cell proliferation and vascularity in late-term fetal intestines. In Exp. 1, pregnant ewe lambs (n = 32; initial BW = 45.6 +/- 2.3 kg) were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments (initiated d 50 +/- 5 of gestation) were control (3.5 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1)), Se-wheat (75 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1)), selenate (Se3; providing 75 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1)), selenate (Se15; providing 375 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1)). Diets (DM basis) were similar in CP (15.5%) and ME (2.68 Mcal/kg). In Exp. 2, pregnant ewe lambs (n = 36; initial BW 53.8 +/- 1.3 kg) were allotted randomly to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were nutrition (control, 100% of requirements vs. restricted nutrition, 60% of controls) and dietary Se (adequate Se; 6 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1) vs. high Se; 80 microg of Se.kg of BW(-1).d(-1)). Selenium treatments were initiated 21 d before breeding, and nutritional treatments were initiated on d 64 of gestation. Diets (DM basis) were 16% CP and 2.12 Mcal/kg of ME. In Exp. 1, Se15 increased (P = 0.07) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression, whereas Se supplementation decreased (P = 0.06) kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) mRNA in maternal mucosal scrape on d 134 of gestation. Expression of VEGF mRNA was decreased by Se (P = 0.10) in fetal jejunum. In mammary tissue, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 and KDR mRNA were greater in Se-wheat compared with Se3, and KDR expression was increased (P = 0.10) in Se15 compared with Se3. In Exp. 2, dietary restriction increased (P < or = 0.07) expression of mRNA for VEGF, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, KDR, neuropilin 1, neuropilin 2, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit in mucosal scrapes from maternal jejunum. In fetal jejunum, soluble guanylate cyclase, was decreased (P = 0.01) by maternal dietary restriction from d 64 to 135 of gestation. Total microvascularity in fetal jejunum was reduced (P = 0.002) by maternal dietary restriction. Mammary gland expression of VEGF, neuropilin 1, angiopoietin receptor (endothelial tyrosine kinase), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 increased (P < or = 0.09), whereas angiopoietin 1 decreased (P = 0.05) due to nutrient restriction. Data indicate that expression of angiogenic factors and receptors in maternal intestine, mammary gland, and fetal jejunum are responsive to maternal nutrition and likely explain observed changes in tissue vascularity.
Asunto(s)
Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/embriología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/farmacología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/biosíntesis , Angiopoyetina 1/análisis , Angiopoyetina 1/biosíntesis , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Femenino , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/química , Yeyuno/química , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/química , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Neuropilina-1/análisis , Neuropilina-1/biosíntesis , Neuropilina-2/análisis , Neuropilina-2/biosíntesis , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Selenio/deficiencia , Ovinos , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/análisis , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/análisis , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Efficiency of nutrient utilization is reduced in neonates with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) compared with those with a normal birth weight (NBW). However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we applied temporal proteomic approach, coupled with histological and biochemical analyses, to study dynamic changes of the proteome in the small intestinal mucosa of IUGR piglets during the nursing period (Days 1, 7 and 21). We identified 56 differentially expressed protein spots between IUGR and NBW piglets. These proteins participate in key biological processes, including (1) absorption, digestion and transport of nutrients; (2) cell structure and motility; (3) glucose and energy metabolism; (4) lipid metabolism; (5) amino acid metabolism; (6) mineral and vitamin metabolism; (7) cellular redox homeostasis; (8) stress response; and (9) apoptosis. The results of our temporal proteomics analysis reveal continuous impairment of intestinal development in neonatal piglets with IUGR. The findings have important implications for understanding metabolic defects in the small intestine of IUGR neonates and are expected to provide new strategies to improve their survival and growth.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos , Retardo del Crecimiento Fetal/fisiopatología , Yeyuno/embriología , Proteoma , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis , Metabolismo Energético , Homeostasis , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Espectrometría de Masas , Minerales/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Porcinos , Vitaminas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Jejunal development occurs in a spatio-temporal pattern and is characterized by morphological and functional changes. To investigate jejunal development at the transcriptomic level, we performed microarray studies in 1-21-day-old chickens. Nine gene clusters were identified, each with a specific gene expression pattern. Subsequently, groups of genes with similar functions could be identified. Genes involved in morphological and functional development were highly expressed immediately after hatch with declining expression patterns afterwards. Immunological development can be roughly divided based on expression patterns into three processes over time; first innate response and immigration of immune cells, secondly differentiation and specialization, and thirdly maturation and immune regulation. We conclude that specific gene expression patterns coincide with the immunological, morphological, and functional development as measured by other methods. Our data show that transcriptomic approaches provide more detailed information on the biological processes underlying jejunal development.