Protective effect of apocynin against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Gentamicin (GNT) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for treatment of serious infections, and the nephrotoxic adverse effect is one of the main therapeutic limitations. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of apocynin (APO) on nephrotoxicity induced by GNT in rats. Twenty-four rats were allocated into three groups: control, GNT (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), and GNT plus APO (10 mg/kg, i.p.). All rats were killed at the end of the experiment, and then the blood, urine, and kidneys samples were taken. GNT-induced nephrotoxicity was manifested by a significant ( p < 0.05) increase in the weight of kidney, 24-h urine volume, renal somatic index (RSI), protein in urine, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal Fas ligand (CD95), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, a significant reduction in body weight, creatinine clearance (CCr), serum albumin, renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione activities were detected when compared with the control rats. APO ameliorated the nephrotoxic effect and oxidative damage caused by GNT by improving tissue morphology and significantly decreasing 24-h urine volume, RSI, serum Cr, LDH and BUN, protein in urine, and renal content of MDA, CD95, and NO. Additionally, APO caused a significant elevation in renal SOD activity and CCr when compared with the GNT group. These results confirm that APO by its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidant effects can ameliorate GNT-induced nephrotoxicity.

Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates cardiovascular dysfunction induced by cecal ligation and puncture in rats.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous messenger that participates in regulation of cardiovascular functions. This study evaluates the possible protective effect of H2S in cardiovascular dysfunction induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in rats. After 24 h of induction of CLP, heart rate (HR), mortality, cardiac and inflammation biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isozyme, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), in vitro vascular reactivity, histopathological examination, and oxidative biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were determined. CLP induced elevations in HR, mortality, serum CK-MB, cTnI, CRP, and LDH, in addition to impaired aortic contraction to potassium chloride and phenylephrine and relaxation to acetylcholine without affecting sodium nitroprusside responses. Moreover, CLP increased cardiac and aortic MDA and decreased SOD, without affecting GSH and caused a marked subserosal and interstitial inflammation in endocardium. Sodium hydrosulfide, but not the irreversible inhibitor of H2S synthesis dl-propargyl glycine, protected against CLP-induced changes in HR, mortality, cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress, and myocardium histopathological changes without affecting vascular dysfunction. Our results confirm that H2S can attenuate CLP-induced cardiac, but not vascular, dysfunction possibly through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.