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1.
Transpl Infect Dis ; 13(6): 598-607, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21535336

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Information concerning the risk factors and outcome of late infection (LI) after solid organ transplantation (SOT) still remains scarce. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed all patients undergoing SOT from July 2003 to March 2008, who survived the first 6 months after surgery and with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Risk factors associated with the development of bacterial and cytomegalovirus (CMV) LI and survival were identified. RESULTS: Overall, 942 SOT recipients (491 kidney, 280 liver, 65 heart, and 106 double transplants) were included. During the study period 147 patients (15.6%) developed 276 episodes of LI (incidence rate, 0.43 per 1000 transplantation-days). Bacteria were the most prevalent etiology (88.0%). Primary sources of infection included urinary tract (36.9%), intra-abdominal (16.7%), and sepsis without source (13.4%). Independent risk factors for late bacterial infection were: age (hazard ratio [HR] [per year] 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1,0), female gender (HR 1.7; 95%CI: 1.1-2.6), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive serostatus (HR 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-3.0), chronic allograft dysfunction (HR 3.2; 95%CI: 1.7-6.1), early CMV disease (HR 2.2; 95%CI 1.2-4.1), and early bacterial infection (HR 2.5; 95%CI 1.6-3.8). The occurrence of chronic allograft dysfunction was an independent risk factor for late CMV disease (HR 6.5; 95%CI: 1.7-24.6), whereas immunosuppression based on mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors protected against the development of late CMV disease (HR 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-1.0). Cox model selected anti-HCV positive serostatus (adjusted HR [aHR] 2.67; 95%CI: 1.27-5.59), age (aHR [per year] 1.06; 95%CI: 1.02-1.10), and the occurrence of LI (aHR 9.12; 95%CI: 3.90-21.33) as independent factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: LI did not constitute an uncommon complication in our cohort, and patients at risk may benefit from close clinical monitoring.


Assuntos
Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Infecções Oportunistas/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas/epidemiologia , Transplante de Órgãos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Citomegalovirus , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Micoses/complicações , Micoses/epidemiologia , Doenças Parasitárias/complicações , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , Viroses/complicações , Viroses/epidemiologia
2.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin ; 29 Suppl 6: 24-7, 2011 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22541918

RESUMO

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) resistance to antiviral drugs is an emerging problem and is due to selection of mutations in the viral genome. Although ganciclovir resistance is the most common and widely studied, there is resistance to all antiviral agents. Risk factors for the development of resistance are the absence of preexisting immunity to CMV, lung and pancreas transplantation, high viral loads, intense concomitant immunosuppressive therapy and prolonged exposure to ganciclovir or suboptimal levels of this drug. Antiviral resistance should be suspected when, despite adequate treatment exposure for 2 weeks, an increase in viral load, or persistence or clinical progression of CMV disease are detected. However, failure to respond cannot always be attributed to antiviral resistance nor does resistance always lead to poor clinical outcome. When resistance is suspected, phenotypic and genotypic confirmation is required. The most common mutations are those in the UL97 gene, which confers ganciclovir resistance. However, foscarnet and cidofovir can be used. The UL54 mutation is not uncommon, whether alone or in combination with UL97 mutations. The combination of UL54 and UL97 mutations is associated with high-grade and multiple resistance. Early detection of resistance is essential to prevent unfavorable outcome and the development of multi-drug resistance. In patients with a slow response to treatment and without mutations associated with resistance, plasma ganciclovir levels and specific CMV immunity should be investigated.


Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Viral , Humanos
3.
Eur Respir J ; 20(5): 1254-62, 2002 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12449182

RESUMO

Despite comprehensive diagnostic work-up, the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains undetermined in 30-60% of cases. The authors studied factors associated with undiagnosed pneumonia. Patients hospitalised with CAP and being evaluated by two blood cultures, at least one valid lower respiratory tract sample, and serology on admission were prospectively recorded. Patients who had received antimicrobial pretreatment were excluded. Patients with definite or probable aetiology were compared to those with undetermined aetiology by uni- and multivariable analysis. A total 204 patients were eligible for the study. The aetiology remained undetermined in 82 (40%) patients, whereas a definite aetiology could be established in 89 (44%) and a probable one in 33 (16%). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with undetermined aetiology included age >70 yrs, renal and cardiac comorbidity, and nonalveolar infiltrates on the chest radiograph. There was no association of undiagnosed pneumonia with mortality. Age and host factors were associated with unknown aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Some of these cases may also represent fluid volume overload mimicking pneumonia.


Assuntos
Pneumonia Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/etiologia , Idoso , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
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