The carcinogenic PAHs in breads, amount, analytical method and mitigation strategy, a systematic review study.

Bread is one of the most consumed foods all over the world. Several contaminants are identified in bread. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of these contaminants. This systematic study evaluates the amount of four carcinogenic PAHs (PAH4) in various types of breads. To conduct this study, a comprehensive search was carried out using keywords of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PAH4, and bread, with no time limitations. 17 articles were selected and fully evaluated. The observed range of PAH4 concentrations in bread varied from non-detected (ND) to 20.66 µg/kg. In the sample preparation process for analysis, an ultrasonic bath was predominantly utilized. Most chromatographic methods are able to measure PAHs in food, but the GC-MS method has been used more. To mitigate PAH levels in bread, it is suggested to incorporate antioxidants during the bread-making process. Furthermore, the type of bread, the type of fuel used to bake the bread, the temperature and the cooking time were some of the factors affecting the amount of PAH. Restricting these factors could significantly reduce PAH content. Regarding the risk assessment conducted in the manuscript, it was determined that industrial breads are usually considered safe. However, some traditional breads may pose risks in terms of their potential PAH content.

Multimodality imaging in diagnosis and management of patent ductus arteriosus in an adult: a case report.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart disorder in which a vascular structure between the pulmonary artery and the aorta remains open. PDA normally closes shortly after birth. The treatment in adults is surgical or transcatheter closure. A 47-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a diagnosis of PDA and was treated with transcatheter closure. Although the recovery period of adult patients is long, this patient recovered completely after one day.

Bacillus subtilis supernatant improves the efficacy of radiation therapy in rat intestinal epithelial cells by upregulation of bax and caspase-3 genes.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal Cancer (CC) is among the most prevalent cancers in elderly persons. Radiotherapy is usually prescribed as CC develops, however, radiation beams indiscriminately affect normal cells. Previous studies nominated that probiotics and their metabolites can be used to minimize the side effects of radiotherapy. Hereby, the aim of this study was to investigate the probable correlation between cell-free supernatant of Bacillus subtilis and radiation response in normal and cancerous cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS: IEC-18 and SW-48 cells were treated with different concentrations of B. subtilis supernatant. To evaluate the effect of probiotic treatments under radiation and the normal situation, the cytotoxicity of the treatments was measured using the MTT method. The cell cycle status was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase 3 genes were also determined by real-time (RT) PCR. B. subtilis supernatant increased the viability of normal cells under radiation treatment, although this effect was not significant. 40% v/v of this mixture could amplify the lethal effect of radiation and decreased the viability of cancer cells. SW-48 cells that received 40% v/v of the supernatant had a significantly higher rate of apoptosis. Probiotic supernatant effectively induced the expression of proapoptotic Bax and Caspase 3 genes. CONCLUSION: Presented results confirmed that the supernatant of B. subtilis can be supposed as a clue to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy in CC patients as it increased the sensitivity of cancerous cells and protected normal epithelial cells from detrimental effects of radiation.

A review on colorimetric assays for DNA virus detection.

Early detection is one of the ways to deal with DNA virus widespread prevalence, and it is necessary to know new diagnostic methods and techniques. Colorimetric assays are one of the most advantageous methods in detecting viruses. These methods are based on color change, which can be seen either with the naked eye or with special devices. The aim of this study is to introduce and evaluate effective colorimetric methods based on amplification, nanoparticle, CRISPR/Cas, and Lateral flow in the diagnosis of DNA viruses and to discuss the effectiveness of each of the updated methods. Compared to the other methods, colorimetric assays are preferred for faster detection, high efficiency, cheaper cost, and high sensitivity and specificity. It is expected that the spread of these viruses can be prevented by identifying and developing new methods.

Isolation and molecular identification of a cellulotic bacterium from muncipal waste and investigation of its cellulase production / Isolamento e identificação molecular de uma bactéria celulolítica do lixo municipal e investigação de sua produção de celulase

Municipal waste is rich in lignocellulosic compounds which contain cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Microorganisms can break down such compounds and convert them into glucose and other carbohydrates. The current study was performed to isolate and identify cellulolytic bacteria in municipal waste. Municipal waste samples were collected and plated on Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar. Preliminary identification of the isolates was performed using standard biochemical assays. The activity of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCase) was specified through measuring the release of reducing sugars from CMC. Different nitrogen sources at various concentrations and initial pH values were evaluated for their effect on enzyme production. Further the enzyme production was determined at different fermentation times. Molecular identification was then performed using bacterial 16s rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. A cellulolytic bacterium was isolated from municipal waste samples and identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics along with 16S rRNA analysis. The isolated bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis (accession number: KU681044). Whose growth characteristics showed that its growth curve entered the logarithmic phase following 10­18 h with the stable growth phase ranging from 23 to 37 h. The optimal carbon source for fermentation was 1% rice hull, with the nitrogen source comprised of 2% peptone and yeast extract. The the minimum CMCase activity was observed at an initial medium pH of 4.0, while the maximum was observed at pH 7. The strain grew vigorously and the cellulase yield was high at 6­24 h fermentation time period. The isolated bacteria showed the degrading potential of cellulose which could be employed in local industrial process.

Resíduos urbanos são ricos em compostos lignocelulósicos que contêm celulose, lignina e hemicelulose. Microrganismos podem quebrar esses compostos e convertê-los em glicose e outros carboidratos. O presente estudo foi realizado para isolar e identificar bactérias celulolíticas em resíduos urbanos. Amostras de resíduos municipais foram coletadas e plaqueadas em ágar Carboximetilcelulose (CMC). A identificação preliminar dos isolados foi realizada utilizando ensaios bioquímicos padrão. A atividade da carboximetilcelulose (CMCase) foi especificada através da medição da liberação de açúcares redutores da CMC. Diferentes fontes de nitrogênio em várias concentrações e valores iniciais de pH foram avaliados quanto ao seu efeito na produção de enzimas. Além disso, a produção de enzima foi determinada em diferentes tempos de fermentação. A identificação molecular foi então realizada utilizando amplificação e sequenciamento do gene bacteriano 16s rRNA. Uma bactéria celulolítica foi isolada de amostras de resíduos urbanos e identificada com base em características morfológicas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas, juntamente com a análise 16S rRNA. A bactéria isolada foi identificada como Bacillus subtilis (número de acesso: KU681044). Cujas características de crescimento mostraram que sua curva de crescimento entrou na fase logarítmica após 10-18 h com a fase de crescimento estável variando de 23 a 37 h. A fonte de carbono ótima para a fermentação foi 1% de casca de arroz, com a fonte de nitrogênio composta de 2% de peptona e extrato de levedura. A atividade mínima de CMCase foi observada em um pH médio inicial de 4,0, enquanto a máxima foi observada em pH 7. A linhagem cresceu vigorosamente e o rendimento de celulase foi alto no período de 6 a 24 horas de fermentação. As bactérias isoladas mostraram o potencial de degradação da celulose que poderia ser empregada no processo industrial local.