The effect of mentoplate application on the condyle.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the changes occurring in the mandibular condyle by using mentoplate together with rapid maxillary expansion (MP-RME) treatment in the correction of skeletal class III relationship, using fractal analysis (FA). METHODS: The sample consisted of 30 individuals (8-11 years) diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion who underwent MP-RME treatment. Archival records provided cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images taken at two intervals: before MP-RME treatment (T0) and after treatment (T1). The CBCT images were obtained using standardized settings to ensure consistency in image quality and resolution. The trabecular structures in the bilateral condyles at both T0 and T1 were analyzed using FA. The FA was performed on these condylar images using the Image J software. The region of interest (ROI) was carefully selected in the condyle to avoid overlapping with cortical bone, and the box-counting method was employed to calculate the fractal dimension (FD). Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the FD values between T0 and T1 and to evaluate gender differences. The statistical significance was determined using paired t-tests for intra-group comparisons and independent t-tests for inter-group comparisons, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the trabecular structures of the condyles between T0 and T1 (p > 0.05). However, a significant gender difference was observed in FA values, with males exhibiting higher FA values in the left condyle compared to females at both T0 and T1 (p < 0.05). Specifically, the FA values in the left condyle increased from a mean of 1.09 ± 0.09 at T0 to 1.13 ± 0.08 at T1 in males, whereas in females, the FA values remained relatively stable with a mean of 1 ± 0.09 at T0 and 1.03 ± 0.11 at T1. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that MP-RME therapy does not induce significant alterations in the trabecular structure of the mandibular condyle. These results suggest the treatment's safety concerning the structural integrity of the condyle, although the observed gender differences in FA values warrant further investigation.

Assessment of the positional and morphological differences of unilaterally impacted canines: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to use cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the dimensional and morphological characteristics of unilaterally impacted canines, their effects on adjacent teeth, and differences with contralaterally erupted canines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 31 patients (22 males, mean age 22.22 ± 4.82 years; 9 females, mean age 23.91 ± 5.16 years) with unilaterally impacted maxillary palatal teeth were included in the study. CBCT images were obtained using a NewTom 5 G unit in standard mode. Three-dimensional multiplanar reconstructions emulating a panoramic view and curved planar reconstructions were evaluated. Individuals were divided into two groups (low- and high-complexity) according to Ericson and Kurol's impaction complexity classification. RESULTS: The crown lengths and mesiodistal crown widths of the impacted canines were similar to the symmetric canine on the opposite arch and significantly larger than adjacent lateral and premolar teeth (p<0.05). The alpha (31.33 ± 8.32) and beta angles (39.53 ± 10.31) and the 'h' height (10.11 ± 2.02) values in the low-complexity group were significantly lower than the high-complexity group (alpha angle=57.40 ± 12.15; beta angle=71.31 ± 13.94; 'h' height=14.35 ± 3.71, and alpha angle: p<0.001; beta angle: p<0.001; 'h' height: p=0.002) CONCLUSION: The root lengths of impacted maxillary canine teeth are significantly shorter than symmetrically erupted canine teeth regarding labiolingual crown width. As the alpha and beta angles and 'h' height increase, the complexity level of the impacted canine also increases.

Evaluation of First Molar Buccolingual Angulations and Dental Arch Parameters in Adolescents with Bilateral Posterior Crossbite.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the maxillary and mandibular transverse dental arch widths and buccolingual inclinations of the molar teeth in patients with and without bilateral posterior crossbite (BPC) divided into different age groups. Methods: The study included dental models from 120 patients (age: 12-18 years), including 60 with BPC (32 boys and 28 girls) and 60 without BPC (controls; 30 boys and 30 girls), who were divided into three age groups (12-14, 14-16, and 16-18 years). The centroid and lingual transverse arch widths, dental arch perimeters, dental arch depths, and buccolingual angulation of the molar teeth in the maxillary and mandibular regions were evaluated using scanned three-dimensional dental models. Results: Dental arch parameters and buccolingual molar angulation did not significantly differ between the different age groups in either the patients with BPC or the controls (p>0.05). However, several dental arch width parameters differed significantly between sexes in both groups, with higher values in boys than in girls (p<0.05). The difference in the upper and lower molar buccolingual angulation between patients with BPC and controls was greater at the age of 16-18 years than the age of 12-14 years (p<0.05). Conclusion: Patients with BPC have smaller maxillary dental arch widths and larger mandibular intermolar widths than those without BPC. The difference in the molar buccolingual angulation between them increases with advancing age.

Mandibular Radiomorphometric Characteristics of Individuals with Bilateral or Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate and compare the mandibular radiomorphometric characteristics of patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) with those of individuals without CLP and to determine whether there was a difference. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Orthodontic Department in Faculty of Dentistry. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Mandibular cortical bone thickness was measured on high-quality panoramic radiographs taken from 46 patients with unilateral or bilateral CLP aged 13-15 years and 21 control patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three radiomorphometric indices [antegonial index (AI), mental index (MI), and panoramic mandibular index (PMI)] were measured bilaterally. AutoCAD software was used for MI, PMI, and AI measurements. RESULTS: Left MI values were significantly lower in individuals with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP; 0.029 ± 0.04) than in individuals with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP; 0.033 ± 0.07). In addition, right MI values of individuals with right UCLP (0.26 ± 0.06) were significantly lower than those of individuals with left UCLP (0.34 ± 0.06) or BCLP (0.32 ± 0.08). No difference was observed between individuals with BCLP and left UCLP. These values did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Antegonial index and PMI values did not differ between individuals with different types of CLP or when compared with control patients. In patients with UCLP, cortical bone thickness was found to be reduced on the cleft side compared to the intact side. Patients with UCLP with a right-sided cleft had a more substantial decrease in cortical bone thickness.

Evaluation of trabecular changes following advancement genioplasty combined with or without bilateral sagittal split osteotomy by fractal analysis: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: It is aimed to investigate whether there was a difference in radiographic changes in the operational areas between genioplasty alone and genioplasty combined with mandibular advancement and to evaluate the fractal dimension (FD) to assess trabecular changes after genioplasty surgery. METHODS: Preoperative-(T0) and postoperative-(T1) panoramic radiographs of 26 patients without any complications who underwent genioplasty combined with bilateral sagittal osteotomy and mandibular advancement or genioplasty alone were selected. In the panoramic radiographs of both groups, the genial segment, mandibular angulus, and surgical osteotomy line were examined using FD. The box-counting method was used for FD evaluation. RESULTS: It was determined that FD values before and after treatment were similar in both groups for all regions where measurements were made. After surgery, the FD values of the middle region of the genial segment were found to be significantly lower than the other regions. At T1, the FD values at the osteotomy area were found to be significantly higher than those in the middle region of the genial segment. CONCLUSION: Trabecular structure does not differ in patients undergoing genioplasty alone or in combination with mandibular advancement osteotomy. The middle region of the genial segment heals later than other regions.

Effects of maxillary expansion and protraction on pharyngeal airway dimensions in relation to changes in head posture and hyoid position : A retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To assess changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions, head posture and hyoid position after maxillary expansion and face mask (FM) treatment compared to untreated class III patients. METHODS: This study examined 24 class III patients (10 girls, 14 boys, mean age: 10.97 ± 0.88 years) treated with expansion and a petit-type FM appliance and 24 untreated class III patients (16 girls, 8 boys, mean age: 10.50 ± 1.06 years). Pre- and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs were digitally analysed. Parametric data were analysed with paired and independent-samples t­tests, nonparametric data were analysed with Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between dental/skeletal treatment changes and those of craniocervical postural position, pharyngeal airway dimension and hyoid position. RESULTS: With respect to the hypopharyngeal airway dimension, the hypopharyngeal sagittal length (CV3'-LPW), velar angle (HRL/U-PNS) and velar length (U-PNS) significantly increased in the treatment group. All the parameters describing head posture and those describing the distances of the hyoid bone to the HRL changed significantly after treatment, but these changes were not significantly different from the control group. In the treatment group, there also occurred a significant increase in the sagittal growth of the maxilla (SNA, Co­A, Na-Perp A, Wits), vertical growth of the maxillomandibular complex (SN-GoGN, N­ANS, N­Me), counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla (SN-PP) and overjet, while a clockwise rotation (y-axis) and a nonsignificant inhibition of the sagittal growth (Co-Gn) of the mandible were observed. The treatment induced increases of hypopharyngeal sagittal length (CV3'-LPW), soft palate thickness and anteroposterior movement of hyoid bone (H-CV3) demonstrated a positive correlation with changes of craniocervical angles (NSL/OPT, NSL/CVT) and a negative correlation with craniohorizontal angles (OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR). The change of the anteroposterior movement of hyoid bone (H-CV3) was also positively correlated with oropharyngeal sagittal length (CV2'-MPW), the hypopharyngeal sagittal length (CV3'-LPW) and the minimal dimension of the pharyngeal airway space (PASmin). CONCLUSION: While expansion and FM treatment did not affect the head posture and hyoid bone position, positive effects were observed in the hypopharyngeal airway region.

Comparison of the Relationship between Temporomandibular Disorder and Oral Habits or Quality of Life in Dentistry Students in Different Years of Education.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in dental faculty students in different years of education and investigate the relationship between TMD and oral habits or quality of life. METHODS: The Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence and severity of TMD, the Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC) questionnaire served to determine the severity of harmful oral habits/parafunctions and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life in a total of 452 dentistry students (269 women and 183 men) in different years of education. RESULTS: With regard to incidence of TMD, a total of 215 women had TMD (215/269, 79.9%), which was significantly higher than that in men (87/183, 47.5%) (P < 0.001). According to the OBC and OHIP-14 questionnaire results, harmful oral habits and quality of life showed a low to moderately significant correlation with TMD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Fonseca, OHIP-14 and OBC questionnaires allow early and inexpensive determination of oral habits that increase the prevalence of TMD. The prevalence of TMD in dentistry students at the clinical education stage is higher than those who have not progressed to the clinical education stage.

Comparison between cephalometric measurements using digital manual and web-based artificial intelligence cephalometric tracing software.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the measurements performed with digital manual (DM) cephalometric analysis and automatic cephalometric analysis obtained from an online artificial intelligence (AI) platform, according to different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. METHODS: Cephalometric radiographs of 105 randomly selected individuals (mean age: 17.25 ± 1.87 years) were included in this study. Dolphin Imaging software was used for DM cephalometric analysis, and the WebCeph platform was used for AI-based cephalometric analysis. In total, 10 linear and 12 angular measurements were evaluated. The paired t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and intraclass correlation coefficient tests were used to evaluate the differences between the two methods. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. RESULTS: Except for SNB, NPog, U1.SN, U1.NA, L1-APog, I/I, and LLE parameters, all other parameters presented significant differences between the two methods (p< 0.05). While there was no difference (p> 0.05) in both SNA and SNB measurements between the two methods in the Class I malocclusion group, there was a difference between both methods in the Class II malocclusion group. Meanwhile, only the SNA in the Class III malocclusion group was different (p< 0.05). The ANB angle differed significantly in all three malocclusion groups. For both methods, all parameters except CoA and CoGn were found to have good correlation. CONCLUSION: Although significant differences were detected in some measurements between the two cephalometric analysis methods, not all differences were clinically significant. The AI-based cephalometric analysis method needs to be developed for more specific malocclusions.

YouTube as an information and education source for early orthodontic treatment.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the content, reliability, and quality of YouTube videos for early orthodontic treatment. METHODS: YouTube video searches were carried out using the keyword "early orthodontic treatment," which was determined using Google Trends. After sorting according to relevance, the first 120 videos were observed, and 61 videos were analyzed accordingly. Further, the general characteristics, uploader source, reliability score (RS), global quality scale (GQS), video information quality index, audiovisual quality, viewers' interaction index, viewing rate, and total information content score (TCS) data belonging to these videos were analyzed. Based on their reliability scores, videos were divided into 2 main groups (low and medium/high information content) accordingly. RESULTS: It was found that 25 (41%) of the videos had medium/high information content, and 36 (59%) had low information content, respectively. Videos with medium/high information content were found to have long video durations, increased comments, and high TCS, GQS, RS, and video information quality index scores (P <0.05). The videos uploaded by doctors had increased comments, long duration, and high TCS, GQS, and RS scores (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the information provided by YouTube videos on early orthodontic treatment was generally insufficient. In addition, the information quality was high for videos uploaded by doctors.

Three-dimensional imaging and molecular analysis of the effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment in rats : Effects of photobiomodulation and mechanical vibration on orthodontic retention treatment.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate and compare effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and low-magnitude high-frequency mechanical vibration (HFMV) on orthodontic retention. METHODS: Sixty-four female Wistar albino rats were divided into 9 groups (2 negative and positive controls each, 3 PBM and 2 HFMV groups) and studied for 25 days. In the experimental groups, closed nickel-titanium closed coil springs with a 50 cN force were placed for 10 days between the maxillary incisor and molar. PBM and HFMV were applied daily over long- (15 days) and short-term (7 days) retention periods. The PBM groups received PBM with a single wavelength (650 nm) or higher wavelengths (532, 650, 940 nm) for 9 min per day. HFMV groups received HFMV of 10, 20, and 30 Hz for 10 min per day. Right and left maxilla were assessed using micro-computed tomography imaging and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The amount of tooth movement during the retention period, expression levels of cyclooxygenase­2 (COX-2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA gene expression levels, OPG/RANKL ratios, alveolar bone trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and structure model index were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for multiple comparisons of the nonparametric distributed data and binary comparisons, respectively. RESULTS: When using the long-term retention protocol, PBM and HFMV treatment increased Tb.N (p < 0.05) and decreased COX­2 mRNA gene expression levels (p < 0.05) and Tb.Th (p < 0.05) compared to controls. For short-term retention, PBM and HFMV decreased the amount of relapse tooth movement compared to controls. In addition, Tb.Th (p < 0.05) and the mRNA gene expression levels of COX­2 and RANKL (p < 0.05) were decreased. CONCLUSION: PBM and HFMV might be able to support retention after orthodontic tooth movement by reducing bone resorption and increasing bone quality.

Comparison between cephalometric measurements using digital manual and web-based artificial intelligence cephalometric tracing software

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the measurements performed with digital manual (DM) cephalometric analysis and automatic cephalometric analysis obtained from an online artificial intelligence (AI) platform, according to different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Methods: Cephalometric radiographs of 105 randomly selected individuals (mean age: 17.25 ± 1.87 years) were included in this study. Dolphin Imaging software was used for DM cephalometric analysis, and the WebCeph platform was used for AI-based cephalometric analysis. In total, 10 linear and 12 angular measurements were evaluated. The paired t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and intraclass correlation coefficient tests were used to evaluate the differences between the two methods. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: Except for SNB, NPog, U1.SN, U1.NA, L1-APog, I/I, and LLE parameters, all other parameters presented significant differences between the two methods (p< 0.05). While there was no difference (p> 0.05) in both SNA and SNB measurements between the two methods in the Class I malocclusion group, there was a difference between both methods in the Class II malocclusion group. Meanwhile, only the SNA in the Class III malocclusion group was different (p< 0.05). The ANB angle differed significantly in all three malocclusion groups. For both methods, all parameters except CoA and CoGn were found to have good correlation. Conclusion: Although significant differences were detected in some measurements between the two cephalometric analysis methods, not all differences were clinically significant. The AI-based cephalometric analysis method needs to be developed for more specific malocclusions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as medidas realizadas usando análise cefalométrica digital-manual (DM) e análise cefalométrica automatizada por meio de uma plataforma online de inteligência artificial (IA), segundo as diferentes más oclusões esqueléticas sagitais. Métodos: Foram incluídas radiografias cefalométricas de 105 indivíduos selecionados aleatoriamente (idade média: 17,25 ± 1,87 anos). O software Dolphin Imaging foi utilizado para análise cefalométrica DM, e a plataforma WebCeph foi utilizada para análise cefalométrica baseada em IA. No total, foram avaliadas 10 medidas lineares e 12 angulares. O testet pareado, a ANOVA de uma via e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foram utilizados para avaliar as diferenças entre os dois métodos. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p<0,05. Resultados: Com exceção dos parâmetros SNB, NPog, U1.SN, U1.NA, L1-APog, I/I e LIE, todos os outros parâmetros apresentaram valores significativamente diferentes entre os dois métodos (p<0,05). Enquanto não foi encontrada diferença (p>0,05) nas medidas SNA e SNB entre os dois métodos no grupo má oclusão de Classe I, foi encontrada diferença entre os métodos no grupo má oclusão de Classe II. Entretanto, no grupo má oclusão de Classe III somente o SNA foi diferente (p<0,05). O ângulo ANB diferiu significativamente em todos os três grupos de más oclusões. Foi encontrada boa correlação entre os dois métodos para todos os parâmetros, exceto para CoA e CoGn. Conclusão: Embora para algumas medidas tenham sido detectadas diferenças significativas entre os dois métodos de análise cefalométrica, nem todas as diferenças foram clinicamente significativas. O método de análise cefalométrica baseado em IA precisa ser aperfeiçoado, com maior especificidade para cada má oclusão.

Association between incisor positions and amount of interdental stripping in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to investigate the effect of a nonextraction treatment approach with interdental stripping (IDS) on the dentofacial structures in patients with dental and skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with mild-to-moderate crowding of the teeth and nonsevere skeletal malocclusion were included and divided into 3 groups: Class I, Class II, and Class III groups (n = 20 per group). In all patients, nonextraction orthodontic treatment was administered, and those who underwent IDS at the jaw quadrants as needed were evaluated. For pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation, lateral cephalometric radiography and 3-dimensional dental model scans were acquired for each patient. For statistical analysis, paired-samples t test and 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test were used for parametric variables, whereas the Wilcoxon paired signed rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn post-hoc test were used for nonparametric variables. RESULTS: An increase in the maxillary incisor angle was observed in patients with Class I and Class III malocclusions, whereas a decrease was observed in patients with a Class II malocclusion (P < 0.05). Mandibular incisor angles were significantly increased in the Class II malocclusion group (P < 0.05) but unchanged in the other groups. IDS was more frequently applied to the posterior aspect of the maxilla and mandible in patients with a Class II malocclusion than in patients with other malocclusion types, and the amount of IDS at the anterior aspect of the mandible was significantly higher in the Class III group. CONCLUSIONS: Combined nonextraction orthodontic treatment and IDS yielded successful treatment outcomes. IDS application was localized to different jaw regions according to the different malocclusion types.

Effects of root-cortex relationship, root shape, and impaction side on treatment duration and root resorption of impacted canines.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the factors that affect the orthodontic treatment duration (OTD) and external apical root resorption (EARR) of maxillary impacted canines (MIC) as root-cortex relationship, root shape, impaction side, and gender. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirty-eight patients (mean age 15.28 ± 1.48 years) who had unilateral MIC and undergone orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Root-cortex relationship, root-cortex intersection amount, root shape, impaction side, height, alpha angle, impaction zone, and length of the MIC were evaluated on cone-beam computed tomography images at the beginning of the treatment. Final assessments were performed on ortopantograms at the end of the treatment as canine angulation and tooth length. The sample was characterized by descriptive statistics; t-tests, Mann-Whitney U-test, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for the comparison of EARR and OTD values between the categorical groups. RESULTS: Root shape affected OTD, and the longest value was detected in MIC with bent root (P < 0.000). The presence of root-cortex relationship also prolonged OTD for approximately 3 months (P = 0.006). MIC with risk factors like positive root-cortex relationship and bent roots had higher EARR values than those with negative root-cortex relationship and normal roots (P = 0.042, P = 0.021, respectively). EARR of the palatal MIC was also higher than the buccal MIC (P = 0.009). OTD was significantly influenced by root-cortex intersection amount (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The presence of root-cortex relationship and abnormal root shape were risk factors for greater EARR of MIC along OTD, which was also significantly influenced by root shape and root-cortex relationship.

Comparison of cervical vertebral anomalies and sella turcica bridging in different growth stages with various vertical skeletal growth patterns.

PURPOSE: To compare cervical vertebral anomalies and sella turcica bridging (STB) in different growth stages in orthodontic patients with different vertical skeletal growth patterns. METHODS: Lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCR) of 270 patients in the preadolescent, adolescent, or postadolescent periods and having low angle [LA], normal angle [NA], or high-angle [HA] vertical skeletal growth patterns were evaluated retrospectively. STB was visualized using LCRs while evaluating the deficiency of ponticulus posticus (PP) and atlas posterior arch (PAA) associated with the atlas bone. The Pearson chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical data and one-way ANOVA for numerical data. RESULTS: The prevalence of fully calcified PP and STB increased from the preadolescent (PP, 10.0%; STB, 11.1%) to the postadolescent period (PP, 24.4; STB, 21.1%); they did not differ from vertical skeletal growth patterns (p > 0.05). The prevalence of PAA deficiency is significantly higher in individuals with LA (46.7%) than with other angles (NA, 27.8%; HA, 26.7%). The vertical skeletal growth pattern was significantly related to STB in the preadolescent period and PAA in the postadolescent period. CONCLUSIONS: Different anomalies during different growth periods correlate with the vertical skeletal growth pattern. It will be useful to evaluate a different anomaly according to the relevant growth period.

Are Dental Maturation, Skeletal Maturation, and Chronological Age Associated With Complete Cleft Lip and Palate?

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between dental and skeletal development levels was determined in individuals with cleft lip and palate and a control group comprising individuals without cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: A university clinic specializing in orthodontic and pedodontic care. PATIENTS: A total of 198 patients with cleft lip and palate (99 females, 11.66 ± 2.36 years; 99 males, 12.44 ± 2.33 years) and 198 patients without cleft lip and palate (99 females, 11.88 ± 2.26 years; 99 males, 12.99 ± 2.25 years). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Demirjian method and cervical vertebra maturation method were used to evaluate panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs, respectively. The Fishman maturation predictors were determined from hand-wrist radiographs. RESULTS: Statistically significant correlations were found between the chronological age and the dental age in both the groups (P < .05). Significant correlations between skeletal maturation indicators and dental maturation indicators were observed in both groups and sexes (P < .05), with a stronger correlation among teeth with incomplete dental maturation. Dental age was found to be significantly lower (female, P = .001; male, P = .001) in individuals with cleft lip and palate (female, 11.71 ± 2.58 years; male, 12.51 ± 2.62 years) compared to those in the control group (female, 12.95 ± 2.47 years; male, 13.64 ± 2.37 years). CONCLUSIONS: A high correlation between the results of the evaluated radiographic methods and chronological age supports their use for accurate age estimation in the patients with cleft lip and palate.

Cervicovertebral anomalies and/or normal variants in patients with congenitally bilateral absent maxillary lateral incisors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a relationship between congenitally bilaterally absent maxillary lateral incisors (BAMLIs) and skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 86 patients (62 girls, 24 boys; age 12-17 years) with congenitally BAMLIs and 86 patients (55 girls, 34 boys; age 13-18 years) without any dental or skeletal anomalies were collected and evaluated retrospectively. The study was based on the evaluation of lateral cephalometric and orthopantomographic radiographs. Posterior arch deficiency of the atlas bone (PADA); atlanto-occipital ligament calcification, known as "ponticulus posticus" (PP); and interclinoid ligament calcification, known as "sella turcica bridging" were recorded for each participant. Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate and compare skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants between patients with BAMLIs and the control group. RESULTS: The prevalence of cervicovertebral anomalies and/or normal variants seen in the lateral cephalometric radiographs was higher in patients with BAMLI than in the control group. The prevalence of PP was lower and that of PADA was higher in patients with BAMLIs than in the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PADA was increased and that of PP formation was decreased in patients with BAMLIs. There was a significant relationship between skeletal anomalies and/or normal variants.

Effects of photobiomodulation at different wavelengths on orthodontically induced root resorption in orthodontic retention period: a micro-CT and RT-PCR study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the reparative and inhibitory effects of single wavelength photobiomodulation (SW-PBM) and of cumulative increased wavelength photobiomodulation (CW-PBM) on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). Thirty-three Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: untreated group (negative control), only relapse group (positive control-1), only retention group (positive control-2), SW-PBM group (650 nm, 100 mW/cm2), and CW-PBM group (532-650-940 nm, 100 mW/cm2). Orthodontic tooth movement was induced experimentally in rats for 10 days with an applied force of 50 cN; retention and therapeutic approaches were performed concurrently. At the end of the experiment, maxillary quadrants were prepared for micro-CT analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. After the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Kruskal-Wallis test followed post hoc Bonferroni test and paired samples t test was used for statistical evaluation of the data. Resorption lacunae volume (p < 0.001), number of resorption lacunae (p < 0.05), and percentage of the resorption (PR) lacunae (p < 0.001) decreased with PBM applications when compared with the positive control groups, and the mean PR was similar in the negative control group when compared with SW-PBM group. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) levels of the PBM groups were lower (p < 0.05) than those of the positive control groups. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression levels significantly decreased with PBM administration (p < 0.05). No significant change was found in osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression levels and OPG/RANKL ratios (p > 0.05). PBM applications showed marked inhibitory and reparative effects on OIIRR by modulating the RANKL and COX-2 expression levels. However, the effects of the different wavelengths were similar to each other.Graphical abstract.

A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes using the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method between direct bonding and indirect bonding techniques in adolescents: a single-centre, single-blind randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this two-arm parallel trial was to evaluate enamel demineralization in fixed orthodontic treatment using an indirect bonding technique in comparison to a direct bonding technique by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six patients who needed fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly separated into either the direct bonding group or the indirect bonding group. The presence and extent of lesions on the buccal surfaces of all teeth, except the molar teeth, were assessed. The percentage of fluorescence loss (ΔF and ΔFmax), the degree of demineralization (ΔQ) and lesion area (WS area) were determined using the system's software. The data were analysed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U-tests (P < 0.05). INTERVENTIONS: Treatment with a direct bonding or an indirect bonding technique. RESULTS: This study was completed with 25 patients in the indirect bonding group (12 females, 13 males; mean age: 15.42 ± 1.71 years) and 26 patients in the direct bonding group (12 females, 14 males; mean age: 14.73 ± 1.65 years). In the indirect bonding technique, a few teeth (especially mandibular left canine: 50.45 ± 93.48; 95% confidence interval: -12.35 and 113.26) were found to develop significant white spot lesion (WSL) formation (P < 0.05). However, the number of teeth with demineralization was higher in the direct bonding group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The bonding procedures used in the indirect bonding technique contribute to reducing the degree of WSL formation. Further, the use of flowable composite adhesives in this bonding process is more effective at reducing the appearance of WSLs than in cases where conventional composite adhesives are used. LIMITATIONS: The limitation of our trial may be the small sample size and the short follow-up time for the patients. HARMS: No harms were detected during the study. PROTOCOL: The protocol was not published before trial commencement. REGISTRATION: This trial was registered post hoc at 'Clinical Trials' (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registration number (ID): NCT03738839.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a risk factor for bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Performing pneumonectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is still controversial. Bronchopleural fistula is a major complication after pneumonectomy. In this study the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer from January 2005 to December 2011 was undertaken. The major complications and operative mortality were analyzed and compared between the patients having neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients having surgery only. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-seven pneumonectomies (77 right and 100 left) were performed during the study period and 49 of these patients (27.7%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Median age was 60 years (range, 32 to 80). The bronchopleural fistula rate was 26.5% (13/49) in the neoadjuvant group versus 3.1% (4/128) in the surgery alone group (p = 0.029). The bronchopleural fistula rate was 16.9% (13/77) in the right pneumonectomy group vs. 4% (4/100) in the left pneumonectomy group (p = 0.004). Overall operative mortality was 5.6%. Mortality in the neoadjuvant group was 8.2% vs. 4.7% in the surgery only group (p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and right pneumonectomy is a major risk factor for bronchopleural fistula. Especially right pneumonectomy should be avoided after induction therapy.