Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Artrite/complicações , Toxidermias/etiologia , Imunoglobulina A/análise , Propionatos/efeitos adversos , Dermatopatias Vesiculobolhosas/induzido quimicamente , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Membrana Basal/imunologia , Membrana Basal/patologia , Doença Crônica , Toxidermias/imunologia , Toxidermias/patologia , Feminino , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxaprozina , Propionatos/uso terapêutico , Dermatopatias Vesiculobolhosas/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias Vesiculobolhosas/imunologiaRESUMO
The two-dimensional echocardiographic image has improved greatly over the past decade due in great part to improved technology. Yet it should be remembered that the skill of the cardiac sonographer is still an important factor in acquiring an adequate echocardiographic examination. This article has presented new approaches and adjustments to the standard approaches in acquiring routine two-dimensional images. It is the belief of the authors that the cardiac sonographers may improve their two-dimensional imaging by using the rib hooks, pressure points, and hugs described.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
The influence of nicotinic transmission in the interpeduncular nucleus of the ventral midbrain on recovery from general anesthesia (3% halothane in oxygen) was assessed in rats. Immediately upon withdrawal of the anesthetic, nicotine (2 microliters, 10(-5) to 10(-1) M) was injected into the interpeduncular nucleus. Larger doses of nicotine (10(-2) and 10(-1) M) significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged the recovery of righting reflexes (to 371 +/- 55 and 362 +/- 67 sec, respectively, mean +/- SE), compared with injection of saline (187 +/- 19 sec). Prior intramuscular administration of the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine (2 mg/kg) significantly reduced the effect of 10(-2) M nicotine (to 211 +/- 43 sec). Injection of the nicotinic antagonist, hexamethonium (10(-1) M) led to a low mean recovery time (181 +/- 21 sec), not significantly different from control. Prolongation of recovery by 10(-2) M nicotine was not found to be significant when sites more dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus were injected. An observed tendency for injection of nicotine to slow the post-anesthesia rate of breathing was not statistically significant and not correlated anatomically with the injection site in the midbrain. Increased release of acetylcholine has been shown previously to occur in the interpeduncular nucleus during anesthesia. The present results suggest that nicotinic activation of the interpeduncular nucleus facilitates or sums with the mechanisms in the brain that produce anesthesia under halothane.
