Framing the Latin American nutrition transition in a historical perspective, 1850 to the present.

This paper argues that many of the foundations and trends that led to the rise in obesity and other diet-related health problems in Latin America began to develop in the late nineteenth century. The tendency towards presentism in the nutrition transition literature provides a much abbreviated and limited history of changes in diet and weight. Whereas medical and nutrition researchers have tended to emphasize the recent onset of the crisis, a historical perspective suggests that increasingly global food sourcing prompted changes in foodways and a gradual "fattening" of Latin America. This paper also provides a methodological and historiographic exploration of how to historicize the nutrition transition, drawing on a diverse array of sources from pre-1980 to the present.

Framing the Latin American nutrition transition in a historical perspective, 1850 to the present / A constituição da transição nutricional latino-americana em uma perspectiva histórica, 1850 até o presente

Abstract This paper argues that many of the foundations and trends that led to the rise in obesity and other diet-related health problems in Latin America began to develop in the late nineteenth century. The tendency towards presentism in the nutrition transition literature provides a much abbreviated and limited history of changes in diet and weight. Whereas medical and nutrition researchers have tended to emphasize the recent onset of the crisis, a historical perspective suggests that increasingly global food sourcing prompted changes in foodways and a gradual "fattening" of Latin America. This paper also provides a methodological and historiographic exploration of how to historicize the nutrition transition, drawing on a diverse array of sources from pre-1980 to the present.

Resumo Este trabalho argumenta que fundamentos e tendências que levaram ao aumento da obesidade e de outros problemas de saúde relacionados à alimentação na América Latina começaram a surgir no final do século XIX. A propensão ao presentismo na literatura sobre transição nutricional produz uma história abreviada e limitada das mudanças em alimentação e peso. Embora pesquisadores médicos e nutricionistas enfatizem a recente instalação da crise, uma perspectiva histórica sugere que fontes alimentares crescentemente globalizadas resultaram em mudanças na alimentação e em gradual "aumento de gordura" na população latino-americana. O artigo propõe ainda a exploração metodológica e historiográfica de como historicizar a transição nutricional recorrendo a fontes pré-1980 até o momento.

Framing the Latin American nutrition transition in a historical perspective, 1850 to the present

This paper argues that many of thefoundations and trends that led tothe rise in obesity and other dietrelated health problems in LatinAmerica began to develop in the latenineteenth century. The tendencytowards presentism in the nutritiontransition literature provides a muchabbreviated and limited history ofchanges in diet and weight. Whereasmedical and nutrition researchers havetended to emphasize the recent onsetof the crisis, a historical perspectivesuggests that increasingly global foodsourcing prompted changes in foodwaysand a gradual “fattening” of LatinAmerica. This paper also provides amethodological and historiographicexploration of how to historicize thenutrition transition, drawing on a diversearray of sources from pre-1980 to thepresent

Madness in Buenos Aires: patients, psychiatrists and the Argentine State, 1880-1983

Madness in Buenos Aires examines the interactions between psychiatrists, patients and their families and the national state in modern Argentina. This book offers a fresh interpretation of the Argentine state's relationship to modernity and social change during the twentieth century, while also examining the often contentious place of psychiatry in modern Argentina. Drawing on a number of previously unused archival sources, author Jonathan Ablard demonstrates how the experience of psychiatric patients serves as a useful case study of how the Argentine state developed and functioned over the last century, and how Argentines interacted with it. Ablard argues that the capacity of the Argentine state to provide social services and professional opportunities and to control the populace was often constrained to an extent not previously recognized in the scholarly literature. These limitations, including a shortage of hospitals, insufficient budgets, and political and economic instability, shaped the experiences of patients, their families, and doctors, and also influenced medical and lay ideas about the nature and significance of mental illness. Furthermore, these experience, and the institutional framework in which they were imbedded, had a profound impact on how Argentine psychiatrists discussed not only mental illness, but also a host of related themes including immigration, poverty and the role of the state in mitigating social problems. (AU)

Dónde está el delirio? La autoridad psiquiátrica y el Estado argentino en perspectiva histórica / Where is the delirium? The psychiatric authority and the Argentinean state from a historical point of view

El estudio de caso, enmarcado dentro de una historia mayor de la atención psiquiátrica en la Argentina, ilustra varios puntos importantes. Primero, está claro que los hospitales psiquiátricos y el proceso de hospitalización necesitan ser comprendidos dentro de un contexto social histórico más general. Los hospitales y las ideas médicas no existieron en el vacío. Por el contrario, parece que las ideas médicas y legales sobre la salud mental, la familia y el género se moldearon mutualmente. Segundo, la noción de que los hospitales actuaban como agentes de control social, y que las ideas médicas brindaron un diagrama para crear una sociedade higiénica y moderna, se torna crecientemente insostenible cuanto más aprendemos de las experiencias vividas por los pacientes, sus familias y los médicos y el personal de los hospitales.(AU)

Authoritarianism, democracy and psychiatric reform in Argentina, 1943-83.

From 1955 through the early 1970s a group pf Argentine psychiatrists, influenced by psychoanalysis and the mental health movement, and supported by military and civilian governments alike, began attempts to transform psychiatric care by replacing large asylums with day hospitals, general hospital clinics and therapeutic communities. Their goals included integrating psychiatry into the mainstream of medicine, improving medical and social services to patients, improving the relationship between doctors and patients, and eliminating patients' social isolation. The military coup of march 1976 ushered in a period of unchecked repression and led to the evaporation of what had often been a tenuous alliance between progressive psychiatry and the state.