[Investigation of actual nutrition and some factors of physical status in rugby players].

Physical status and nutrition and energy value of factual diets of 18 rugby players (15-30 years old) assessed during current medical observation were analyzed. Anthropometric data (height, body mass--BM, waist circumference/ hip circumference index, body mass index--BMI), body composition data and resting metabolic rate by bioimpedance method (analyzer ABC-01 "Medass") were determined. These indices were found to be normal except more high level of BMI due to high levels of lean and skeletal muscle mass, but not a result of obesity. Estimation of factual nutrition based on 1-day feeding (nutrition-screening questionnaire method) has demonstrate that it was not optimal both for energy and nutrition value for this group of physical activity. Energy value ranged from 1889 kcal to 3175 kcal (22.5-35.1 kcal/kg BM/day) with lower carbohydrate intake (46.9%) and higher fat intake (35.8%) were found. Nutrition value ranges: protein--67-144 g (0.71-1.38 kcal/kg BM/day), fat--75-140 g (0.88-1.51 kcal/kg BM/day), carbohydrate--173-420 g (2.17-4.66 kcal/kg BM/day) were observed. The findings suggest the need to pay more attention to in-depth study of dietary intake of athletes to maintain health and to create optimal conditions for a professional sports activities.

[Medical-biological approach to development of feeding ration for sportswomen--members of Russia weight lifting team].

Physical status of 12 sportswomen - member of Russia weight lifting team during training period was analiysed. Anthropometric, bioimpedance methods with analyzer ABC-01 "Medass" in observation [body weight Index (index Ketle-2), waist circle/hip circle index] and body compositions were used (adipose, bone and muscle tissues masse). Data obtained when bioimpedance method was used indicated: normal body weight and relative adipose mass to body weight - in 92%, surplus - in 8% of cases; body weight Index and normal level of adipose mass - in 75%, surplus - in 25%; active cellular mass and bone mass and general body liquid were found to be normal. 14-day feeding ration for sportswomen were analysed and 3 times per day food intakes was found to be not optimal. Data obtained let to recommend set of daily food products to compose optimal ration for present sportswomen group when energetic value of 4500 kKal and high nutritional value would be provided.

[Actual nutrition and physical state of athletes of the national sleigh team of Russia].

An assessment of actual nutrition and physical fitness of athletes of the Russian national sleigh team are presented, and the need to develop for them the individual well-balanced diet that will reimburse the amount of consumed energy and nutrients and help athletes to obtain high results.

Vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in perinatal rats: reaction to osmotic stimulation and its regulation.

Osmotic stimulation (OS) of vasopressin (VP) neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) promotes VP secretion and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in adult mammals. VP secretion is under a noradrenaline control, whereas the regulation of TH expression remains uncertain. This study was aimed to determine at what period of ontogenesis: (1) VP neurons begin to react to OS by modifying simultaneously VP and TH gene expression and synthesis, (2) the noradrenergic control of VP neurons is established. Rats on the 21st embryonic day (E), third postnatal day (P), P13 were salt loaded or salt loaded and treated with an antagonist (prazosin) or agonist (phenylephrine) of α1-adrenoreceptors. According to our immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization data, OS resulted in an increased amount of VP mRNA in each age group and of VP on E21 and P3. TH gene and synthesis was initially expressed under OS on P3. The number of TH-expressing neurons diminished by threefold in salt loaded rats from P3 to P13. OS combined with prazosin administration resulted in an increased level of VP mRNA on P3 and P13, but not on E21 suggesting the onset of the noradrenaline inhibitory control after birth. OS together with prazosin treatment stimulated TH expression on P3 and P13, whereas phenylephrine provided an opposite effect. Thus, VP neurons begin to react to OS by an increased VP synthesis at the end of fetal life and by the onset of TH expression shortly after birth; the expression of both substances appears to be under the inhibitory control of noradrenaline.

Vasopressinergic neurons in rats in ontogenesis: responses to salt loading and their modulation by noradrenergic afferents.

Salt loading in adult mammals leads to increased vasopressin secretion by vasopressinergic neurons in the supraoptic nucleus, which is mediated by the actions of a number of hormones and neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline. The present study addressed identification of the stage of ontogenesis at which vasopressinergic neurons start to respond to salt loading and when the noradrenalinergic regulation of this process begins. Studies were performed on rats at embryonic day 21 (E21), postnatal day 3 (P3), and postnatal day 13 (P13) using immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization. Animals were subjected to salt loading, in some cases on the background of the alpha1-adrenoceptor inhibitor prazosin. Salt loading in rats of all age groups induced increases in the synthesis of vasopressin mRNA, probably accompanied by increased synthesis of vasopressin peptide. At E21 and P3, intraneuronal vasopressin levels were increased; there was no change at P13. In salt loading on the background of prazosin administration, vasopressin mRNA and vasopressin contents at E21 showed no change, while at P3 they were increased, which is evidence of the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline on vasopressin expression in the early postnatal period. Thus, vasopressinergic neurons start to respond to salt loading at the end of the prenatal period with increases in vasopressin expression; noradrenergic afferents have inhibitory influences on vasopressin expression in the early postnatal period.

[Vasopressinergic neurons in rats during ontogenesis: reaction to salt-loading and its modulation by noradrenergic afferents].

Salt-loading in adult mammals stimulates vasopressin secretion by vasopressinergic neurons of the supraoptic nucleus that is under control by a number of hormones and neurotransmitters including noradrenalin. This study was aimed to determine at what period of ontogenesis the vasopressinergic neurons begin to respond to salt-loading and when the noradrenergic control of this process is switched on. Rats on the 21st embryonic day (E), the 3rd postnatal day (P) and P13 were salt-loaded, sometimes under simultaneous treatment with prasozin, an inhibitor of al -adrenoreceptors. Thereafter, the hypothalamic nuclei of the animals were processed for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Salt-loading provoked increased synthesis of vasopressin mRNA and, most probably, vasopressin itself in rats in all studied age groups. Under salt-loading, the intraneuronal content of vasopressin increased significantly at E21 and P3, whereas it did not change at P13. No change in the intracellular contents of vasopressin mRNA and vasopressin was observed in foetuses following salt-loading and treatment with prasozin though the same treatment provoked an increase of both parameters at P3. These data show that noradrenalin provides an inhibitory control of vasopressin expression at least since P3. Thus, vasopressinergic neurons begin to respond to salt-loading at the since P3. Thus, life by the increased expression of vasopressin that is postnatally under the inhibitory control by noradrenalin.

The responses of vasopressin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in rats to chronic osmotic stimulation.

The dynamics of intracellular contents of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase in neuron bodies were studied in the supraoptic nucleus and the distant segments of their axons in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis in rats in conditions of salt loading lasting one, two, and three weeks. The number of vasopressin-immununoreactive neurons increased by the end of the second week of osmotic stimulation, due to the onset of vasopressin synthesis in neurons not synthesizing this hormone in normal physiological conditions. The vasopressin concentration decreased in cell bodies and axons during the first two weeks of salt loading, apparently because vasopressin release occurred at a greater level than vasopressin synthesis. During the third week, the intracellular vasopressin content remained essentially constant, demonstrating the establishment of dynamic equilibrium between the synthesis and release of the hormone. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in neuron bodies and axons, at least in the largest swellings (Herring bodies), gradually increased, demonstrating that the rate of tyrosine hydroxylase was greater than its rate of enzymatic degradation. Thus, chronic stimulation of vasopressin neurons was accompanied by a series of adaptive reactions, the most important of which appears to be the expression of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis by neurons which do not normally synthesize these compounds.

[Response of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase expressing neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus to chronic osmotic stimulation]. / Reaktsiia vazopressin- i tirozingidroksilaza-ékspressiruiushchikh neironov supraopticheskogo iadra u krys na khronicheskuiu osmoticheskuiu stimuliatsiiu.

This study has evaluated the dynamic of intracellular vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase contents in the neuron cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus and in the axons of the posterior lobe in rats drinking 2% NaCl for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. The number of vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons increased by the end of the second week of osmotic stimulation that might be explained by the onset of vasopressin synthesis in the neurons which do not synthesize this neurohormone under normal physiological conditions. The concentration of vasopressin fell down continuously during the first two weeks of salt-loading, apparently, due to predominance of the vasopressin release over its synthesis. Over the third week of salt-loading, the intracellular concentration of vasopressin was not changed significantly suggesting the establishment of the dynamic equilibrium between the vasopressin synthesis and release. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in cell bodies and the large axonal swellings, Herring bodies, increased gradually showing that the rate of tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis prevailed over that of its enzymatic degradation. Thus, the chronic stimulation of vasopressin neurons is accompanied by a number of the adaptive reactions; the most important is related to the onset of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase synthesis in the neurons which do not synthetize both of them under normal conditions.

A complex element regulates IFN-gamma-stimulated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene transcription.

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is induced in chronic osseous inflammation, and is temporally and spatially correlated with monocyte recruitment. We investigated the mechanism of MCP-1 regulation in a human osteoblastic cell line in response to IFN-gamma, a potent mediator of the immune inflammatory response. Nuclear run-on and stability studies demonstrated that IFN-gamma stimulated MCP-1 transcription and did not enhance mRNA stabilization. Using MCP-1 promoter/reporter gene constructs, we determined that IFN-gamma-enhanced MCP-1 transcription is regulated by a 29-bp element located at -227 relative to the ATG start codon. This element contains a 13-bp CT-rich sequence (GCTTCCCTTTCCT) adjacent to a IFN-gamma activation site (GAS). Since deletion of the CT sequence enhanced both the magnitude and duration of IFN-gamma-stimulated, GAS-mediated transcription, we have termed it the IFN response-inhibitory sequence (IRIS). The combined IRIS/GAS sequence is highly conserved in mouse, rat, and bovine MCP-1 genes. In gel-shift assays, nuclear extracts from IFN-gamma-stimulated osteoblastic cells formed two specific inducible bands with labeled IRIS/GAS DNA. Both bands were supershifted by anti-STAT1 Abs, but not by Abs to STAT2, p48(ISGF-3y), IFN-regulatory factor-1, or IFN-regulatory factor-2. Formation of one of the bands required the presence of the IRIS moiety. IRIS/GAS DNA also formed a number of specific complexes with constitutively expressed factors, none of which were affected by the above Abs. These studies establish a mechanism for IFN-gamma-stimulated MCP-1 expression and identify a complex element that regulates MCP-1 gene transcription.

[Antibacterial activity and bacteriophages of Bacillus pumilus]. / Antibakterial'naia aktivnost' i bakteriofagi Bacillus pumilus.

Inducable defective phages analogous to those in Bac. subtilis were found in 5 strains of Bac. pumilus, 3 of which possessed antibacterial activity. A moderate bacteriophage was also induced in addition to the defective phage in strain ATCC 12140 not producing the antibiotic. It was found that the antibacterial activity was not associated with the presence of phages in the cultures. The data on the electron microscopic investigations are presented.

[Antibiotic formation in plasmid and plasmid-free strains]. / Antibiotikoobrazovanie u plazmidnykh i besplazmidnykh shtammov.

Antibiotic activity of three plasmid and three plasmid-free strains of Bacillus pumilus was studied. The antibiotic activity was found in one plasmid and two plasmid-free strains. It was supposed that both the chromosomic and extrachromosomic genes could participate in regulation of the antibiotic production in Bac. pumilus. It was shown that the antibiotics produced by Bac. pumilus had a very narrow spectrum and inhibited multiplication only of several grampositive bacteria.