Outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy in the management and diagnosis of patients with infectious, non-infectious, and unidentified uveitis.

PURPOSE: To present the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients with infectious, non-infectious, and unidentified uveitis, focusing on visual and clinical outcomes, diagnostic yield, and surgery-related complications. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center study included patients who underwent 23-gauge PPV for the management of uveitis and had at least 6 months of follow-up. Patients were divided into infectious, non-infectious, and unidentified uveitis groups based on definitive diagnosis after surgery. Etiologies of uveitis, indications for surgery, diagnostic yield, visual outcomes, presence of cystoid macular edema (CME), immunosuppressive drugs, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and repeated vitrectomies were reviewed. RESULTS: This study included 62 eyes of 54 patients. Twenty eyes were diagnosed with infectious uveitis, 24 eyes with non-infectious uveitis, and 18 eyes with unidentified uveitis. The diagnostic yield of vitrectomy was 41.7%. Mean BCVA significantly improved at postoperative 1 month compared to baseline and remained stable at following time-points in all groups. The most common early postoperative complication was increased intraocular pressure (17%), and late complication was cataract (36%). Nine eyes underwent re-vitrectomy and the most common cause was retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). CONCLUSION: PPV seems to be effective in diagnosing cases of unknown origin, improving visual acuity, and reducing the need for systemic immunosuppressive drugs. PVR is the most serious complication with poor prognosis that requires repeated surgery in patients with uveitis.

Efficacy, retention rate and safety of adalimumab treatment in patients with non-infectious uveitis and scleritis: a real-world, retrospective, single-centre study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes of adalimumab (ADA) treatment of patients with non-infectious uveitis and scleritis, focusing on efficacy, retention rate, and safety. METHODS: This retrospective, clinical cohort study included 62 patients (104 eyes) with active ocular inflammation treated with ADA. Primary outcomes were efficacy and cumulative drug retention rate (DRR) of ADA. The secondary outcomes included changes in ocular inflammatory parameters, changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT), corticosteroid-sparing effect, impact of concomitant use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) and ADA as first or ≥2nd biotherapy line on DRR, and adverse events. RESULTS: Forty-five patients (72.6%) achieved inactive disease at the end of follow-up. DRR at 6, 12, 24, and 48 months was 96.8%, 89.2%, 63.1%, and 63.1%, respectively. Of the 18 patients whose bi-weekly ADA treatment was escalated to weekly ADA due to primary or secondary inefficacy, 10 patients had inactive disease finally. BCVA improved (p < 0.001) and CMT decreased (p < 0.001) significantly at 6, 12, and 24 months after ADA therapy compared to baseline. Percentage of patients treated with ≥10 mg/day corticosteroid (61.3% vs. 6.4%) and DMARDs combined with ADA (46.8% vs. 37.1%) were lower at 6 months than at baseline. Concomitant DMARDs (p = 0.579) and use of ADA as first or ≥2nd biotherapy line (p = 0.527) had no significant effect on DRR. Most common adverse event was tuberculosis-related infections. CONCLUSIONS: ADA seems to be effective and safe with good DRR to control ocular inflammation. Escalation to weekly ADA treatment may be an effective option in patients with primary or secondary inefficacy.

Granulomatous anterior uveitis following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.

A 23-year-old patient presented with complaints of redness, pain, photophobia, and blurred vision in the right eye 15 days after she received the third dose of BNT162b2 vaccination. Ocular examination revealed 2+ cellular reactions in the anterior chamber and mutton fat keratic precipitate with no vitritis or retinal alterations. Active uveitis findings regressed with corticosteroid and cycloplegic eye drops. We present a case of unilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis following the BNT162b2 vaccination, with no etiologic factor in uveitis work-up and no previous history of uveitis before vaccination. This report demonstrates a potential causal association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine with granulomatous anterior uveitis.

Intestinal perforation after intravitreal low dose ranibizumab injection for the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity: A case report.

PURPOSE: To report a newborn patient with gastrointestinal (GIS) perforation after intravitreal ranibizumab (RBZ) treatment. CASE REPORT: The patient was born at 31 gestational week and hospitalized with the diagnosis of small for gestational age and prematurity. In the follow up he underwent GIS surgery due to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and was diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). At 43 weeks of postmenstrual age, he developed intestinal perforation after 12 h of the second low-dose RBZ injection. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of GIS perforation due to low-dose intravitreal RBZ treatment in an infant with severe ROP. CONCLUSION: The risk of GIS perforation should be taken into consideration during the application of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist agents, especially in newborns with previous GIS surgery and a history of NEC, and these patients should be carefully monitored for GIS complications.

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Presenting with Macular Necrotizing Retinitis: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: To report the fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) presenting merely with ocular symptoms. CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old patient presented with sudden loss of vision in the left eye (LE). Fundus photograph showed a yellow lesion in the macula and SD-OCT showed increased reflectivity of the inner retinal layers. Disorganization of the necrotizing retinal layers in the LE gradually progressed to the atrophic retina. Then, visual complaints began in the right eye (RE) accompanied by neurological symptoms. SD-OCT revealed the inner and outer plexiform layers edema and interruption of the ellipsoid zone in RE. Fundus photographs showed macular atrophy for both eyes on the day patient died. CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates the SD-OCT findings of SSPE retinitis with close follow-up from the acute retinitis to the total atrophic macula. These unique findings may be considered as characteristical for the diagnosis.

Incidence, Risk Factors and Screening Evaluation of Retinopathy of Prematurity in High Birthweight Infants: A Large Cohort Study in Turkey.

PURPOSE: To report and evaluate the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of Turkish national screening guideline (NSG) in heavier infants with a birth weight (BW) of >1500 g. METHODS: The data of 1784 preterm infants with BW>1500 g, who were screened between 2009 and 2016 in a university hospital in Turkey, were analyzed retrospectively. The rates of any stage and severe (treatment-requiring) ROP incidence were investigated. The possible protective and risk factors were evaluated with univariate analyses and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The rate of any stage ROP was 14.1% (n = 251). Severe ROP was observed in 11 infants (0.6%), and 2 of the infants (0.1%) had a gestational age (GA)>32 weeks, which fell outside of the NSG. In logistic regression analysis, BW, GA, O2 therapy duration, and exchange transfusion were determined to be independent risk factors (respectively, p < .001, p < .001, P = .055, and P = .033). Furthermore, antenatal steroid therapy was determined to have a highly significant protective effect on ROP development (p < .001). The sensitivity of Turkish NSG in identifying severe ROP increased from 82% to 100% with the inclusion of risk factors in addition to GA and BW. CONCLUSION: This study shows the presence of severe ROP in mature and heavy infants in Turkey. The positive effect of antenatal steroid use and the negative impact of exchange transfusion have been demonstrated for ROP development in mature infants. Possible risk factors should be evaluated with GA and BW to avoid missing severe ROP.

Angiographic findings in cases with a history of severe retinopathy of prematurity treated with anti-VEGFs: Follow-up to age 6 years.

PURPOSE: To report the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in vascular development for cases of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) using fluorescent angiography (FA) and to present the results of our observational approach to retinal sequelae. METHODS: A total of 31 eyes in 19 patients with a history of treatment with anti-VEGF agents for classic type 1 ROP and aggressive posterior ROP who underwent FA between March 2014 to February 2020 were reviewed. Angiograms of retinal developmental features of patients aged 4 months to 6 years were examined. RESULTS: The patients mean gestational age were 26.06 ± 1.90 weeks and the mean birth weight were 837.68 ± 236.79 g. All cases showed various abnormalities at the vascular and avascular retina, and the posterior pole. All but one case showed a peripheral avascular area on FA evaluation during the follow-up period. We did not apply prophylactic laser treatment to these avascular retina. On the final examination, except one case, we did not observe any late reactivation in any patients. CONCLUSION: FA is an important tool for assessing vascular maturation in infants. Every leakage should not be assumed to be evidence of late activation, as some leaks may be related to vascular immaturity. Retinal vascularization may not be completed in all patients, however this does not mean that all these patients need prophylactic laser application. Our observational approach may be more daring than the reports frequently encountered in the literature, but it should be noted that unnecessary laser treatment will also eliminate all the advantages of anti-VEGF treatment.

Early detection of neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without microalbuminuria in the absence of peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy.

PURPOSE: Our goal is early detection of neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without microalbuminuria in the absence of diabetic retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy by using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM). METHODS: A total of 60 type-2 diabetic patients, assigned to either a diabetes mellitus (DM) with microalbuminuria group (DM/MA+, n=30) or a DM without microalbuminuria group (DM/MA-, n=30), and 30 age-matched control subjects were enrolled in this study. All cases underwent evaluation of blood glucose level, HbA1c, lipid fractions, body mass index (BMI), and corneal sensitivity (CS). Corneal nerve fiber length (NFL), nerve fiber density (NFD), nerve branch density (NBD), and tortuosity coefficient (TC) were quantified by IVCCM. None of the patients had peripheral neuropathy or retinopathy. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy subjects, NFL and NFD were reduced in both diabetic groups (P<0.0001), while NBD was significantly reduced in the DM/MA+ group. Between the diabetic groups, NFL, NFD, and NBD were significantly higher in the DM/MA- group (all P's<0.001). CS was significantly lower in DM/MA+ compared with DM/MA- and controls (both P's<0.0001). NFD and NFL were inversely correlated with age, triglyceride level, and BMI. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that significant damage to small nerves, quantified using IVCCM, can be detected in the absence of retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy or microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. The severity of corneal nerve involvement may further increase in the presence of nephropathy. This feature may also be valuable for early detection of microvascular complications of DM, allowing for the prevention of progression of life threatening microvascular complications.

Diurnal Spikes of Intraocular Pressure in Uveitic Glaucoma: A 24-hour Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to document diurnal changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) in uveitic glaucoma (UG) and compare it with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. METHODS: Eight patients with UG and seven patients with POAG were included in this study. The patients were matched for age, gender, and glaucoma medications. None of the patients experienced angle closure, uveitis attack, and ocular surgery, and were not under steroid or immunomodulatory therapy within the last three months. The 24-hour IOP fluctuations were recorded with the help of a contact lens sensor (Sensimed Triggerfish ®, Switzerland). The diurnal IOP fluctuations were modeled with best-fit lines and statistical comparisons between the longitudinal responses of the two groups were determined with nonlinear regression. RESULTS: The comparison of mean 24-hour contact lens sensor (CLS) amplitudes revealed a significant difference between the fluctuation levels of UG and POAG groups (213 ± 160 millivolt equivalents (mVeq) vs. 162 ± 168 mVeq, respectively p = .003). The top level of the best-fit curves was significantly higher in the UG group (266 ± 143 mVeq) compared to the POAG group (159 ± 162 mVeq, p < .001). Both curves had their top levels between 5:00 PM and 8:00 AM. The longitudinal regression analysis revealed that the amplitudes of the 24-hour fluctuation waves were significantly different (p = .041). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated for the first time that the diurnal variation in IOP was significantly higher in UG patients. This difference was also more distinct between 5:00 PM and 8:00 AM clock-hours. The uveitis and glaucoma specialists should consider this potential for higher IOP fluctuations, while tailoring the glaucoma treatment in uveitic patients.

The role of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To identify the causative microorganism of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis in our tertiary referral uveitis center and review the therapeutic role of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with fungal endogenous endophthalmitis. METHODS: Seven eyes of six cases were identified as fungal endogenous endophthalmitis through positive cultures of ocular fluids and clinical presentations. The final anatomical and functional results were evaluated. RESULTS: Four women (66.7%) and two men (33.3%) underwent vitrectomy. Control of infection was achieved early on in all cases. Candida (71.4%) and Aspergillus (28.6%) species were identified as causative fungi in patients with fungal endogenous endophthalmitis. Two patients were reoperated due to reinfection and retinal detachment, respectively. Visual acuity improved in six eyes (85.7%) and worsened in one eye (14.3%). At the final examination, the retina was flat in all cases. No eye developed phthisis bulbi. CONCLUSION: Candida species are the most common causative organisms of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis in this study. Pars plana vitrectomy in fungal endogenous endophthalmitis may enhance the treatment of infection by removing fungal elements in the vitreous and aid in diagnosis. Vitrectomy may also be an important tool in the management of vision-threatening post-infectious sequelae such as retinal detachment and reinfections.

Long-Term Efficacy of Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b in Behçet's Uveitis: A Small Case Series.

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alpha-2b (peg-IFN-α-2b) for severe uveitis associated with Behçet's disease. METHODS: Peg-IFN-α-2b was administrated at an initial dosage of 0,5-1,5 µg/kg/week. If any complications were observed, the dosage was tapered. Ocular examinations, systemic findings, and treatment compliance of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Control of ocular inflammation was achieved in all patients (n = 4). The average increase in visual acuity after drug administration of 0,425 ± 0,125 logMAR was not statistically significant (Wilcoxon Test, p = 0,066) due to small number of cases. Any side-effects with laboratory abnormalities returned to baseline levels with reduction of the doses. Due to less frequent injections, increased satisfaction of the patients was noted. CONCLUSIONS: This series highlights the peg-IFN-α-2b administration in Behçet's uveitis. Peg-IFN-α-2b has a potential long-term therapeutic effect for the treatment of severe uveitis. Efficacy with a reduced number of injections improved the quality of Behçet patients' lives.

A case of conjunctival MALT lymphoma: successfully treated with solely extended rituximab therapy.

PURPOSE: Primary ocular adnexal lymphomas are cured by radiotherapy; however, complications are frequent and relapses may occur. In this case, we aimed to report the efficacy and safety of extended systemic rituximab (anti-CD 20 monoclonal antibody) therapy of conjunctival mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. METHODS: In the standard regimen, rituximab is used as four consecutive weekly infusions of 375 mg/m2 in patients with low-grade lymphomas. We treated a patient who had bilateral conjunctival MALT lymphoma with rituximab 375 mg/m2 intravenously once weekly for 10 weeks as a first-line therapy. RESULTS: During the examination of the sixth week, we observed partial response of the lesions in both eyes. At the end of the tenth cure, complete remission was achieved. No local or systemic adverse effect was observed. The patient has no signs of recurrence during the 22-months follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Extended rituximab therapy may be an effective and well-tolerated first-line treatment option for bilateral conjunctival MALT lymphoma.

Ocular culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: a 5-year retrospective study of the microorganism spectrum at a tertiary referral center in Turkey.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the clinical profile of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE), including predisposing systemic conditions, responsible microorganisms, clinical presentations, and outcomes. METHODS: We reviewed data from 21 eyes of 15 patients diagnosed with EE and compared their clinical characteristics over a 5-year period. All patients were ocular fluid cultures proven. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to analyze the effects of vitrectomy, diabetes, malignity, and clinical presentation condition on VA. RESULTS: Diabetes was the most common illness of EE patients (40.0%). In this geographical region, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.8%), Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (4.8%), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.8%) were identified as causative bacterial microorganisms (n = 5) in patients with EE, and Candida Species (71.4%) and Aspergillus (4.8%) were identified as causative fungal microorganisms (n = 16) in patients with EE in the vitreous specimens. Fungemia (76.2%) (especially yeasts) was the most common extraocular infection source among patients with EE. Fourteen eyes (66.7%) were managed with intravitreal injections of antimicrobial medicines, and seven eyes (33.3%) also underwent vitrectomy. GEE models revealed that logMAR final VA values were found as lower than initial VA assessments. CONCLUSION: Depending on the different regions of the world, the characteristics of disease have been declared invariable. This study provides information about the clinical and microbiological profile of ocular culture-proven EE patients in a region of straddling the Asia and European continents. Aggressive medical and surgical treatment may result in favorable outcomes.

Factors Affecting Relapse and Remission in Behçet's Uveitis Treated with Interferon Alpha2a.

PURPOSE: To investigate factors affecting relapse and remission in patients with Behçet uveitis (BU) in the context of using the interferon alpha2a (IFNα2a) therapy. METHODS: Clinical records were reviewed of 32 patients (totaling 54 eyes) presenting with severe BU who had been treated with IFNα2a therapy. Factors influencing relapsing-remitting course of BU during IFNα2a therapy and after the cessation of the agent were evaluated. Possible affecting factors of recurrence were age, gender, duration of the Behçet disease, time elapsed before starting the drug, number of relapses before the starting of IFNα2a, laterality, and presence of panuveitis. RESULTS: Thirty patients (93.7%) responded to IFNα2a therapy. Annual attack rate before and after IFNα2a treatment was determined to be 4.03 ± 3.19 (attack per year) and 0.58 ± 1.07, respectively (P < 0.001). In univariable statistical evaluation, women tended to have a lower relapse risk than men. Multivariable analyses showed that age was the major factor determining relapse rate, while the effect of gender was not statistically significant (P = 0.196). The other probable influencing factors were not found to be statistically significant (P > 0.05). Increase in visual acuity observed during last examination compared to initial examination was determined to be statistically significant (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Even if the female gender was evaluated as a good prognostic factor in univariable analyses, it was not assessed as an effective prognostic factor in multivariable analyses. Being aged may be regarded a good prognostic factor on the relapsing-remitting course of patients with BU who were treated with IFNα2a therapy.

Conventional immunosuppressive therapy in severe Behcet's Uveitis: the switch rate to the biological agents.

BACKGROUND: To report the switch rate of conventional immunosuppressive (CIS) therapies to the biological agents (BA) in patients with refractory Behcet's uveitis (BU). METHODS: In this retrospective study, clinical records were reviewed of 76 patients' 116 eyes presenting with BU who had been treated with immunosuppressive drug therapy. Mann Whitney U test was used for the intergroup comparisons of parameters without normal distribution as well as calculation of descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, median, frequency and rate). Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for the intragroup comparisons of parameters without normal distribution. Pearson's Chi-Square test and Fisher-Freeman-Halton test were used for the comparisons of qualitative data. RESULTS: Except for one, all patients were first treated with CIS regimens for BU. Thirty-one patients (41.3%) who were unresponsive to CIS regimens were switched to IFNα2a therapy. After that, eight of these cases were switched to the anti-TNF-α treatments. The presence of initial ocular complications were found to be statistically higher in BA treated patients than the CIS treated cases (p < 0.001). Both in CIS treated and in BA treated cases, an increase in visual acuity (VA) was observed during the last examination compared to the initial examination and was significant (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CIS treatment was found to be effective and safe, as suggested in the management guidelines for severe BU. Biological therapy was also found effective for the improvement of the VA. We observed that 58.7% of cases could be treated with strong immunosuppressive therapies, however, nearly half of the patients could have lost their VA if BAs were not existent. During the treatment course of severe cases with BU, classical therapy stage must still be protected as the first-line therapy due to the their reasonable activity and safety.

Bartonella henselae Neuroretinitis in Patients without Cat Scratch.

Cat scratch disease (CSD) is a syndrome characterized by lymphadenopathy, fever, and skin lesions following a cat scratch or bite. Bartonella henselae is the primary bacterial agent responsible for CSD. In this report, we describe cases with atypical presentation of serologically proven B. henselae neuroretinitis. In this study, 3 patients with neuroretinitis were evaluated. Animal contact histories; results of ocular examinations and systemic investigations; clinical findings; and treatment compliance of the patients were assessed. All patients denied history of contact with cats or other animals, and they did not have CSD findings. Serologic testing via indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used to diagnose Bartonella neuroretinitis. The IFA test results were positive for all patients. Two patients were treated with antibiotics. Optic disc edema and macular exudates resolved gradually, and at their last follow-up visits, all signs had disappeared. There was no disease recurrence after the completion of treatment. Serious complications were seen in the untreated patient. In conclusion, B. henselae infection should be considered even when there are no systemic signs and symptoms of CSD in patients with neuroretinitis.

Effects of packaging and pre-storage treatments on aflatoxin production in peanut storage under controlled conditions.

This study reports on aflatoxin production and peanut (Bailey's variety) quality, for four peanut pre-storage treatments; [(Raw clean (Raw-Cl), Raw inoculated with Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 (Raw-Inf), inoculated partially roasted but not-blanched (PRN-blanch); and inoculated partially roasted, blanched with discolored nuts sorted out (PR-blanched)]. All four treated samples were packaged in four different packaging systems [polypropylene woven sacks (PS), hermetic packs (HP), hermetic packs with oxygen absorbers (HPO), and vacuumed hermetic packs (HPV)] and stored under controlled conditions at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C and water activity of 0.85 ± 0.02, for 14 weeks. Raw-Inf samples in PS had a higher fungal growth with a mean value of 8.01 × 104 CFU/g, compared to the mean values of samples in hermetic packs: 1.07 × 103 CFU/g for HP, 14.55 CFU/g for HPO, and 57.82 CFU/g for HPV. Similarly, the hermetic bags were able to reduce aflatoxin level of the Raw-Inf samples by 50.6% (HP), 63.0% (HPV), and 66.8% (HPO). Partial roasting and blanching in PS also reduced aflatoxin level by about 74.6%. Quality maintenance was the best for peanuts in HPO, recording peroxide value (PV) of 10.16 meq/kg and p-Anisidine (p-Av) of 3.95 meq/kg compared to samples in polypropylene woven sacks which had PV of 19.25 meq/kg and p-Av of 6.48 meq/kg. These results indicate that using zero-oxygen hermetic packaging, instead of the conventional polypropylene woven sacks, helped to suppress aflatoxin production and quality deterioration. Also, partially roasted, blanched and sorted peanuts showed a potential for reducing aflatoxin presence during storage.

An unusual presentation of ocular rosacea.

Rosacea is a chronic, progressive disease of unknown cause affecting the eye and the facial skin. Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed if the ophthalmologist does not inspect the patient's face adequately during the ocular examination. Severe ocular complications and blindness can occur if the treatment is delayed because of non-diagnosis of the rosacea. Here, we present a case of ocular rosacea in a 78-year-old Caucasian woman. Based on the ocular lesions, which preceded cutaneous involvement, she was misdiagnosed as having ocular cicatricial pemphigoid initially. This case emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosis when ocular findings precede those of skin manifestations, and rosacea should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis.

An unusual presentation of ocular rosacea / Uma apresentação incomum da rosácea ocular

ABSTRACT Rosacea is a chronic, progressive disease of unknown cause affecting the eye and the facial skin. Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed if the ophthalmologist does not inspect the patient's face adequately during the ocular examination. Severe ocular complications and blindness can occur if the treatment is delayed because of non-diagnosis of the rosacea. Here, we present a case of ocular rosacea in a 78-year-old Caucasian woman. Based on the ocular lesions, which preceded cutaneous involvement, she was misdiagnosed as having ocular cicatricial pemphigoid initially. This case emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosis when ocular findings precede those of skin manifestations, and rosacea should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis.

RESUMO A rosácea é uma doença crônica e progressiva de causa desconhecida que afeta o olho e a pele do rosto. A rosácea ocular é muitas vezes pouco diagnosticada se o oftalmologista não inspecionar adequadamente o rosto do paciente durante o exame ocular. Podem ocorrer complicações oculares graves e cegueira se o tratamento for adiado devido ao não diagnóstico da rosácea. Um caso de rosácea ocular em uma mulher caucasiana de 78 anos de idade é apresentado. Com base nas lesões oculares, que precederam o envolvimento cutâneo, ela foi mal diagnosticada como penfigóide cicatricial ocular inicialmente. Este caso enfatiza a dificuldade de diagnóstico quando os achados oculares precedem aqueles das manifestações da pele e um diagnóstico de rosácea deve ser mantido em mente no diagnóstico diferencial da conjuntivite cicatrizante crônica.