Conjunctival Impression Cytology and Tear Film Changes in Sarcoidosis: A Subjective and Objective Diagnosis Study.

Objectives: To evaluate sarcoidosis-induced tear film changes using subjective and objective diagnostic tests, particularly conjunctival impression cytology (IC), and to compare the results with healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated clinical data collected between January 2019 and January 2021 from 57 right eyes of 57 sarcoidosis patients without ocular involvement (Group 1) and 33 right eyes of 33 healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics (Group 2). The Schirmer I test, tear break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein staining, and conjunctival IC were all performed as part of the conjunctival and corneal examinations following a thorough ophthalmological examination. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used to assess subjective ocular symptoms. Results: The mean ages in Groups 1 and 2 were 49.26±3.18 and 51.91±2.89 years, respectively (p=0.720). The mean Schirmer I test, TBUT, and OSDI scores differed significantly (p<0.05 for all), with Group 1 having a significantly higher percentage of dry eyes than Group 2. Group 1 had significantly higher Nelson's grading system grades than Group 2 based on conjunctival IC analysis (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in visual acuity (p=0.17) or intraocular pressure (p=0.14) between groups. Conclusion: Sarcoidosis patients had significantly higher Nelson grades in conjunctival IC, as well as significantly higher percentages of dry eye as determined by the Schirmer I test, TBUT, and OSDI. Reduced tear quantity and quality may destabilize the tear film layer, resulting in a variety of ocular symptoms.

Cabazitaxel's ototoxicity: An animal study and histopathologic research.

Introduction: Chemotherapeutic agents can have both serious side effects and ototoxicity, which can be caused by direct toxic effects or by metabolic derangement by the agents. Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is a next-generation semi-synthetic taxane derivative that is effective in both preclinical models of human tumors that are sensitive or resistant to chemotherapy and in patients suffering from progressive prostate cancer despite docetaxel treatment. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the ototoxicity of CBZ in a rat model. Materials and Methods: : A total of 24 adult male Wistar-Albino rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. CBZ (Jevtana, Sanofi-Aventis USA) was intraperitoneally administered to Groups 2, 3, and 4 at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg/week, respectively, for 4 consecutive weeks; Group 1 received only i.p. saline at the same time. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and their cochlea removed for histopathological examination. Results: : Intraperitoneal administration of CBZ exerted an ototoxic effect on rats, and the histopathological results became worse in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion: : Our findings suggest that CBZ may be an ototoxic agent and can damage the cochlea. More clinical studies should be conducted to understand its ototoxicity.

Relationship between molecular markers and lymphadenectomy and lymphovascular space invasion in endometrial cancer.

PURPOSE: Relationship between pathologic parameters, surgical parameters, or lymph node status with oncologic outcomes is not fully elucidated in endometrial cancer (EC). We want to investigate the molecular classification of uterine cancer in the Turkish population and its relationship between lymphadenectomy and lymph node metastasis. METHODS: In this study, 100 patients' clinical and pathologic data diagnosed with EC were analyzed. Pathologic and molecular parameters were investigated and compared them with clinical parameters. RESULTS: According to the molecular analysis, 16 patients (16%) had p53 mutation, 3 patients (3%) were classified as POLE mutant group, 38 (38%) patients in the MSI group, and the remaining 43 patients (43%) into the no specific mutation profile (NSMP) group. Lymph node metastasis rate was significantly higher in copy number high (CNH) group compared to the others. In the CNH group, 29 of 437 (6.6%) dissected lymph nodes had metastasis. The median OS was the highest in the POLE group (72 months) and lowest in the CNH group (36 months). CONCLUSION: Endometrial cancer patients showed significantly different overall and disease-free survival according to the molecular subtypes and it was consistent with the literature, Lymph node metastasis risk was the highest in CNH group. MSI status is important for the lymph node metastasis risk but not all abnormalities, especially PMS2 and MLH1 expression changes showed the highest risk.

The relationship between immunohistochemical parameters, bone marrow fibrosis and bone marrow 18F-FDG uptake in multiple myeloma patients undergoing PET/CT examination.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the power of the SUVmax value obtained from 18F-FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma (MM) patients to be able to predict immunophenotype characteristics (CD20, CD44, CD56, CD117, CD138 antigen expressions), bone marrow fibrosis, cyclin D1 oncogene, and M-protein subtypes which play a role in diagnosis-treatment and prognosis of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study included 54 patients with multiple myeloma who underwent PET/CT for initial staging and bone marrow biopsy. The relationship was examined in these patients between the SUVmax value measured from the iliac bone region and the immunohistochemical and bone marrow fibrosis data of the biopsy taken from the iliac bone. The Mann Whitney U test was used in the comparisons of dependent paired groups, and the Kruskal Wallis H test in the comparisons of three or more groups. RESULTS: The median SUVmax value was 4.5 (1.9-15.6) in patients with CD117 antigen positivity, which was statistically significantly higher than the value in the patients with CD117 negativity (p = 0.031). When patient grouping was made according to the reticulin level; we found that the median SUVmax value was 4.9 (3.0-14.8) in the group with increased fibrosis and 3.6 (1.6-15.6) in the group with low fibrosis. The median SUVmax was statistically significantly higher in the group with increased fibrosis compared to the group with low fibrosis (p = 0.004). No statistically significant difference was determined in the comparisons of the SUVmax values when the patients were grouped according to the immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain, CD20, CD44, CD56, and cyclin D1 characteristics (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In MM patients who underwent PET/CT for initial staging, significant relationships were determined between FDG uptake in the bone marrow (SUVmax) and CD117 antigen and bone marrow fibrosis, which is an important prognostic factor. Higher SUVmax values were determined in the bone marrow of patients with increased fibrosis and CD117 positivity.

A Role for Mast Cell-Mediated Antibodies in the Formation of Cholesteatoma and Cholesteatoma-Induced Bone Erosion.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects and relationships between mast cells in the matrix, mast cell enzymes tryptase and chymase, epithelial proliferation, microvascular density, and bone destruction in cholesteatoma. Thirty-five biopsies diagnosed with cholesteatoma and seven healthy skin tissues taken from the retro-auricular region for control were evaluated. Immunohistochemical studies were performed with CD117, CD34, Ki-67, chymase, and tryptase antibodies, in a single session for all cases and the control group. The relationship between erosion size and antibody load was determined. The mean cholesteatoma epithelium Ki-67 was higher than the control group (p < 0.001). CD117-positive mast cells, chymase-positive mast cells, tryptase-positive mast cells, and microvessel density were significantly higher in the cholesteatoma matrix compared to the control group (p < 0.002, p < 0.001, p < 0.005). In the group with bone erosion scores of two and above, immunohistochemical markers tended to be higher. A positive correlation was found between CD117 and chymase, tryptase, and microvessel density; between tryptase, chymase, and microvessel density; and between chymase and microvessel density. CD117-positive mast cells and chymase-positive mast cells stimulate angiogenesis, increase the epithelium's proliferative capacity in the cholesteatoma matrix, and form cholesteatoma. The increased proliferation of cholesteatoma epithelium and increased vascular density in the matrix exacerbate bone erosion.

Relationship of Gamma-glutamyl Transferase Levels at Diagnosis with Clinicopathological Features in idiopathic IgA Nephropathy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinicopathologic features of idiopathic IgA nephropathy in terms of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Nephrology and Department of Pathology, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey, from January 2010 to January 2021. METHODOLOGY: All patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into quartiles of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Clinical and pathological features were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 69 patients with idiopathic IgA nephropathy were analysed. The GGT quartiles consisted of Q1(GGT ≤14 U/L) in 18 patients, Q2(GGT = 14.01-20 U/L) in 17 patients, Q3(GGT = 20.1-35 U/L) in 18 patients, and Q4(GGT >35 U/L) in 16 patients. The rates of mesangial cellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis, and tubular atrophy were found to be significantly different among GGT groups (p= 0.024, p= 0.048, and p<0.001 respectively). Serum albumin and 24-hours proteinuria were also significantly different between groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Gamma-glutamyl transferase may play a role in some clinical and pathological features of IgA nephropathy. KEY WORDS: Gamma-glutamyl transferase, IgA nephropathy, Proteinuria, Serum albumin, Mesangial Cellularity, Segmental glomerulosclerosis, Tubular atrophy.

A rare cause of dyspnea: Primary large B cell lymphoma causes giant cardiac mass.

Cardiac lymphoma (CL) is a rare and life-threatening clinical condition. Most cases are diagnosed late period. Although the definitive diagnosis is made by biopsy, a biopsy could not be performed in most cardiac masses due to the high mortality rate and therefore the exact incidence is not known. In this case report, we present a case of giant CL filling both the pericardial area and right heart cavities and treated with surgical resection in a previously healthy male patient who presented with symptoms of heart failure.

The relationship between cardiac damage biomarkers and heart rate variability following 60 min of running.

PURPOSE: Endurance exercise may cause transient alterations in cardiac tissue. The number of studies evaluating the relationship between changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac biomarkers following an endurance event is limited. We hypothesized that there would be a time-dependent correlation between biomarkers of cardiac damage and the reduction in parasympathetic indices of HRV within 24 h after 60 min of running in middle-aged recreational runners. METHODS: The trained, middle-aged runners who participated in this study ran 60 min at a half-marathon pace on a treadmill. Blood samples (before and 0, 4, and 24 h after the running test) and HRV data (before and 0, 1, 4, and 24 h after the running test) were obtained. RESULTS: After running, cardiac biomarkers (total creatine kinase, cardiac isoform of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-index [CK-Index], cardiac troponin [cTnI]) increased significantly, and HRV measures related to parasympathetic nervous system activity decreased significantly; these measures returned to baseline levels within 24 h. Finally, there were significant correlations (all p < 0.05) between the change (4 h post-running vs. pre-running) in the CK-Index and the changes (post- vs pre-running) in time-domain and nonlinear measures of HRV (r - 0.61 to - 0.67). In addition, significant correlations (all p < 0.05) were found between the area under the cTnI curve and change (1-h post- and pre-running) in time-domain and nonlinear measures of HRV (r - 0.48 to - 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between HRV and cardiac biomarkers indicates that HRV analysis may be an alternative approach to determine the magnitude of cardiac stress after endurance exercises.

The relationship of tumour-associated macrophages (CD68, CD163, CD11c) and cancer stem cell (CD44) markers with prognostic parameters in breast carcinomas.

INTRODUCTION: In invasive breast cancer (IBC), tumour-associated macrophages and cancer stem cells in the tumour microenvironment are thought to be associated with poor prognosis, tumour growth, and metastasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the relationship of CD68, CD163, CD11c, and CD44 expressions in the tumour microenvironment of IBC with prognostic parameters by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: A correlation was found between high histological grade, oestrogen receptor/ progesterone receptor negativity, and high Ki-67 index in IBC, and the number of CD68-, CD163-, and CD11c-positive macrophages in the tumour microenvironment. In addition, in the tumour microenvironment, a correlation was found between IBC-specific subtypes and CD68, luminal A subtype relative to luminal B and CD163, HER2 score 3 cases, and CD11c-positive macrophage count. It was observed that CD44 expression in the tumour in IBC was not associated with the parameters examined. In addition, a high-level linear correlation was found between CD68- and CD163- and CD11c-positive macrophage counts. Tumour-associated macrophages in the tumour microenvironment in IBC may be a novel prognostic factor and an alternative avenue for targeted therapies. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that CD44 positivity in the tumour is not associated with prognostic parameters will contribute to the literature in this direction.

Effect of Regular Aerobic Training on Serum C-Reactive Protein and IL-6 Levels in Obese Women.

OBJECTIVE: This study's objective was to evaluate interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) responses and performance changes in obese women after 8 weeks of aerobic training with an intensity of 50 to 60% of their individual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2). METHODS: A total of 18 sedentary women with an average age of 44.3 (± 1.9) years volunteered for this study. Over a period of 8 weeks, in 4 40-minute sessions per week, the participants walked at an exercise intensity that caused their heart rates to increase to levels corresponding to 50 to 60% of their VO2 peaks. Blood samples were collected from the participants, both when they were at rest and a couple of minutes after the end of the 1st exercise session. Sampling was repeated in the 4th and 8th weeks, before and after the last training sessions. RESULTS: The participants' body mass indices and weights decreased significantly by the end of the 8th week, while their maximum running speeds and VO2 peaks increased significantly. There were no differences in CRP or IL- 6 concentrations between the pre- and post-training sessions, but most of the participants' IL-6 levels dropped below 10 pg/ml after 8 weeks of training. CONCLUSION: Although no significant changes were observed in CRP or IL-6 concentrations, it is important to note that in response to aerobic training, the IL-6 levels of most of the participants fell to what is generally considered acceptable.

The effects of exercise on skeletal and heart muscle citrate synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase mRNA expressions in high-calorie fed rats.

In this study, the effect of high-calorie feeding and aerobic exercise on skeletal and cardiac muscle citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), and -II (CPT-II) mRNA expressions were evaluated. Genetically non-obese rats were grouped as normal-high calorie and sedentary-exercising. Gastrocnemius-soleus and heart muscles' CS, CPT-I, and CPT-II expressions and skeletal muscles' histopathological characteristics were evaluated. High-fat diet had increased body weight by 10% and aerobic exercise did not make any difference. Skeletal muscle CS expression was increased significantly in normal-calorie exercising group. Exercise and high-fat diet did not change CPT-I and CPT-II expressions in both heart and skeletal muscle. Histopathological evaluations demonstrated increased cytoplasmic lipid droplets in high-calorie fed sedentary rats, and exercise had reduced lipid droplets in skeletal muscle. Also, both mitochondria and nuclei distribution were impaired in high-calorie groups. In conclusion, aerobic exercise without food restriction was not enough to make significant changes in fat transportation mechanism into skeletal and heart muscle.

The Effects of Upper Extremity Isokinetic Strengthening in Post-Stroke Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of isokinetic strengthening in paretic upper extremity among patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. METHODS: Hemiplegic patients with at least 6 months post-stroke and those with arm and hand Brunnstrom motor recovery stage ≥ 3 were included to the study. Patients were randomized into two groups. Isokinetic training group received 4 weeks (3 days/week) of isokinetic strengthening, while the control group was tailored strengthening exercises with exercise bands. Outcome measures were the isokinetic peak torque of wrist flexor and extensors, Fugl-Meyer Assessment of upper extremity, Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, hand grip strength, peak isometric strength of wrist flexor and extensors. Outcome measures were evaluated before treatment, after treatment (at the end of week 4) and 4 weeks after the end of treatment (at the end of week 8). The trial was registered at ClinicalTtrials.gov (ID: NCT03834311). RESULTS: After 4 weeks, changes in extensor peak torque at 60°/sn (p=0.007) and extensor peak isometric muscle strength (p=0.007) were higher in the isokinetic group (n=12) than those in the control group (n=12). At the end of week 8, only DASH score revealed a significantly higher improvement in the isokinetic group than that in the control group (p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Isokinetic strengthening may provide motor and functional improvement in paretic upper extremity among patients with post-stroke hemiplegia.

A case of pediatric psoriasis achieving remission after allogenic bone marrow transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease in which the cells and molecules of innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathogenesis. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow deficiency syndrome that is characterized by an extreme reduction in the number of blood cells as a result of failure in hematopoiesis. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising treatment for Aplastic Anemia and it is important to note that other comorbid diseases like psoriasis- since both have some common pathogenetic mechanisims- might achieve remission after treatment. CASE: We present a 12-years-old male patient who underwent bone marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia and his psoriasis vulgaris lesions completely regressed. The final follow-up visit on day 150 also revealed no sign of the pre-transplantation skin and scalp lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first case of pediatric psoriasis together with aplastic anemia that achieved complete remission of psoriasis after bone marrow transplantation. Our case report needs to be supported by prospective studies involving larger patient populations.

A Comparison of the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates of Three Different Time Periods in The Fatmax Stage.

This study aimed to compare the maximal fat oxidation (MFO) rates obtained from the stage average, last 2 min average, and highest value in the Fatmax stage determined with a 6 min step protocol. A total of 35 overweight, sedentary healthy men (age: 25.4 ± 0.7 years, body mass index: 26.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2) participated in the study. Substrate oxidation was calculated using breath-by-breath gas exchange data for each stage. When the change in the fat oxidation rate for every min throughout the Fatmax stage was evaluated, the average value of the 4th min was significantly lower than that of the 2nd and 3rd min (p < 0.01). In addition, the 5th and 6th min fat oxidation rates were significantly lower than the rates of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th min (0.30 ± 0.01 and 0.29 ± 0.01 g/min for the 5th and 6th min, respectively, vs. 0.35 ± 0.02, 0.34 ± 0.02, 0.33 ± 0.02, and 0.31 ± 0.01 g/min for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th min, respectively; p < 0.01). Most of the participants had MFO rates in the 1st min of the stage (16/35 participants), and the MFO rates of the remaining participants were observed in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th min (7/35, 4/35, and 8/35 participants, respectively). None of the participants had MFO rates in the 5th or 6th min. The individual MFO rate (highest fat oxidation rate during Fatmax) was significantly higher than the fat oxidation rate calculated with the last 2 min average values (0.36 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.01 g/min, respectively; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the calculation of the fat oxidation rate by averaging the last portion of the Fatmax stage data may cause the underestimation of the MFO rate, which probably occurs earlier in the Fatmax stage.

A Determination of Hopelessness and the Perception of Illness in Cancer.

This study was performed with the objective of determining hopelessness and perception of illness in cancer patients. This was a descriptive and regressional study. The study was performed between January and June 2014 on 105 outpatients at the oncology clinic of Manisa Government Hospital in Turkey's western. A patient information form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the illness perception questionnaire were used to collect data, and data analysis was performed using the program Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0. Percentages, t test, Kruskal-Wallis, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation were used in the evaluation of research data. The hopelessness levels of cancer patients participating in the study were at a medium level. As patients' scores on the hopelessness scale and its subscales increase, so their illness perception scores also increase. The hopelessness levels of patients whose illness perception was good were lower; that is, as patients' hopelessness levels fell, their illness perceptions and view of their illness were affected in a positive way.

Are radio-contrast agents commonly used in discography toxic to the intact intervertebral disc tissue cells?

In the literature, there have been no studies showing clear results on how radio-contrast pharmaceuticals would affect intact disc tissue cells. In this context, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of iopromide and gadoxetic acid, frequently used in the discography, on intact lumbar disc tissue in pharmaco-molecular and histopathological level. Primary cell cultures were prepared from the healthy disc tissue of the patients operated in the neurosurgery clinic. Except for the control group, the cultures were incubated with the indicated radio-contrast agents. Cell viability, toxicity and proliferation indices were tested at specific time intervals. The cell viability was quantitatively analysed. It was also visually rechecked under a fluorescence microscope with acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. Simultaneously, cell surface morphology was analysed with an inverted light microscope, while haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining methodology was used in the histopathological evaluations. The obtained data were evaluated statistically. Unlike the literature, iopromide or gadoxetic acid did not have any adverse effects on the cell viability, proliferation and toxicity (P < 0.05). Although this study reveals that radio-contrast pharmaceuticals used in the discography, often used in neurosurgical practice, can be safely used, it should be remembered that this study was performed in an in vitro environment.

Conjunctival Impression Cytology and Tear-Film Changes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular surface changes and tear-film functions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS: The IBD group included 57 patients, and the control group included 29 healthy individuals. The Schirmer I test, tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctiva fluorescent staining, and conjunctival impression cytology tests were performed to both groups. RESULTS: The rate of dry eye was 56.1% and 10.3% in the IBD and control groups, respectively, as assessed by the Schirmer I test (P<0.001). The rate of dry eye was 52.6% and 20.8% in the IBD and control groups, respectively through TBUT (P=0.004). The Ocular Surface Disease Index scores of the IBD group (15.25±7.31) were significantly higher than the control group (11.75±7.33) (P=0.039). According to the Oxford scheme, mild-to-moderate staining was 54.4% in the IBD group and 6.9% in the control group (P<0.001). Nelson Staging System showed that 69% of the IBD group had stage 2 or 3 impression cytology, whereas none of the control group had stage 2 or 3 impression cytology (P<0.001). Using the Schirmer I test, the rate of dry eye was 55.8% of the patients with IBD receiving 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and 61.5% of the patients with IBD receiving both 5-ASA and azathioprine (P=0.485). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results showed that dry eye was 3 times higher in the IBD group than the control group. But, the duration of disease seems not to have effect on dry eye.

Family Physician-Led Group Visits for Lifestyle Modification in Women with Weight Problems: A Pilot Intervention and Follow-Up Study.

OBJECTIVE: Lifestyle modification requires extensive information sharing and counseling. However, one-on-one primary care consultations are lacking to cover all necessary components due to time constraints. This preliminary study aims to investigate the feasibility and effects of lifestyle-changing intervention by family physician-led group visits (GVs) on weight management in overweight and obese women. METHODS: 60 volunteers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Baseline and 6th month assessments consisted of anthropometric measurements, SF-36 Health Survey, blood variables, exercise test, and resting metabolic rate. Weight maintenance was controlled at the 12th month. RESULTS: Although weight loss among participants varied, the mean body weights were significantly decreased by 8.2% in full-attenders (n = 30). A significant increase in HDL-cholesterol and decreases in heart rate and blood pressure were found. SF-36 summary scales were significantly improved. Weight change was moderately correlated with exercise duration, compliance to diet, and baseline mental component score. It was determined that 62.5% of the participants either lost or maintained body weight at the 12th month. CONCLUSION: Significant weight loss and quality of life improvement was achieved in this pilot study. GVs may be a promising alternative to primary care consultations for obesity management; however, the high dropout level and diverse outcomes need further assessment.

Analysis of musculoskeletal dysmorphic abnormalities of 20 fetuses.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to report rates of skeletal abnormalities and their risk factors in light of information obtained in a fetal autopsy series. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 20 fetuses (11 males, 8 females and 1 ambiguous genitalia; mean age 19.3±4.0 weeks; range 16 to 32 week) who underwent autopsy in our hospital between January 2013 and March 2015. Fetuses were systematically classified according to age, gender, family history, abortus week, abortus type, and extremity and organ abnormalities. Skin biopsies were performed for genetic evaluation. Radiographic, pathologic and genetic findings were classified. RESULTS: Except one spontaneous abortus, all cases were applied medical abortus (94.1%). Genetic diagnosis could not be established in seven cases, whereas genetic disorders were identified in 13 cases: two trisomy 13, two trisomy 18, one (triploidi) 69,XXY, two arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, one osteogenesis imperfecta, one lethal multiple pterygium, one Saldino-Noonan syndrome, one teratogenic drug effect, one perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia, and one Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Decreased fetal movement was one of the most frequently observed findings. Consanguineous marriage, oligohydramnios, drug addiction of the mother, teratogenic exposure, and other systemic abnormalities were risk factors. CONCLUSION: Skeletal dysplasias are rare diseases. Clinicians should be careful for skeletal abnormalities in perinatal period follow-ups.