Pressure ulcers after prone positioning in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The combination of prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is recognized as safe but its use has been limited due to potential complications. AIM: To report the prevalence of pressure ulcers and other complications due to prone positioning in adult patients receiving veno-venous ECMO. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary level intensive care unit (ICU) in Milan (Italy), between January 2015 and December 2019. The study population was critically ill adult patients undergoing veno-venous ECMO. Statistical association between pressure ulcers and the type of body positioning (prone versus supine) was explored fitting a logistic model. RESULTS: In the study period, 114 patients were treated with veno-venous ECMO and 62 (54.4%) patients were placed prone for a total of 130 prone position cycles. ECMO cannulation was performed via femoro-femoral configuration in the majority of patients (82.4%, 94/114). Pressure ulcers developed in 57.0% of patients (95%CI: 44.0%-72.6%), most often arising on the face and the chin (37.1%, 23/62), particularly in those placed prone. The main reason of prone positioning interruption was the decrease of ECMO blood flow (8.1%, 5/62). The fitted model showed no association between body position during ECMO and occurrence of pressure ulcers (OR 1.3, 95%CI: 0.5-3.6, p = .532). CONCLUSIONS: Facial pressure ulcers were the most frequent complications of prone positioning. Nurses should plan and implement evidence-based care to prevent such pressure injuries in patients undergoing ECMO. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The combination of prone positioning and ECMO shows few life-threating complications. This manoeuvre during ECMO is feasible and safe when performed by experienced ICU staff.

Hospital-acquired skin lesions in the neonatal intensive care unit: A retrospective analysis of temporal trends and quality improvement strategies.

PURPOSE: Skin lesions in neonatal population are an emerging problem deserving attention from health care professionals. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively assess the incidence of hospital-acquired skin lesions during a 6-year period and to describe the characteristics of infants who developed them. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted in a university-tertiary care center between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive analysis of the observed skin lesions is presented according to 2 time periods: 1) the implementation phase of a quality improvement program (2015-2019) and 2) the postimplementation phase (2020). RESULTS: Our findings showed an apparent increase in the incidence of all reported skin lesions throughout the study period. Pressure injuries were the most frequently reported skin lesions showing an increasing incidence over time which, however, was paralleled by a reduction in their severity. Among pressure injuries, device-related injuries were the most commonly observed (56.6% and 62.5% in the two periods, respectively) with nasal continuous positive airway pressure-related injuries accounting for 71.7% and 56.0% of lesions, respectively, and mainly affecting the nose root. The occipital area was the most frequently involved site in cases of conventional pressure injuries. CONCLUSION: Infants admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units may be at high risk of developing skin lesions. The adoption of appropriate preventative as well as treatment interventions could be effective in reducing the severity of pressure injuries. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The implementation of quality improvement strategies may contribute to prevent skin injuries or lead to their early detection.

The end of life of patients with COVID-19 in intensive care unit and the stress level on their family members: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hospital visits were suspended and video calls were offered to connect patients with their family members, especially toward the end of life (EoL). AIM: The primary aim was to describe EoL care for COVID-19 patients dying in an intensive care unit (ICU). The secondary aim was to explore whether making video calls and allowing visits was associated with lower death-related stress in family members. DESIGN: Single centre cross-sectional study. The setting was the ICU of a COVID-19 center in northern Italy, during the first year of the pandemic. Data on patients who died in the ICU were collected; death-related stress on their family members was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The statistical association was tested by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: The study sample included 70 patients and 56 family members. All patients died with mechanical ventilation, hydration, nutrition, analgesia and sedation ongoing. Resuscitation procedures were performed in 5/70 patients (7.1%). Only 6/56 (10.7%) of the family members interviewed had visited their loved ones in the ICU and 28/56 (50%) had made a video call. EoL video calls were judged useful by 53/56 family members (94.6%) but all (56/56, 100%) wished they could have visited the patient. High-stress levels were found in 38/56 family members (67.9%), regardless of whether they were allowed ICU access or made a video call. Compared with other degrees of kinship, patients' offspring were less likely to show a positive IES-R score (odds ratio [OR] 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05 to 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients died without their family members at the bedside while on life-sustaining treatment. Stress levels were high in most family members, especially in patients' spouses. Video calls or ICU visits were judged favourably by family members but insufficient to alleviate death-related stress. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: During a pandemic, ICU access by patients' family members should be considered, particularly as the time of death approaches. Although generally appreciated by family members, EoL video calls should be arranged together with other measures to alleviate death-related stress, especially for the patient's spouse.

Intensive care unit diaries to help bereaved family members in their grieving process: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit diaries are often used to support patients during their psychological recovery. The intensive care unit stay can be upsetting, disturbing and traumatic for both patients and their families especially when the patient does not survive. AIM: To investigate the connection between intensive care unit diaries and the grieving process experienced by family members of adult patients deceased in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines: PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane Library were consulted. The Caldwell's framework was used for the quality appraisal. RESULTS: Only six studies examine this topic. The potential benefits of intensive care unit diaries in family members' bereavement process may be an aid to realise how extremely ill their loved one was, may provide comfort and may help relatives to cope with their loss. CONCLUSION: The use of intensive care unit diaries to help family members' bereavement process may be a useful tool but further research is necessary to better understand their role and benefits.

Muscle strength and functional outcome after prone positioning in COVID-19 ICU survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the muscle strength and functional level of patients discharged from intensive care unit (ICU) in relation to the swimmer position as a nurse intervention during pronation. METHODS: Prospective study conducted in the hub COVID-19 center in Milan (Italy), between March and June 2020. All patients with COVID-19 discharged alive from ICU who received invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Forward continuation ratio model was fitted to explore the statistical association between muscle strength grades and body positioning during ICU stay. RESULTS: Over the 128 patients admitted to ICU, 87 patients were discharged alive from ICU, with available follow-up measures at hospital discharge. Thirty-four patients (39.1%) were treated with prone positioning as rescue therapy, for a total of 106 pronation cycles with a median duration of 72 (IQR 60-83) hours. Prone positioning did not influence the odds of showing particular level of muscle strength, in any of the evaluated districts, namely shoulder (OR 1.34, 95%CI:0.61-2.97), elbow (OR 1.10, 95%CI:0.45-2.68) and wrist (OR 0.97, 95%CI:0.58-1.63). Only in the shoulder district, age showed evidence of association with strength (OR 1.06, 95%CI:1.02-1.10), affecting people as they get older. No significant sequalae related to swimmer position were reported by physiotherapists or nurses. CONCLUSION: Swimmer position adopted during prone ventilation is not associated with worse upper limb strength or poor mobility level in COVID-19 survivors after hospital discharge.

Complications of prone positioning in patients with COVID-19: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of complications in patients with COVID-19 undergone prone positioning, focusing on the development of prone-related pressure ulcers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in the hub COVID-19 centre in Milan (Italy), between March and June 2020. All patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unit on invasive mechanical ventilation and treated with prone positioning were included. Association between prone-related pressure ulcers and selected variables was explored by the means of logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 219 proning cycles were performed on 63 patients, aged 57.6 (10.8) and predominantly obese males (66.7%). The main complications recorded were: prone-related pressure ulcers (30.2%), bleeding (25.4%) and medical device displacement (12.7%), even if no unplanned extubation was recorded. The majority of patients (17.5%) experienced bleeding of upper airways. Only 15 prone positioning cycles (6.8%) were interrupted, requiring staff to roll the patient back in the supine position. The likelihood of pressure ulcers development was independently associated with the duration of prone positioning, once adjusting for age, hypoxemic level, and nutritional status (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.04-3.6). CONCLUSION: The use of prone positioning in patients with COVID-19 was a safe and feasible treatment, also in obese patients, who might deserve more surveillance and active prevention by intensive care unit staff.

Nursing Management of Prone Positioning in Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: At the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Italy had the highest number of deaths in Europe; most occurred in the Lombardy region. Up to 4% of patients with COVID-19 required admission to an intensive care unit because they developed a critical illness (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome). Numerous patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome who had been admitted to the intensive care unit required rescue therapy like prone positioning. OBJECTIVE: To describe the respiratory management of and the extensive use of prone positioning in patients with COVID-19 at the intensive care unit hub in Lombardy, Italy. METHODS: A total of 89 patients (67% male; median age, 59 years [range, 23-80 years]) with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted between February 23 and March 31, 2020, were enrolled in this quality improvement project. RESULTS: Endotracheal intubation was required in 86 patients (97%). Prone positioning was used as rescue therapy in 43 (48%) patients. Significantly more younger patients (age ≤ 59 years) were discharged alive (43 of 48 [90%]) than were older patients (age ≥ 60 years; 26 of 41 [63%]; P < .005). Among the 43 patients treated with prone ventilation, 15 (35% [95% CI, 21%-51%]) died in the intensive care unit, of which 10 (67%; P < .001) were older patients. CONCLUSIONS: Prone positioning is one strategy available for treating acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with COVID-19. During this pandemic, prone positioning can be used extensively as rescue therapy, per a specific protocol, in intensive care units.

Validation and Analysis of the European Quality Questionnaire in Italian Language.

The European Quality Questionnaire (euroQ2) is the culturally-adapted version to the European context of the Family Satisfaction in Intensive Care Unit (FS-ICU) and Quality of Dying and Death (QODD) tools in a single instrument divided into three parts (the last is optional). These tools were created for an adult setting. The aim of this study was the Italian validation and analysis of the euroQ2 tool. The Italian version of euroQ2 questionnaire was administered to the relatives, over 18 years of age, of adult intensive care unit patients, with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-r). For the re-test phase the questionnaire was administered a second time. One hundred questionnaires were filled in. The agreement between test and retest was between 17-19 out of 20 participants with an upward trend in the re-test phase. A measure of coherence and cohesion between the euroQ2 variables was given by Cronbach's alpha: in the first part of the questionnaire alpha was 0.82, in the second part it was 0.89. The linear Pearson's correlation coefficients between all questions showed a weak positive correlation. The results obtained agreed with the original study. This study showed a good stability of the answers, an indication of an unambiguous understanding of the Italian translation.

The Medical Emergency Team in Italy: an overview of in-hospital emergencies response.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Medical Emergency Team (MET), implemented in many hospitals worldwide, aims to improve the safety of in-hospital patients whose condition is deteriorating. This study describes MET presence and organization in the Italian National Healthcare System Hospitals. METHODS: A national survey with an online questionnaire was performed. The questionnaire, created ad hoc, was sent by e-mail to the nursing coordinators and MET referents of the Hospitals affiliated to the Italian National Healthcare System with an Anesthesia and Intensive Care service. RESULTS: One hundred-ninety-seven hospitals were interviewed (36.2% of the whole national network). A dedicated MET, composed at least by an intensivist and a nurse, was present only in 118 cases (59.9%). The team was composed by a non-dedicated staff (67.8% of doctors, 69.5% of nurses) and a minimum shared standard of education for the nurse component was absent. One third of the estimated hospitals did not use a warning score for emergency call activation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This survey showed a heterogenous and often lacking organization of in-hospital emergency management in Italy. MET system needs to be implemented in terms of presence in the Italian hospitals, and standardized for personnel structure and training, and equipment availability. A broader study is necessary to compare our data with those of other European Countries to better identify the specific areas which need to be improved more promptly.

Accidental removal of devices in intensive care unit: An eight-year observational study.

BACKGROUND: In the intensive care unit, invasive devices can be accidentally removed by the patient or by the operators, increasing workload, staff stress level and hospitalisation costs. OBJECTIVE: to know the incidence of accidental removal of devices in critical patients, to identify their cause, when they occur and if they are repositioned. METHODS: Retrospective observational study carried out in an academic, tertiary-level critical care department composed of three intensive care units. All adult patients recovered between 2011 and 2018 were enrolled. We calculated rates per 1000 device-years. RESULTS: In the study period 10514 patients (194372 device-days) were admitted to the intensive care units and the number of reported accidental removal of devices was 451, corresponding to a rate of 2.3 episodes per 1000 device-days (95% confidence interval: 2.1-2-5). The overall rates of accidental removals were as follows: gastric tubes 10.2 (n = 270), intracranial devices 3.9 (n = 9), endotracheal tubes 2.4 (n = 27), central venous catheters and arterial catheters 1.5 (n = 92), peripheral intravenous catheters 1.2 (n = 25), surgical drains 0.5 (n = 15), urinary catheters 0.4 (n = 11), Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation cannulas 0.4 (n = 1), tracheostomy cannulas 0.1 (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Compared to the literature, this study shows fewer incidents of accidental removal of devices. The number of accidental removals could be an indicator of the quality and safety of the care.

Microbiological colonization of healthcare workers' mobile phones in a tertiary-level Italian intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Careful hand hygiene of healthcare workers is recommended to reduce transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to patients. Mobile phones are commonly used during work shifts and may act as vehicles of pathogens. OBJECTIVE: To assess the colonizsation rate of intensive care unit healthcare workers' mobile phones before and after work shifts. METHODS: Prospective observational study conducted in an academic, tertiary-level intensive care unit. Healthcare workers (including doctors, nurses and healthcare assistants) had their mobile phones sampled for microbiology before and after work shifts. Samples were taken with a swab in a standardizsed modality. RESULTS: Fifty healthcare workers participated in the study (91% of the department staff). One hundred swabs were taken from 50 mobile phones. Forty-three healthcare workers (86%) reported a habitual use of their phones during the work shift. All phones (100%) were positive for bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Bacillus sp. and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (97%, 56%, 17%, respectively). No patient admitted to the intensive care unit during the study period was positive for bacteria found on healthcare workers' mobile phones. No difference in bacteria types and burden was found between the beginning and the end of work shifts. CONCLUSION: Healthcare workers' mobile phones are colonized even before the work shift and irrespective of the patients' microbiological flora.

Impact of flow and temperature on patient comfort during respiratory support by high-flow nasal cannula.

BACKGROUND: The high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) delivers up to 60 l/min of humidified air/oxygen blend at a temperature close to that of the human body. In this study, we tested whether higher temperature and flow decrease patient comfort. In more severe patients, instead, we hypothesized that higher flow might be associated with improved comfort. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, cross-over study was performed on 40 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) patients (PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 + pulmonary infiltrates + exclusion of cardiogenic edema) supported by HFNC. The primary outcome was the assessment of patient comfort during HFNC delivery at increasing flow and temperature. Two flows (30 and 60 l/min), each combined with two temperatures (31 and 37 °C), were randomly applied for 20 min (four steps per patient), leaving clinical FiO2 unchanged. Toward the end of each step, the following were recorded: comfort by Visual Numerical Scale ranging between 1 (extreme discomfort) and 5 (very comfortable), together with respiratory parameters. A subgroup of more severe patients was defined by clinical FiO2 ≥ 45%. RESULTS: Patient comfort was reported as significantly higher during steps at the lower temperature (31 °C) in comparison to 37 °C, with the HFNC set at both 30 and 60 l/min (p < 0.0001). Higher flow, however, was not associated with poorer comfort. In the subgroup of patients with clinical FiO2 ≥ 45%, both lower temperature (31 °C) and higher HFNC flow (60 l/min) led to higher comfort (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: HFNC temperature seems to significantly impact the comfort of AHRF patients: for equal flow, lower temperature could be more comfortable. Higher flow does not decrease patient comfort; at variance, it improves comfort in the more severely hypoxemic patient.

[Risk factors for delirium in intensive care unitin liver transplant patients]. / Fattori di rischio per l'insorgenza di delirium in terapia intensiva nei pazienti sottoposti a trapianto di fegato.

. Risk factors for delirium in intensive care unit in liver transplant patients. INTRODUCTION: Delirium is a disorder of the state of consciousness characterized by acute onset and temporal variability of cognitive abilities. It is frequent in intensive care unit (ICU) and it is associated with worst outcomes. AIM: To identify risk factors for the development of delirium in patients in intensive care unit (ICU) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). METHODS: Observational retrospective study on all the patients undergoing OLTx between January 2014 and December 2015. The daily assessment for delirium was performed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU), by nemed nurses. RESULTS: Of the 123 patients included, 15 (12.2%) developed post-operative delirium. The main risk factor was preoperative hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 8.80, 95% CI 2.70-28.59): the deterioration of the state of consciousness (GCS pre-OLTx score < 15) increased the risk of developing delirium (OR 6.18; IC 95% 1.51 - 25.31). A high Acute Physiologic and Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score (OR=1.29, IC 95%: 1.12-1.47) showed how patients with a more severe clinical situation at ICU admission were more likely to develop delirium. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors identified predict the development of delirium in ICU. Its prevention with the implementation of pharmacological or other strategies may reduce the onset of delirium and improve the quality of care.