Mitral complex geometric changes aggravate mitral stenosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) often coexists with mitral valve stenosis (MS). MS aggravation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is common, and its etiology is multifactorial. We hypothesized that geometric changes in the mitral complex (mitral valvular and annular deformities) are adjunctive factors aggravating MS after TAVR, particularly in older adults with a smaller left ventricle (LV). This study aimed to evaluate the mitral complex geometric changes before and after TAVR and to assess the important predictors of MS aggravation after TAVR. This retrospective study enrolled consecutive adult patients who underwent TAVR and surgical AVR (SAVR) for severe AS. The mitral valve area (MVA), the angle between the anterior mitral valve leaflet (AMVL) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), AMVL length, mitral annular diameter, presence of mitral annular calcification, and LV size were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography. This study included 258 patients who underwent TAVR and SAVR. MVA index decreased from 2.3 ± 0.6 cm² to 1.9 ± 0.5 cm² in the TAVR group. The angle between the AMVL and LVOT was 56.3 ± 9.7° preoperatively and increased to 67.3 ± 11.5° after TAVR. In multivariate analysis, the most important predictive factors of MS aggravation after TAVR were a smaller mitral annular diameter, restricted AMVL mobility, and implantation depth (odds ratio: 4.5, 5.3,3.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-14, 1.9-17, 1.0-8.9; and p = 0.005, p = 0.001, p = 0.042, respectively). The reduction in MVA after TAVR was related to the restriction of AMVL opening, depth of implantation and narrowing of the mitral annulus.

Quantitative flow ratio versus fractional flow reserve for Heart Team decision-making in multivessel disease: the randomised, multicentre DECISION QFR trial.

BACKGROUND: Vessel-level physiological data derived from pressure wire measurements are one of the important determinant factors in the optimal revascularisation strategy for patients with multivessel disease (MVD). However, these may result in complications and a prolonged procedure time. AIMS: The feasibility of using the quantitative flow ratio (QFR), an angiography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR), in Heart Team discussions to determine the optimal revascularisation strategy for patients with MVD was investigated. METHODS: Two Heart Teams were randomly assigned either QFR- or FFR-based data of the included patients. They then discussed the optimal revascularisation mode (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] or coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) for each patient and made treatment recommendations. The primary endpoint of the trial was the level of agreement between the treatment recommendations of both teams as assessed using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: The trial included 248 patients with MVD from 10 study sites. Cohen's kappa in the recommended revascularisation modes between the QFR and FFR approaches was 0.73 [95% confidence interval {CI} : 0.62-0.83]. As for the revascularisation planning, agreements in the target vessels for PCI and CABG were substantial for both revascularisation modes (Cohen's kappa=0.72 [95% CI: 0.66-0.78] and 0.72 [95% CI: 0.66-0.78], respectively). The team assigned to the QFR approach provided consistent recommended revascularisation modes even after being made aware of the FFR data (Cohen's kappa=0.95 [95% CI:0.90-1.00]). CONCLUSIONS: QFR provided feasible physiological data in Heart Team discussions to determine the optimal revascularisation strategy for MVD. The QFR and FFR approaches agreed substantially in terms of treatment recommendations.

Inconsistent False Lumen Enhancement Predicts Late Aortic Events After Hemiarch Replacement in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.

The impact of inconsistent enhancement within the patent false lumen on the occurrence of late aortic events remains uncertain. We enrolled 55patients who exhibited a patent false lumen after hemiarch replacement. The Hounsfield unit (HU) measurements in the patent false lumen were obtained at 2 specific locations: the aortic arch (a) and the descending aorta (b). The false lumen HU score was calculated as the absolute value of 1 - a/b, representing the discrepancy in HUs within the patent false lumen. We investigated the cut-off value of the false lumen HU score with the receiver operating characteristics curve to predict the incidence of late aortic events. We divided the patients based on the cut-off value and compared the cumulative incidence of the late aortic events. The analysis of the receiver operating characteristics curve showed that the cut-off value of the false lumen HU score was 0.345. Based on this cut-off value, we divided them into 2 groups: Group A (score <0.345, n = 26) and Group B (score ≥0.345, n = 29). The baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. The cumulative incidence of the late aortic events was significantly lower in Group A (7.8% at 5 years) than in Group B (39.9% at 5 years) (p = 0.02). The false lumen HU score might be useful to predict the incidence of late aortic events after hemiarch replacement.

Dynamics of drying colloidal suspensions, measured by optical coherence tomography.

Colloidal suspensions are the basis of a wide variety of coatings, prepared as liquids and then dried into solid films. The processes at play during film formation, however, are difficult to observe directly. Here, we demonstrate that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide fast, non-contact, precise profiling of the dynamics within a drying suspension. Using a scanning Michelson interferometer with a broadband laser source, OCT creates cross-sectional images of the optical stratigraphy of a sample. With this method, we observed the drying of colloidal silica in Hele-Shaw cells with 10 µm transverse and 1.8 µm depth resolution, over a 1 cm scan line and a 15 s sampling period. The resulting images were calibrated to show how the concentration of colloidal particles varied with position and drying time. This gives access to important transport properties, for example, of how collective diffusion depends on particle concentration. Looking at early-time behaviours, we also show how a drying front initially develops, and how the induction time before the appearance of a solid film depends on the balance of diffusion and evaporation-driven motion. Pairing these results with optical microscopy and particle tracking techniques, we find that film formation can be significantly delayed by any density-driven circulation occurring near the drying front.

A Novel Method of Real-Time Assessment for Coronary Artery Anastomosis Skill.

PURPOSE: Coronary anastomosis is the most key factor to accomplish coronary artery bypass grafting, which is one of the largest areas in cardiovascular surgery. Although we have organized on-site simulator training courses of coronary anastomosis using BEAT YOUCAN, it became difficult to continue it because of COVID-19. Therefore, we established a real-time evaluation sheet instead of an Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) evaluation sheet. The purposes of this study was to develop the real-time assessment system and to prove the correlation between the score obtained by the OSATS and the score obtained by the real-time evaluation system. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 22 videos from the qualifying round of real-time coronary anastomosis competition evaluated by both the modified OSATS and the real-time evaluation system were utilized in this study. The global rating score of OSATS was compared with the global rating score of real-time evaluation system. RESULTS: When examined the relationship between the OSATS total score and the real-time total score, there was a significant correlation (R = 0.752, p <0.001). The OSATS general definition score and the real-time total score also showed a strong correlation (R = 0.733, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We developed a real-time assessment sheet to evaluate coronary anastomosis. This assessment sheet had a good correlation with the OSATS evaluation sheet.

A Novel Technique of No-Touch Endoscopic Saphenous Vein Harvesting.

No-touch saphenous vein harvesting is considered an ideal procedure for harvesting good-quality veins, whereas endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH) is considered ideal for decreasing wound complications. The no-touch EVH (NT-EVH) technique, which was developed in 2018, is one of the best vein-harvesting procedures. We have improved this method in several aspects since our initial experience. Herein, we present the details of this technique.

Position-dependent rates of film growth in drying colloidal suspensions on tilted air-water interfaces.

Suspended particles in a solvent form a packed film when the solvent evaporates. We investigated film growth rates in a narrow channel on a tilted drying interface and observed clear differences in the rates of film growth. Films grew faster at one end and slower at the other; thus, the slope of the packing front, i.e., the boundary between the packed film and the drying suspension, changed as drying proceeded. However, the difference in film growth rates became smaller as the slope of the packing front changed and the rates of film growth at the either end ultimately became identical. We found that the differences in the rates of film growth were proportional to cosθ, where θ is the angle defined by the slope of the packing front. We constructed a mathematical description to successfully express the time evolution of both the difference in the growth rates and the packing front angle θ. Relationships between drying-induced flow of bulk suspensions and transport of suspended particles to the tilted packing front are discussed.

Hemolysis Precedes Urine Color Change in Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

PURPOSE: Red-colored urine often occurs in patients in the perioperative period who undergo cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This urine color change has been utilized for approximating hemolysis during CPB without a proven relationship for ongoing hemolysis. This case series study aimed to examine the relationship between plasma free hemoglobin (Hb) levels and quantified measures of urine color. METHODS: Ten patients were enrolled in this study. Blood and urine were collected for analyses for the following time points: before surgery, two hours after the initiation of CPB, every 30 min during CPB thereafter, and 0, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after the completion of CPB. We measured free Hb in plasma and urine using the azide-methemoglobin method. Photographs of urine were obtained, and the luminance of the three basic colors (red/green/blue) was analyzed by quantitative luminance contrast analysis to find a correlation for hemolysis. RESULTS: Median levels of plasma free Hb were 0.015 (0.010-0.080, n = 10) g/dL at baseline. During the CPB, increases in plasma free Hb levels were measured: median plasma free Hb levels were increased to 0.100 g/dL (0.020-0.240, p = 0.039, vs. baseline, n = 9) at two hours into CPB, median and range, respectively. In contrast, increases in urinary free Hb levels and/or urine color changes were measured only after cessation of CPB in nine patients. CONCLUSION: Urine color change or elevation of urinary free Hb levels followed the elevation of plasma free Hb levels with considerable delay.

BioGlue cerebral embolism following acute type A aortic dissection repair.

Surgical outcomes of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) have significantly improved in recent decades due to advances in surgical techniques and adhesives such as BioGlue (Cryolife, Kennesaw, GA, USA). However, this convenient material can sometimes cause complications such as thrombotic embolism and pseudoaneurysm. Herein, we present the case of a 61-year-old man with ATAAD who successfully underwent total arch replacement. Five days after surgery, he collapsed due to right-sided hemiplegia. We immediately performed cerebral thrombectomy to remove thrombotic embolism caused by BioGlue, which was used to obliterate the false lumen of the dissected aorta during ATAAD repair. Learning objective: Thanks to surgical techniques and adhesives such as BioGlue, surgical outcomes of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection have significantly improved recently. However, thromboembolic events due to adhesives such as BioGlue use can happen not only during surgery, but also a few days after it.

Aortic dissection due to primary aldosteronism in a young adult with adrenal adenoma: A case report.

Although acute type A aortic dissection is relatively rare in young adults, patients with connective tissue diseases are at a higher risk for developing this condition. To the best of our knowledge, type A aortic dissection due to endocrine diseases has been rarely reported. Here, we present a case of acute type A aortic dissection due to primary aldosteronism in a young man with adrenal adenoma. Total arch replacement was successfully performed. Postoperative imaging and endocrine evaluation revealed an adrenal adenoma. This study highlights the importance of considering primary aldosteronism as a potential etiology of acute aortic dissection in young adults. Learning objective: Generally, direct or indirect causes of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) are highly diversified. We tend to suspect the familial aortic diseases such as Marfan syndrome when patients with ATAAD are young adults. By contrast, it is useful to know that endocrine diseases such as primary aldosteronism with functional adenoma can be risk factors of ATAAD in young adults.

Heart Team risk assessment with angiography-derived fractional flow reserve determining the optimal revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease: Trial design and rationale for the DECISION QFR randomized trial.

In patients with multivessel disease (MVD), functional information on lesions improves the prognostic capability of the SYNTAX score. Quantitative flow ratio (QFR®) is an angiography-derived fractional flow reserve (FFR) that does not require a pressure wire or pharmacological hyperemia. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of QFR-based patient information in Heart Teams' discussions to determine the optimal revascularization strategy for patients with MVD. We hypothesized that there is an acceptable agreement between treatment recommendations based on the QFR approach and recommendation based on the FFR approach. The DECISION QFR study is a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that will include patients with MVD who require revascularization. Two Heart Teams comprising cardiologists and cardiac surgeons will be randomized to select a revascularization strategy (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft) according to patient information either based on QFR or on FFR. All 260 patients will be assessed by both teams with reference to the anatomical and functional SYNTAX score/SYNTAX score II 2020 derived from the allocated physiological index (QFR or FFR). The primary endpoint of the trial is the level of agreement between the treatment recommendations of both teams, assessed using Cohen's κ. As of March 2022, the patient enrollment has been completed and 230 patients have been discussed in both Heart Teams. The current trial will indicate the usefulness of QFR, which enables a wireless multivessel physiological interrogation, in the discussions of Heart Teams to determine the optimal revascularization strategy for MVD.

Characteristics of the aortic root morphology in conotruncal anomaly of the congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Aortopathy is a well-known feature of conotruncal anomalies, but it remains unknown whether valve-sparing aortic root replacement, such as the David procedure, is feasible in young patients with severe aortic regurgitation. We assessed the aortic valve complex and aortic root morphology in patients with conotruncal anomalies using echocardiography. Furthermore, we evaluated the relevant factors associated with aortopathy in this population. METHODS: A total of 172 adult patients with conotruncal anomalies were enrolled in this study. Dimensions of the aortic valve complex were measured at the level of the sinus of Valsalva (SV) and sinotubular junction (STJ). The geometric height (GH), effective height (EH), and coaptation length (CL) were also assessed to analyze the aortic valve complex in detail. RESULTS: Sixteen of 172 patients were excluded due to poor imaging; 105 patients with tetralogy of Fallot, 24 with double outlet right ventricle, and 27 with transposition of the great arteries totaling 156 patients (32+/-11 years old) were included in the analysis. The patients were divided into four groups: Group 1 (98 patients) had no dilatation of SV or STJ; Group 2 (32 patients) had dilated SV and STJ; Group 3 (14 patients) had dilated SV; and Group 4 (12 patients) had dilated STJ. GH and EH in Group 2 were also highest among the four, whereas CL was not significantly shortened. Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex, age, and conduit repair were risk factors for aortopathy in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with dilated SV and STJ (Group 2) were the most common among the patients with aortopathy (Groups 2, 3, and 4). The aortic valve leaflets themselves were enlarged, and the poor coaptation of the valve tips was compensated in spite of aortic root dilatation, which plays an important role in preventing severe aortic regurgitation in this population. Overall, valve-sparing aortic valve replacement is more feasible in the young populations than we expected.

Efficacy of simulation training for beating heart coronary anastomosis using BEAT + YOUCAN simulator.

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate our distributed practice program developed for training for beating heart anastomosis by employing a novel beating heart simulator. METHODS: Eleven trainees watched and reviewed instructional video recordings of coronary anastomosis methods with a BEAT + YOUCAN training device, then performed coronary anastomosis procedures under a beating condition. Next, they participated in a four-hour training program developed by faculty surgeons. Ten different anastomosis components were assessed on a five-point rating scale (5, good; 3, average; 1, poor). After finishing the training program, each trainee again performed a coronary anastomosis procedure. Component scores were then compared before and after the training program. RESULTS: The mean time to completion of the procedure improved from 1033 ± 424 to 795 ± 201 s (p < 0.05). Assessment scores improved from 1.88 ± 0.41 to 2.57 ± 0.30 (p < 0.05). Improvements in some technical components related to handling of instruments were noted (p < 0.05), whereas no significant improvement was seen with arteriotomy, graft orientation, suture management, or knot tying after finishing the training program. CONCLUSION: Trainees who participated in our four-hour focused training program for coronary anastomosis with a novel beating heart simulator showed improved ability under the beating condition in regard to technical skills related to handling instruments.

Positive Lusitropic Effect of Quercetin on Isolated Ventricular Myocardia from Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

The lusitropic effect of quercetin was examined on isolated ventricular myocardial tissue preparations from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The time required for 90% relaxation of the myocardium, which was prolonged in the diabetic mice, was shortened by quercetin in both normal and diabetic myocardia. This effect of quercetin was completely inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid but not by SEA0400. These results indicated that quercetin accelerates myocardial relaxation through activation of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.

Emergency aortic valve replacement complicated by unmanaged pheochromocytoma.

A 53-year-old male undergoing emergency aortic valve replacement for infective endocarditis developed a hypertensive crisis early during the operation. Suspecting a pheochromocytoma, intravenous phentolamine was immediately administered, after which the procedure was completed as scheduled. Although quite rare, a pheochromocytoma can be encountered during emergency open heart surgery; thus, early recognition of abnormal blood pressure change and appropriate management are important. Here, we present details of blood pressure control mainly by use of phentolamine, in this case, to demonstrate effective management of a hypertensive crisis during emergency cardiac surgery because of a pheochromocytoma.

Giant biatrial myxoma in an atrial septal defect.

Myxomas account for a majority of the reported primary cardiac tumors that are relatively rare, and biatrial myxomas in an atrial septal defect are extremely rare. Here, we present the case of a healthy 79-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital after a giant mass in the left atrium was incidentally detected by transthoracic echocardiography. Although she was asymptomatic, we surgically resected the mass soon after admission, considering the risk of embolism. During the surgery, we observed the giant bilateral tumor in an atrial septal defect, which was, on pathological evaluation, found to be a myxoma. .

Buckling and Drying Kinetics of Particle-Stabilized Water Droplets Fully or Partially Immersed in an Oil Layer.

We have investigated the effect of buckling of particle-stabilized water droplets on the drying kinetics. Particle-stabilized water droplets in an oil phase were prepared and the shrinking modes of the droplets during drying were controlled by the wettability of the particles. We obtained water droplets with and without buckling and used them in drying experiments. The drying times were comparable when the droplets were fully immersed in a thick oil layer. However, when the thickness of the oil layer was smaller than the droplet diameter, the buckled droplets showed faster drying. Observation of the reflection images around the droplets suggested that the buckled droplets preferentially shrank in the height direction, while the droplets without buckling isotropically shrank. Mathematical models that assumed diffusion of dissolved water molecules in the oil layer showed good agreement with the experimental data. The effective water-oil interfacial area was constant in the buckled droplets, whereas it shrank in the droplets without buckling. This would be a reason for the faster drying of the partially immersed buckled droplets. Particulate shells on liquid droplets could be used to enhance droplet drying.

Infected aortic aneurysm caused by Helicobacter cinaedi: case series and systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter cinaedi is rarely identified as a cause of infected aneurysms; however, the number of reported cases has been increasing over several decades, especially in Japan. We report three cases of aortic aneurysm infected by H. cinaedi that were successfully treated using meropenem plus surgical stent graft replacement or intravascular stenting. Furthermore, we performed a systematic review of the literature regarding aortic aneurysm infected by H. cinaedi. CASE PRESENTATION: We present three rare cases of infected aneurysm caused by H. cinaedi in adults. Blood and tissue cultures and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used for diagnosis. Two patients underwent urgent surgical stent graft replacement, and the other patient underwent intravascular stenting. All three cases were treated successfully with intravenous meropenem for 4 to 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These cases suggest that although aneurysms infected by H. cinaedi are rare, clinicians should be aware of H. cinaedi as a potential causative pathogen, even in immunocompetent patients. Prolonged incubation periods for blood cultures are necessary for the accurate detection of H. cinaedi.

A Novel Technique of Endoscopic Vein Harvesting With Preserved Perivascular Tissue.

The no-touch saphenous vein harvesting technique is considered to be the ideal procedure to achieve the best quality of vein, whereas the endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH) technique is considered to be ideal for decreasing wound complications. We developed a new technique of EVH with perivascular tissue preservation. This procedure was performed by dissecting the immediate anterior and posterior perivascular connective tissues of the saphenous vein followed by cutting approximately 1 cm laterally from the saphenous vein with the use of a harvester (MAQUET Getinge Group, Getinge AB, Göteborg, Sweden). Histopathological examination revealed preserved perivascular tissue and intimal folding.