Comparison of remineralization ability of tricalcium silicate and of glass ionomer cement on residual dentin: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the remineralization effects of a calcium silicate-based cement (Biodentine) and of a glass ionomer cement (GIC: Fuji IX) on artificially demineralized dentin. METHODS: Four standard cavities were prepared in dentin discs prepared from 34 extracted sound human third molars. In each disc, one cavity was covered with an acid-resistant varnish before demineralization (Group 1). The specimens were soaked in a chemical demineralization solution for 96 h to induce artificial carious lesions. Thereafter, one cavity each was filled with Biodentine (Group 2) and GIC (Group 3), respectively, and one carious lesion was left unrestored as a negative control (Group 4). Next, specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days. After cross-sectioning the specimens, the Ca/P ratio was calculated in each specimen by using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Both cement types induced dentin remineralization as compared to Group 4. The Ca/P ratio was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The dentin lesion remineralization capability of Biodentine is higher than that of GIC, suggesting the usefulness of the former as a bioactive dentin replacement material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Biodentine has a higher remineralization ability than that of GIC for carious dentin, and its interfacial properties make it a promising bioactive dentin restorative material.

The association between genetic polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinases and caries experience.

OBJECTIVES: The variation in the caries susceptibility while environmental factors are similar indicates that the effect of individual factors such as genetics on caries process and tooth development should be revealed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms in MMP13 (rs2252070) and MMP20 (rs1784418) with caries experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 subjects aged 6 to 14 years. Demographic data, data on oral health habits were obtained through the statements of guardian of the individuals, caries data was collected by clinical examination. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to extract the genomic DNA. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by real-time PCR. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between different subgroups considering caries experience. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 by chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Allele distribution of MMP13 was different between caries-affected and caries-free subjects. MMP13 A allele increased the caries risk (p=0.005, OR=1.84, 95% CI 1.20-2.82). Allele and genotype distribution of the polymorphism in MMP20 were not associated with caries experience (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the genetic variation in MMP13 was associated with the caries experience in selected subjects in Turkey. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The knowledge regarding association between the MMP genes and caries experience, might benefit the clinical practice, improving caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic approaches.

Association of mutation in PTPN14 gene and gingival fibromatosis with distinctive facies: a novel finding in whole exome sequencing.

Gingival fibromatosis with distinctive facies presents a rare clinical picture. It is characterized by gingival fibromatosis in conjunction with some craniofacial dysmorphic features such as relative macrocephaly, bushy eyebrows, synophrys, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, flattened nasal bridge, hypoplastic nares, cupid-bow mouth and a high palate. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been suggested. However, to date, no causative gene has been reported. Herein, we report a case presenting with the typical findings of this rare genetic syndrome. A homozygous c.1855C>T (p.Gln619Ter) mutation in the PTPN14 gene was identified.

The Role of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms on Dental Caries.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 and TaqI polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in caries-active (high-moderate) and caries-free children. STUDY DESIGN: A hundred and fifty children (75 males, 75 females, mean age: 10.19 ± 1.61 years) were included in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups as high caries risk group (DMFT, dft>4)(n=55), moderate caries risk group (DMFT, dft=1-4)(n=57) and caries-free group (n=38). From each individual, blood samples were collected and DNA was extracted. The VDR gene was genotyped for the polymorphisms ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 and TaqI using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. All data were analyzed by chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and t test. RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference in the frequency of TaqI genotypes (tt) between caries-active and caries-free children (p=0.029). No statistically significant differences were detected between ApaI, FokI, Cdx2 genotypes and dental caries. CONCLUSION: In the future, VDR gene polymorphisms may be used as a marker for the identification of patients with high caries risk.

Associations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-10 with dental caries.

Streptococcus mutans is important in dental caries. Although the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of dental caries is not clear, components of S. mutans were found to stimulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We examined the associations of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and IL-10 with dental caries. Unstimulated whole saliva and blood samples were obtained from 108 children aged 6-12 years with high caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth [dmft/DMFT] index >4, n = 37), moderate caries (dmft/DMFT = 1-4, n = 37), or caries-free (dmft/DMFT = 0, n = 34). S. mutans level was classified as low (<10(5) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL) or high (≥10(5) CFU/mL). Saliva and serum concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-1ra, and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. IL-1ß, IL-1ra, and IL-10 gene polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, one-way ANOVA, posthoc, Fisher's exact, and t tests were used in statistical analysis. Dental caries was not correlated with salivary or serum concentrations of the studied cytokines. S. mutans level positively correlated with saliva IL-1ß concentration and inversely correlated with saliva IL-1ra concentration. There was no correlation of IL-1ß, IL-1ra, or IL-10 gene polymorphisms with dental caries. S. mutans is important in stimulating saliva IL-1ß and inhibiting IL-1ra. Future studies of associations between cytokines and dental caries should investigate additional cytokines and enroll a larger number of participants.

Cytotoxic effects of primary tooth root canal filling materials on L929 cell line.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of five different primary tooth root canal filling materials on L929 permanent cell line with MTT assay. METHODS: Kri 1 paste (iodoform), Diapex (iodoform+Ca(OH)(2)), Metapaste (Ca(OH)(2) with distilled water), Dentalis (iodoform+ZOE+Ca(OH)(2)) and Kalsin (Ca(OH)(2) with glycerin) were used in this study. Tested materials were in contact for 24, 48 and 72 hours with L929 cells. At the end of the test periods, MTT test solutions were added to the plates and incubated for 3 hours at 37 degrees C. Then optic densities were read using UV visible spectrophotometer. All assays were repeated three times to ensure reproducibility. The obtained data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett T3 post hoc test (P<0.05). RESULTS: All tested materials were found cytotoxic on L929 cell line. It was found that Kri 1 paste group showed the highest survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the use of Kri 1 paste as a root canal filling material is a better option than other medications in primary teeth. Further research is necessary to determine the effect of root canal filling materials on vital tissues.

Comparison of conventional versus colored compomers for class II restorations in primary molars: a 12-month clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 12-month clinical performance of conventional (Compoglass F) and colored (Twinky Star) compomer restorative materials in class II restorations of primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 196 restorations were placed in 98 children aged between 5 and 10 years (mean age: 7.43 +/- 1.31 years) who had bilateral matched pairs of carious posterior class II primary molars. A split-mouth design was used in which 2 materials (Compoglass F, Twinky Star) were randomly placed on contralateral sides by 3 dentists. At baseline, after 6 and after 12 months, the restorations were evaluated using modified US Public Health Service criteria for: secondary caries, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, anatomic form and surface texture. The Alpha and Bravo scores were considered as clinical success. The data were subjected to statistical analysis by the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests (p < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival method was applied to estimate survival percentages. RESULTS: No significant difference was found among the groups at all recalls regarding marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, anatomic form, secondary caries and surface texture. The 12-month mean cumulative survival rate of Compoglass F was 95.7%, while in the Twinky Star group, the survival rate was 93% in class II restorations with no significant difference between the groups for either material. CONCLUSION: Both conventional and colored compomer materials are suitable restorative materials for primary teeth for at least 12 months. Colored compomers could also be a good alternative to tooth-colored compomers in the restoration of primary molars.

Exclusion of candidate genes in seven Turkish families with autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfectas (AI) are a group of inherited defects of dental enamel formation that show both clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Seven Turkish families segregating autosomal recessive AI (ARAI) were evaluated for evidence of a genetic etiology of AI for the seven major candidate gene loci (AMBN, AMELX, ENAM, FAM83H, KLK4, MMP20, and TUFT1). Dental and periodontal characteristics of the affected members of these families were also described. The mean scores of DMFS and dfs indices were 9.7 and 9.6, respectively. The mean PPD was 2.2 mm and the percentage of the sites with plaque and BOP were 87.8% and 72.4%, respectively. The exons and intron/exon junctions of the candidate genes were sequenced and no gene mutations were identified in any individuals. These findings support the existence of an additional gene(s) that are etiologic for ARAI in these families.

Oral rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta.

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder that causes defective enamel development in the primary and permanent teeth. Clinical treatment is important to address the esthetic appearance of affected teeth, reduce dentinal sensitivity, preserve tooth structure, and optimize masticatory function. The purpose of this case report was to describe the diagnosis, treatment planning, and dental rehabilitation of a patient with autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. The patient was followed for 5 years, and evaluation 3 years after restorations revealed no pathology associated with the rehabilitation. The patient's esthetic and functional expectations were satisfied.

Dental management of a patient with oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome.

Oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome is an X-linked dominant syndrome characterized by congenital cataract, microphtalmia, secondary glaucoma, long narrow face, high nasal bridge, pointed nose with cartilages separated at the tip, cleft palate, atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), radiculomegaly, delayed eruption, oligodontia, and persistence of primary teeth. The aim of this report is to indicate the importance of early diagnosis and management of oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome.

Multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up of mesiodens: a case report.

Supernumerary teeth are relatively common in the oral cavity and are characterized by an excessive number of teeth. The term "mesiodens" refers to a supernumerary tooth located in the midline of the maxilla between the central incisors. Mesiodens may cause a variety of pathological complications such as impaction of the maxillary central incisors, tooth retention or delayed eruption of the permanent incisors, crowding, eruption within the nasal cavity, formation of diastema, intraoral infection, root anomaly, root resorption of adjacent teeth and cyst formation accompanied by bone destruction. Therefore it is recommended to follow-up with regular radiographic examination. Early diagnosis minimizes treatment needs and prevents associated complications. The present case, followed for 7 years, presented bilateral mesiodens resulting in delayed eruption of the permanent incisors and emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up.

A long-term effect of caries-related factors in initially caries-free children.

AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the rate and pattern of early childhood caries development in caries-free children based on their dental plaque accumulations, salivary Streptococcus mutans levels, maternal sharing, oral hygiene, and feeding attitudes at baseline and at 24-month follow-up period. DESIGN: A total of 92 children, aged between 15 to 35 months, comprised the study group. The children's dental examinations were first carried out at baseline, and 56 of them were re-examined 24 months later to determine the changes in dental status. The mothers were also interviewed at each examination based on a prepared questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries incidence was 45% at 24-month evaluation period among initially caries-free children. The new caries formation was mostly observed on occlusal and aproximal surfaces of maxillary molars (28% and 26%) followed by mesial, distal and buccal surfaces of anterior teeth, respectively. Significant correlations between dental caries formation and maternal sharing, S. mutans levels, and plaque scores were found. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that early S. mutans colonization, high plaque accumulation, and maternal sharing were important factors on a child's caries development.

Kabuki Syndrome with additional dental findings: a case report.

Kabuki Syndrome (KS) is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome of unknown etiology. It is characterized by a dysmorphic face, postnatal growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, mental retardation, and unusual dermatoglyphic patterns. The characteristic dental findings include hypodontia, microdontia, absence of upper lateral and lower central incisors and upper molars, abnormal tooth shape, widely spaced teeth, ectopic upper molars and malocclusion. The purpose of this report is to describe common and additional dental findings and dental treatment of an 11-year old female patient with KS. This case report emphasises the importance of oral and dental manifestations for diagnosis.

PCR-based identification of selected pathogens associated with endodontic infections in deciduous and permanent teeth.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of the selected pathogens in samples from deciduous and permanent tooth root canals by using PCR method and to determine the association of these organisms with clinical symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 145 children, 5 to 13 years old, were involved in this study. The presence of selected pathogens (Actinomyces israelii, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus intermedius, Treponema denticola, Parvimonas micra, Tannerella forsythensis, Enterococcus faecium, Prevotella melaninogenica) in infected root canals was studied using PCR. RESULTS: T. denticola (P = .012, .02) and E. faecalis (P = .012, .04) were highly associated with periapical radiolucency and previous pain, while P. gingivalis was associated with tenderness to percussion in both deciduous and permanent teeth (P = .01, .015). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study confirm that certain species of microorganisms are associated with clinical signs and symptoms of endodontic disease in both deciduous and permanent teeth.

Effects of light curing method and exposure time on mechanical properties of resin based dental materials.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate microhardness and compressive strength of composite resin (Tetric-Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent), compomer (Compoglass, Ivoclar, Vivadent), and resin modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC, GC Corp) polymerized using halogen light (Optilux 501, Demetron, Kerr) and LED (Bluephase C5, Ivoclar Vivadent) for different curing times. METHODS: Samples were placed in disc shaped plastic molds with uniform size of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm in thickness for surface microhardness test and placed in a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 2 mm teflon cylinders for compressive strength test. For each subgroup, 20 samples for microhardness (n=180) and 5 samples for compressive strength were prepared (n=45). In group 1, samples were polymerized using halogen light source for 40 seconds; in group 2 and 3 samples were polymerized using LED light source for 20 seconds and 40 seconds respectively. All data were analyzed by two way analysis of ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests. RESULTS: Same exposure time of 40 seconds with a low intensity LED was found similar or more efficient than a high intensity halogen light unit (P>.05), however application of LED for 20 seconds was found less efficient than 40 seconds curing time (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to increase the light curing time and use appropriate light curing devices to polymerize resin composite in deep cavities to maximize the hardness and compressive strength of restorative materials.

The correlation between serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G levels and the presence of Treponema denticola in human periapical lesions.

The aim of this study was to compare the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and the presence of Treponema denticola in the root canals in a group of teeth with/without periapical lesion. A total of 66 children aged 8 to 13 years old were involved in this study. Five milliliters of blood samples were taken to detect the serum IgA and IgG levels. Sixty-six endodontic samplings were also obtained to determine the presence of T. denticola by polymerase chain reaction. The presence of T. denticola between the groups with/without periapical lesion was statistically significant (p = 0.026). A significant negative correlation was found between serum IgG and IgA levels and the presence of T. denticola (p = 0.023 and 0.038, respectively). This study may support the hypothesis that the presence of T. denticola in the root canals is mainly related to the periapical lesions, and the higher levels of serum IgG and IgA levels may protect against T. denticola.

Detection of Enterococcus faecalis in Necrotic Teeth Root Canals by Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in endodontic infections in both deciduous and permanent teeth by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. METHODS: A total of 145 children aged 5-13 years old were involved in this study. The presence of E. faecalis in necrotic deciduous and permanent teeth root canals was studied using culture and polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS: Among 145 molar teeth, 57% (n=83) presented necrotic asymptomatic pulp tissues and were included in this study. Culture and PCR methods detected the test species in 18 and 22 of 83 teeth involved, respectively. E. faecalis was cultured from 8 (18%) of 45 necrotic deciduous teeth and from 10 (26%) of 38 necrotic permanent teeth. PCR detection identified the target species in 10 (22%) and 12 (32%) of necrotic deciduous and permanent teeth respectively. Statistically significant difference in the presence of E. faecalis in deciduous and permanent teeth was found by culture and PCR methods (P=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The difference in the presence of E. faecalis between two different methods was not statistically significant (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study confirm that both culture and PCR methods are sensitive to detect E. faecalis in root canals.

Combined apexification and orthodontic extrusion of a hypoplastic permanent canine.

Localized infection in the primary teeth was reported as an etiological factor in the formation of a hypoplastic defect in the underlying permanent teeth. The purpose of this report is to present the case of a 10-year-old girl with an unusual local hypoplasia in the mandibular left permanent canine and emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary management, including combined apexification and orthodontic extrusion. The 12-month recall examination revealed no pathology associated with the rehabilitation, and the patient's esthetic and functional expectations were satisfied.

Oral and dental manifestations of young asthmatics related to medication, severity and duration of condition.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the caries risk of asthmatics in relation to dental plaque indices, salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity, saliva composition and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans compared with healthy subjects and also to evaluate these parameters within different groups of asthmatics according to their medication, duration and severity of the disease. METHODS: The study group composed of 106 asthmatics and 100 healthy controls with the same age and social background aged between 6 and 19-years-old. For dental examinations, World Health Organization criteria and for plaque indices the Silness and Löe plaque index was used. All data were analyzed using t-test, chi2-test, Spearman rank correlation, Kruskal- Wallis, Mann-Whitney U-tests and Logistic Regression Analysis with Forward Stepwise Likelihood ratio method. RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease in the salivary flow rate and pH were found in the asthmatic group. The children in the asthmatic group aged between 6 and 10 years had significantly higher caries prevalence compared with the control group at the same age. There was a negative correlation between the duration of medication and the salivary pH and a positive correlation between duration of illness and the salivary levels of S. mutans in the asthmatics. CONCLUSION: It was found that asthma, through its disease status and its pharmacotherapy, carries some risk factors including decreased salivary flow rate and pH for caries development. It was also demonstrated that the duration of medication and illness had significant influences on the risk of caries in asthmatics.

Association of maternal-child characteristics as a factor in early childhood caries and salivary bacterial counts.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to investigate the caries-related microorganisms in saliva and the prevalence of Early childhood caries (ECC) in 15- to 35-month-old Turkish children and their associations with the characteristics of the mothers, socioeconomic criteria, and feeding habits of the children. METHODS: Saliva samples of 101 children were studied to determine the numbers of Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli, and Candida albicans. A questionnaire regarding the characteristics of the mothers, socioeconomic criteria, and feeding habits of the children was carried out before the dental examinations of the mother-child pairs. RESULTS: The regression analyses revealed DMFS scores of the mothers as an impact factor for the children's caries experience. The prolonged usage of feeding bottle with sweetened milk, pacifier use, and maternal sharing were strongly associated with the colonization of S. mutans, lactobacilli, and C. albicans, respectively. A significant correlation was also found between maternal education and S. mutans. CONCLUSION: Data indicated that the mother's DMFS scores, education, and feeding habits were strong risk indicators for the colonization of caries-related micro-organisms and ECC.