A rare case of severe bilateral Graves' orbitopathy involving an anophthalmic socket.

Summary: This is a report of a rare case of Graves' hyperthyroidism associated with severe bilateral Graves' orbitopathy, in a patient with an anophthalmic eye socket. On clinical review her prosthetic eye (left eye) was tilting upwards, along with worsening of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) in the only seeing eye. As she refused IV glucocorticoids, she was offered rituximab which only caused a transient improvement in the clinical activity score of the eye. She had persistent right upper lid retraction of 6 mm, associated with lagophthalmos. To protect her seeing eye from corneal ulceration, the patient received a botulinum toxin injection to the right upper eyelid to induce blepharoptosis as an interim measure prior to right upper eyelid blepharotomy in April 2021. This patient remains biochemically euthyroid on block and replace therapy and her TRAb level is falling over time. Treatment for active GO is ongoing and the patient required a redo blepharotomy for painful corneal exposure in the right eye. Learning points: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) does not actually primarily affect the eyeball itself but the orbital contents as well. Patients with severe GO in an only seeing-eyed patient should be referred early to a multidisciplinary Joint Thyroid Eye clinic for expert review and management. Patient outcomes including sight loss are likely to be improved by the extended range of medical and surgical treatment modalities available at specialist clinics treating GO, including the use of immunomodulatory drugs like rituximab or teprotumumab.

A rare ophthalmic condition associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT): sclerochoroidal calcification (SC)

Summary: An 82-year-old male with a proven diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) was found to have bilateral changes in the fundi during a routine eye examination which were consistent with SC. In this report, we discuss the link between SC and PHPT and question the need for prospective observational studies to establish the true association between these conditions. Though screening PHPT patients for SC might not be justified/warranted given the benign course of the latter, patients with SC need to be assessed for PHPT, as the former may be the first clue to an underlying treatable systemic disease. Learning Points: Sclerochoroidal calcifications (SCs), though rare and harmless, could be associated with an underlying systemic disease, such as primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Biochemical screening for hypercalcaemia is a simple, cheap and widely available tool that could facilitate an identification of undiagnosed PHPT in patients with SC. A joint care by endocrinologists and ophthalmologists is warranted for those patients, as thorough investigations and long-term follow-up plans are crucial.