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1.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 6826, 2021 03 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33767312

RESUMO

Acute respiratory infections appear to precipitate vascular events. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke are the leading cause of death and disability globally. This study was based on a cohort of patients admitted to Townsville University Hospital between January 2006 and December 2016. Using a self-controlled case series design, we investigated the risk of AMI or ischaemic stroke after an episode of pneumonia. We defined the 'risk interval' as the first 14 days after hospitalisation for pneumonia and the 'control interval' as one year before and one year after the risk interval. Among a population (N = 4557) with a median age of over 70, a total of 128 AMI and 27 stroke cases were identified within 1 year of an episode of pneumonia in this study. Ten and two admissions occurred during the risk interval, while 118 and 25 admissions occurred during the control period. The relative incidence ratios (RIR) of AMI increased after an episode of pneumonia (RIR=4.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44-9.67). The risk for stroke after the exposure period of 14 days was 4.94 (95% CI 1.12-21.78) considering only the first stroke incidence. The RIR results for AMI and stroke were not altered by adjusting for age, sex or Indigenous status. The risk of AMI and stroke were significantly higher two weeks after an episode of pneumonia.


Assuntos
Hospitalização , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/etiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Austrália/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Clima Tropical , Adulto Jovem
2.
Epidemiol Infect ; 148: e166, 2020 08 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32753078

RESUMO

Following the importation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) into Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and then the outbreak, the question is: How do we anticipate the progression of the ongoing epidemic following all the intervention measures put in place? This kind of question is appropriate for public health responses and it will depend on the early estimates of the key epidemiological parameters of the virus in a defined population.In this study, we combined a likelihood-based method using a Bayesian framework and compartmental model of the epidemic of COVID-19 in Nigeria to estimate the effective reproduction number (R(t)) and basic reproduction number (R0) - this also enables us to estimate the initial daily transmission rate (ß0). We further estimate the reported fraction of symptomatic cases. The models are applied to the NCDC data on COVID-19 symptomatic and death cases from 27 February 2020 and 7 May 2020.In this period, the effective reproduction number is estimated with a minimum value of 0.18 and a maximum value of 2.29. Most importantly, the R(t) is strictly greater than one from 13 April till 7 May 2020. The R0 is estimated to be 2.42 with credible interval: (2.37-2.47). Comparing this with the R(t) shows that control measures are working but not effective enough to keep R(t) below 1. Also, the estimated fraction of reported symptomatic cases is between 10 and 50%.Our analysis has shown evidence that the existing control measures are not enough to end the epidemic and more stringent measures are needed.


Assuntos
Número Básico de Reprodução/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Epidemias/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Prática de Saúde Pública , Teorema de Bayes , COVID-19 , Humanos , Funções Verossimilhança , Nigéria/epidemiologia
3.
Artigo em Inglês | AIM (África) | ID: biblio-1271989

RESUMO

Background: The need to identify the intellectual capability of neurologically impaired children dictates their educability which can be estimated through their intelligence quotient (IQ). Draw-a-man test for IQ estimation is available, easy and has been validated in Nigeria. Method: Through a prospective, cross-sectional study that lasted 12 months (January-December, 2011), children aged 4 years and above attending neurology clinic were recruited once they have no severe motor or sensory limitations affecting their upper limbs and can obey the instruction to draw a person. Anthropometry was carried out on them and they were comfortably seated to draw a person. The parents or caregivers were instructed not to make any suggestion or hint to them and no time limit was given. Their drawings were assessed using the 52 parameters of Ziler and interpreted accordingly. Ethical procedures were adhered to. The analysis was done using SPSS version 16 and an interactive calculation tool for chi-square tests of goodness of fit and independence. Results: Seventy-five (45 male, 30 female) children met the inclusion criteria. Their clinical conditions were Epilepsy 48 (64%), Cerebral Palsy 6 (8%), ADHD 5 (6.7%), Down Syndrome 4 (5.3%), Speech/Hearing impairment 3 (4.0%), Hypothyroidism 2 (2.7%) and 7 (9.3%) others. Their ages ranged from 4 years to 16 years (mean±SD = 9.7± 3.8 years). Their IQ distribution were Normal 4 (5.3%), Borderline 12 (16.0%), Mild Mental Retardation 16 (21.3%), Moderate Mental Retardation 19 (25.3%), Severe and Profound Mental Retardation 24 (32.0%) with no significant difference in relation to their birth order. Conclusions: Ninety-six per cent of the study population had IQ below normal. Epilepsy was the commonest condition seen in the Paediatric Neurology clinic and all categories of IQ are seen among children with epilepsy


Assuntos
Criança , Deficiência Intelectual , Inteligência , Neurologia , Nigéria
4.
Epidemiol Infect ; 145(4): 685-700, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27903308

RESUMO

Malaria and leishmaniasis are among the two most important health problems of many developing countries especially in the Middle East and North Africa. It is common for vector-borne infectious diseases to have similar hotspots which may be attributed to the overlapping ecological distribution of the vector. Hotspot analyses were conducted to simultaneously detect the location of local hotspots and test their statistical significance. Spatial scan statistics were used to detect and test hotspots of malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Afghanistan in 2009. A multivariate negative binomial model was used to simultaneously assess the effects of environmental variables on malaria and CL. In addition to the dependency between malaria and CL disease counts, spatial and temporal information were also incorporated in the model. Results indicated that malaria and CL incidence peaked at the same periods. Two hotspots were detected for malaria and three for CL. The findings in the current study show an association between the incidence of malaria and CL in the studied areas of Afghanistan. The incidence of CL disease in a given month is linked with the incidence of malaria in the previous month. Co-existence of malaria and CL within the same geographical area was supported by this study, highlighting the presence and effects of environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. People living in areas with malaria are at increased risk for leishmaniasis infection. Local healthcare authorities should consider the co-infection problem by recommending systematic malaria screening for all CL patients.


Assuntos
Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Malária/epidemiologia , Afeganistão/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Análise Espaço-Temporal
5.
Ann Med Health Sci Res ; 6(6): 380-384, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28540107

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Congenital disorders are structural, metabolic, behavioral and functional disorders that are present at birth. Their manifestations are protean ranging from mild anomalies to life-threatening conditions. AIM: The objectives of this study were to describe the congenital anomalies in children seen at Federal Medical Center, Bida over a 12 month period, determine possible factors associated with these anomalies; and their short term outcome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Children with clinically recognized congenital malformations were recruited consecutively over a 12 month period and socio-demographic, etiologic and other relevant clinical data were obtained. A detailed examination was also performed and abnormalities documented. The data was analyzed using Epi-info version 6 (Atlanta, USA). The Chi-square was used to identify significant differences for categorical variables. Mid-P and Fisher's exact tests were utilized as appropriate. A P < 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: A total of 46 children with congenital anomalies were seen during the study period, all which were recruited into the study. The hospital based prevalence amongst neonates was 111/1000 neonates. The most common system affected was the digestive system(50.0%) followed by the central nervous system and head and neck anomalies. There was no significant difference in distribution of anomalies amongst the various ethnic groups. About 22% of families were consanguineous, all being first cousins and 8.7% of mothers were greater than 35 years of age. The case fatality rate for congenital malformations was 2.2%, while 60.9% were referred to other hospitals for further care. CONCLUSION: The study has demonstrated a wide variety of congenital anomalies in Bida, North-Central Nigeria with the digestive system anomalies being the most frequent. The findings of this study strengthen the need for empowerment of the institution in appropriate management of these disorders.

6.
Epidemiol Infect ; 142(5): 940-9, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24001574

RESUMO

This research is focused on the epidemiological analysis of the transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus outbreak in Nigeria. The data included 145 outbreaks together with the locations of the infected farms and the date of confirmation of infection. In order to investigate the environmental conditions that favoured the transmission and spread of the virus, weather stations were realigned with the locations of the infected farms. The spatial Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for complete spatial randomness rejects the null hypothesis of constant intensity (P < 0·0001). Preliminary exploratory analysis showed an increase in the incidence of H5N1 virus at farms located at high altitude. Results from the Poisson log-linear conditional intensity function identified temperature (-0·9601) and wind speed (0·6239) as the ecological factors that influence the intensity of transmission of the H5N1 virus. The model also includes distance from the first outbreak (-0·9175) with an Akaike's Information Criterion of -103·87. Our analysis using a point process model showed that geographical heterogeneity, seasonal effects, temperature, wind as well as proximity to the first outbreak are very important components of spread and transmission of HPAI H5N1.


Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Análise Espacial , Animais , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Influenza Aviária/transmissão , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Nigéria/epidemiologia , Aves Domésticas , Fatores de Risco , Tempo (Meteorologia)
7.
Niger Postgrad Med J ; 19(2): 119-22, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22728980

RESUMO

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine and report the occurrence of overt renal presentations in children with sickle cell disease seen over the last 14 years (1995-2009) at the Emergency Paediatric Unit and Paediatric Ward and followed up at the Paediatric Nephrology clinic of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin (UITH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The five cases with overt renal presentations seen during the period were reported and analyzed for age, sex, and renal manifestations. RESULTS: The age range of the children was 9-15years with a mean of 11years. Four of the five patients were females, with one male. Three of the four females presented with features suggestive of nephrotic syndrome (NS) while the other one had gross haematuria which resolved within 24 hours. The only male had enuresis. The NS in one of the patients progressed to end stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: Children with sickle cell disease should be screened for renal complications especially from the late first decade of life. This will help in the early detection of renal disorder that could lead to chronic kidney disease. It is also suspected that the severe forms of SCN such as NS may have a predilection for the female gender. A more extensive study is needed to test the veracity of this observation.


Assuntos
Anemia Falciforme/complicações , Hematúria/etiologia , Falência Renal Crônica/etiologia , Síndrome Nefrótica/etiologia , Enurese Noturna/etiologia , Adolescente , Anemia Falciforme/fisiopatologia , Criança , Feminino , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Masculino , Nigéria , Terapia de Substituição Renal
8.
Niger J Clin Pract ; 14(3): 318-21, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22037077

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To audit the knowledge of doctors and evaluate their disposition toward the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semi-structured questionnaires requesting information about knowledge of the acronym "MDGs" were administered on willing doctors at three tertiary health centers: University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, and Federal Medical Centre, Yola. Data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple statistical methods. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-three doctors participated in the study, comprising 65 (35.5%) from Bida, 18 (9.8%) from Yola, and 100 (54.7%) from Ilorin, with a male to female ratio of 2:1 (P < 0.05). Thirty-nine respondents (21.3%) had no fore kowledge of MDG (P < 0.05). Only 77 (42.1%) of the respondents who had fore knowledge of "MDG" knew the number of goals to be eight (P < 0.05). Among those who had fore knowledge of MDG, only 34 comprising 15 (10.4%, Bida), 1 (0.7%, Yola), and 18 (12.5%, Ilorin) could correctly list a minimum of four of the MDGs (P < 0.05). Only 12 (8.3%) of the respondents believed that the MDGs are very achievable. CONCLUSION: There is an absolute need for more elaborate publicity on the MDGs among doctors as they are key players if attaining the MDGs is to be a reality.


Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Programas Gente Saudável/normas , Objetivos Organizacionais , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Objetivos , Prioridades em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria , Médicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Nações Unidas
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