MICROBACTERIAL PROFILE OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION AND THEIR PATTERN OF SENSITIVITY IN TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN NORTH CENTRAL HOSPITAL, NIGERIA.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) remain a problem in surgical practice despite the improvement in advanced technology and the use of antibiotics. Also, there is also a growing menace of antibiotic resistance which poses a great challenge in treating SSI. The study aimed to find out the most common bacterial pathogens responsible for surgical site infection and their antibiotic sensitivity profile. Material and Methods: It was a descriptive study carried out in Federal Medical Centre, Bida. 500 surgical procedures were carried out and samples were obtained from 73 patients that showed clinical evidence of SSI for culture and susceptibility test. Samples were collected from each patient using a swab stick. Bacteriological culture examination and identification were done following standard microbiological techniques. Susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer technique according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute 26th edition. Data were analysed using SPSS 26. Results: Out of the 73 samples taken, 83 isolates were obtained while five samples yielded no growth. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were predominant in 73(88.1%) with the dominant being E. Coli species (38.6%). From the strains that were isolated, there were 9(10.8%) Staph aureus was the only Gram-positive organism. Concerning antibiotic susceptibility, the results demonstrated remarkably high multidrug resistance. However, the meropenems and amikacin demonstrated good activities against all gram-negative isolates. The resistance pattern of enterobacteriaceae to tested antibiotics were to ciprofloxacin (90.2%) levofloxacin (82.2%) augmentin (88.5%) ceftriaxone (85.2%) ceftazidime (80.3%), gentamicin (80.3%) meropenems (14.8%) amikacin (16.4%.). Conclusion: The study demonstrated a high alarming rate of multidrug resistance following SSI and this should call for concerns and surveillance among surgeons.

Immunohistochemical and histological evaluations of cyclophosphamide-induced acute cardiotoxicity in wistar rats: The role of turmeric extract (curcuma).

Chemotherapy-induced cardiac derangement is a major concern in health sector. Cyclophosphamide as a chemotherapeutic agent induces acute cardiotoxicity through its toxic metabolite, acrolein. This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of turmeric on cyclophosphamide-induced acute cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Thirty-five healthy Wistar rats, weighing 200-250g were randomly assigned into 7 groups (Groups A, B, C, D, E, F and G) N=5. Group A was the control, group B was negative control, and group C was administered 200mg/kg of turmeric extract (orally) only. While groups B, D, E, F and G were all administered 100mg/kg cyclophosphamide (i.p) for 10 days. Groups D and E were administered 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of turmeric extract (orally) respectively for 72 hours before cyclophosphamide administration. Groups F and G were concomitantly administered 100mg/kg cyclophosphamide (i.p) with doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of turmeric extract (orally) respectively. The rats were sacrificed under ketamine anesthesia (30mg/kg i.m). The left ventricle of the heart was excised. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze data. Results revealed that there was statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in body weight change, CK-MB, and LDH across all experimental groups; which were significantly lower in cyclophosphamide group. Histology and Immunohistochemistry revealed that there were morphological alterations in the myocardium of the left ventricle in group B while turmeric extract ameliorated cyclophosphamide-induced damage in the myocardium in other experimental groups. In conclusion, cyclophosphamide-induced myocardial alterations were significantly ameliorated through administration of ethanol extract of turmeric.

Morphometric study of lumbar vertebrae in adult South African subjects / Estudio morfométrico de las vértebras lumbares en sujetos adultos de Sudáfrica

Lumbar vertebral dimensions provide vital clinical information of immense diagnostic benefits to medical experts. The present study provides data for lumbar vertebral dimensions of a cohort of specimens of South African females and males. Measurements were obtained from lumbar vertebrae from the osteological collections in the Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine using a digital caliper. The antero-posterior body diameter (APD), interpedicular distance (IPD), midsagittal diameter (MSD) and pedicle length (PL) were measured while ratio of MSD to APD was calculated. Results showed gradual increase from L1 to L5 for mean APD and IPD, and a decrease for mean PL from L1 to L5. Mean MSD was observed to present a "U" curve pattern from L1 to L5, while MSD/APD ratio decreased from L2 downwards. We report that certain lumbar dimensions also showed significant correlation with age at distinct lumbar levels. The present data provides a baseline of lumbar vertebral morphology for the South African adult cohort and requires further investigations with larger cohort.

Las dimensiones lumbares vertebrales proporcionan información vital en la clínica para alcanzar un diagnóstico correcto. El presente estudio proporciona datos de las dimensiones vertebrales lumbares en una cohorte de hombres y mujeres de Sudáfrica. Las mediciones de las vértebras lumbares se obtuvieron de colecciones osteológicas correspondientes a la Cátedra de Anatomía Clínica, de la Escuela de Medicina Nelson Mandela. Se utilizó un calibrador digital. Se midieron el diámetro antero-posterior del cuerpo vertebral (DPA), la distancia interpedicular (DIP), el diámetro sagital mediano (DSM) y la longitud del pedículo (LP); y se calculó la relación de DSM con DPA. Los resultados mostraron un aumento gradual de L1 a L5 para la mediana de DPA y DIP, y una disminución de la media de LP de L1 a L5. La media de DSM presentó un patrón de curva en "U" de L1 a L5, mientras que el índice DSM / DPA disminuyó de L2 hacia inferior. Ciertas dimensiones lumbares también mostraron una correlación significativa con la edad en los distintos niveles lumbares. El presente estudio proporciona datos acerca de la morfología vertebral lumbar para una cohorte de adultos de Sudáfrica, y consideramos que se requieren de más investigaciones con una cohorte más amplia.

Histological and biochemical effects of arteether™ on the liver of Wistar rats.

Arteether™ is among the recent drugs that are used to combat chloroquine-resistant malarial parasites. This study examined the effects of arteether™ on enzyme biomarkers of the liver, serum protein concentrations, and liver morphology. Twenty (20) adult albino Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 g were randomly divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) of five animals each, and used in this study. Group A rats were given intramuscular (i. m.) arteether™ (3 mg/kg b. w.) daily for 3 days. Group B rats received i. m. arteether™ (6 mg/kg b. w.) daily for 3 days. Group C rats were given i. m. arteether™ (3 mg/kg b. w.) daily for 3 days. The same dose was repeated at two-weekly intervals for 4 further weeks, while group D rats which received normal saline (0.9 % w/ v, 3 ml/kg b.w.), served as controls. At the end of the experiment, the body weights of the animals were determined and recorded. Serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (ASP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP) and albumin were assayed, and histological studies were performed. Results obtained show no significant difference (P<0.05) in liver enzymes (ALT, ASP, ALP). TP and albumin were significantly reduced in group C rats. Histological studies revealed no cyto-architectural changes. It is concluded that at therapeutic doses, arteether™ is well tolerated in Wistar rats.

Histomorphological and morphometric studies of the pancreatic islet cells of diabetic rats treated with extracts of Annona muricata.

Microanatomical changes in the pancreatic islet cells of streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats were studied after treatment with methanolic extracts of Annona muricata leaves. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups (control, untreated diabetic group, and A. muricata-treated diabetic group) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. The control rats were intraperitoneally injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Daily intra peritoneal injections of 100 mg/kg A. muricata were administered to group C rats for two weeks. Post sacrifice the pancreases of the rats were excised and fixed in Bouin's fluid. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections of 5 mum thickness were produced and stained with H & E, Gomori aldehyde fuchsin, and chrome alum haematoxylin-phloxine for demonstration of the beta-cells of islets of pancreatic islets. Histomorphological and morphometric examination of the stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase in the number, diameter, and volume of the beta-cells of pancreatic islets of the A. muricata-treated group (5.67 +/- 0.184 N/1000 mum(2), 5.38 +/- 0.093 mum and 85.12 +/- 4.24 mum(3), respectively) when compared to that of the untreated diabetic group of rats (2.85 +/- 0.361 N/1000 mum(2), 2.85 +/- 0.362 mum and 69.56 +/- 5.216 mum(3), respectively). The results revealed regeneration of the beta-cells of islets of pancreatic islet of rats treated with extract of A. muricata.

Morphological and morphometric studies of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Micro-anatomical changes in the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and left ventricle of Wistar rats were studied after the administration of streptozotocin. Twenty adult Rattus norvegicus were randomly assigned into two groups (control and diabetic) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in the diabetic group of rats by daily intra-peritoneal administration of multiple doses of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer for five consecutive days. The control group was given the equivalent volume of citrate buffer. The animals were monitored for four weeks after streptozotocin administration. Post sacrifice, the left ventricle, aorta, and pulmonary trunk were excised, weighed, and fixed by immersion in 10% formol saline. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding, and sections of 6 mum thickness were produced and stained with H & E for general histological observations, and Verhoeff-van Gieson elastic fibre stain to demonstrate elastic fibres in these cardiovascular structures. The data obtained were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Histopathological and morphometric examinations of the stained sections showed a significant increase in the thickness of the tunica intima of aorta (t = -7.49; df = 9; p < 0.05) and pulmonary trunk (t = -10.81; df = 9; p < 0.05) in diabetic rats (14.59 + or - 1.189 mm and 11.307 + or - 0.863 mm, respectively) when compared to that of the control group (3.62 + or - 0.353 mm and 3.22 + or - 0.244 mm, respectively). In addition, the distribution of elastic and collagen fibres was sparse in the hearts of the diabetic group when compared to that of the control group. The findings of this study demonstrated that diabetes mellitus might cause some alterations in the microanatomy of cardiovascular structures.

Symptomatic pleural effusion without intrathoracic migration of ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic pleural effusion following ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt insertion is very rare. The patient was an 8-year-old girl who had VP shunt for hydrocephalus as a result of aqueductal stenosis. Six weeks after surgery, she presented with headache, vomiting and drowsiness. She developed respiratory distress with pain in the right lower chest region and right hypochondrium on admission. METHODS: Chest X-ray confirmed right hydrothorax and showed the tip of the peritoneal catheter in the right suprahepatic subphrenic space. Her symptoms abated after the catheter was repositioned from the subphrenic region to the general peritoneal cavity. Repeat chest X-ray confirmed the resolution of the hydrothorax. DISCUSSION: Shunt review without thoracocentesis or thoracostomy is an effective treatment of symptomatic hydrothorax following VP shunt, especially when there is no intrathoracic shunt migration.

Bilateral traumatic anterior hip dislocation--a case report.

We report a 33-year-old trader with bilateral traumatic anterior hip dislocation following a road traffic accident. Both hip dislocations were reduced under general anesthesia followed by immobilization of the hips with skin traction. He discharged himself against medical advice one week after injury.