Advances in systemic therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

The landscape of treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has rapidly evolved during the last 5 years alone. In this review, standard therapies as well as recent advances in the systemic treatment for prostate cancer are explored. Pivotal trial data are summarized with emphasis on indications for various anti-androgen drugs, androgen-biosynthesis inhibitors, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and bone-targeted agents. The clinical, biochemical and radiographic outcomes for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer are improving with the establishment of several promising novel agents.