Phase-mismatch dependence of the four-wave mixing effect in semiconductor optical amplifiers.

The phase-mismatch effect due to polarization-dependent mode confinement factor has been shown to be not a crucial problem in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and is usually not accounted for. The phase-mismatch four-wave mixing (FWM) process in SOA devices is experimentally reported. The results reveal a sinc-like behavior in the intensity of FWM conjugate as a function of wavelength separation between transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) pumps due to induced confinement factors difference. Efficient FWM occurred for a detuning shift of about 500 GHz, limited by phase-mismatch conditions and determined by coherence length required for low and high frequencies to complete a full phase-match cycle. Phase-match FWM with an infinity coherence length can be fulfilled by proper alignments of co-polarized TE/TM modes of input waves with respect to the birefringent axes of the device structure.

Wide-uniform triple Brillouin frequency spacing multi-wavelength fiber laser assisted by a distributed Raman amplifier.

In this paper, we demonstrate a wide-uniform and hybrid multi-wavelength fiber laser source with triple Brillouin-shift wavelength spacing. The hybrid gains include the combination of erbium-ytterbium-doped fiber and distributed Raman amplifiers. For optimum performances, the Brillouin pump wavelength is set at 1532 nm with power at -20 dBm, erbium-ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier at 950 mW and Raman pump power at 900 mW. The highest channel count is obtained in this kind of laser design, where around 164 Stokes lines are produced within 10 dB spectral flatness. The corresponding bandwidth is 40 nm, where the average optical signal-to-noise ratio is maintained at 36 dB estimation. The outstanding total power stability indicates 0.74 dB fluctuation over a 45-minute duration. This merits the practicality for various applications especially in optical communication system and sensing. Furthermore, a reasonable wide tuning range of 36 nm is realized, beginning from 1532 nm, which is only restricted by the accessible hybrid gain bandwidth.

Enhanced flatness of 20 GHz channel spacing multiwavelength Brillouin-Raman fiber laser with sub-millimeter air gap.

We discover the technique of controlling the flatness in signal amplitude of a multiwavelength Brillouin-Raman fiber laser by employing an air-gap outside of the cavity. The structure that is adjustable within sub-millimeter length behaves as flexible optical feedback that provides modifiable portions of multiple Fresnel reflectivities. This is the main benchmark that allows the efficient management of gain competition between self-lasing modes and Brillouin Stokes waves that is vital for self-flattening initiation. When setting the Brillouin pump wavelength at 1529 nm and the air-gap distance to 0.4 mm, 296 Stokes lines are produced with a channel spacing of 0.158 nm. The lasing bandwidth is 46.60 nm that covers from 1529.16 to 1575.76 nm wavelength. In this case at Raman power of 950 mW, the intense Brillouin pump power of 2 dBm saturates the cascaded higher-orders lasing lines. As a result, the overall peak power discrepancy is maintained at just 1.8 dB where an average optical-signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB is realized. To date, this is the widest bandwidth with the flattest spectrum attained in multiwavelength fiber lasers that incorporate a single Raman pump unit.

Wide bandwidth and flat multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser.

A wide bandwidth and flat multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser is demonstrated experimentally. In the proposed laser setup, the combination of a Brillouin mirror with feedback and a ring cavity with four-wave mixing assistance is realized. The efficiency of Brillouin Stokes lines generation is enhanced by the feedback-based Brillouin mirror structure. The effect of four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber increases the generation of Brillouin Stokes lines in a wider bandwidth. The laser lines over 16 nm bandwidth (i.e 200 channels) within 4.65 dB power difference are obtained. The generated laser lines span from 1534 to 1550 nm with wavelength spacing of 0.08 nm and optical signal-to-noise ratio of at least 15 dB. The laser can also be freely tuned over 32 nm and is stable with power fluctuations of 0.7 dB over 1 hour duration.

20 GHz spacing multi-wavelength generation of Brillouin-Raman fiber laser in a hybrid linear cavity.

We demonstrate a tunable multi-wavelength Brillouin-Raman fiber laser with 20 GHz wavelength spacing. The setup is arranged in a linear cavity by employing 7.2 and 11 km dispersion compensating fibers (DCF) in addition to a 30 cm Bismuth-oxide erbium doped fiber. In this experiment, for the purpose of increasing the Stokes lines, it is necessary to optimize Raman pump power and Brillouin pump power together with its corresponding wavelengths. At the specific Brillouin pump wavelength, it is found that the longer length of 11 km DCF with optimized parameters results in larger number of Stokes combs and optical signal to noise ratios (OSNRs). In this case, a total of 195 Brillouin Stokes combs are produced across 28 nm bandwidth at Brillouin pump power of -2 dBm and Raman pump power of 1000 mW. In addition, all Brillouin Stokes signals exhibit an average OSNR of 26 dB.

Multiwavelength Brillouin fiber laser with enhanced reverse-S-shaped feedback coupling assisted by out-of-cavity optical amplifier.

A multiwavelength widely tunable Brillouin optical comb with an enhanced reverse-S-shaped feedback coupling assisted by out-of-cavity optical amplifier is demonstrated. The enhancement is done by locating the amplifier and the Brillouin pump into the reverse-S-shaped fiber section. The oscillating modes in the cavity are directly influenced solely by the Brillouin gain. A wide tuning range of 45 nm is obtained that is only limited by the erbium amplification bandwidth. An average of eleven laser lines that can be tuned to over 45 nm wavelengths is obtained at 40% optimum output coupling ratio.