RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Data regarding the influence of the APOBEC3B deletion on infectious diseases remain limited and shown discrepancies. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism status and its association with prevalence of co-infection with blood-borne pathogens in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 597 HIV-positive blood samples were tested for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Torque Teno virus (TTV), GB virus-C (GBV-C), and Toxoplasma gondii. Nucleic acid was extracted from plasma samples and used for the molecular detection of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, HCV RNA, TTV DNA, and GBV-C RNA, whereas HBsAg, anti-HCV, IgM and IgG anti-T. gondii were detected through serological testing. The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The deletion genotype was associated with HCV viremia (p<0.001) as well as elevated IgG anti-T. gondii (adjusted OR [aOR]=3.4). The deletion genotype was also associated with decreased levels of HBsAg (aOR=0.03), and anti-HCV (aOR=0.1). D/D was frequently found in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+T cells<14% (aOR=5.8). The intact genotype was associated with a reduced likelihood of a CD4+T cell count<200 cells/µL (aOR=0.2) but a higher prevalence of TTV co-infection (aOR=8.6). CONCLUSIONS: The APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism was found to be associated with HBV, HCV, TTV, and T. gondii co-infection in Indonesian HIV-infected individuals.
Assuntos
Citidina Desaminase/genética , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/genética , Deleção de Genes , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Coinfecção , Infecções por Vírus de DNA/diagnóstico , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV , Hepacivirus , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor , Prevalência , Torque teno virus/genética , Torque teno virus/imunologia , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Scleroderma is a rare disease. Approximately 80% of patients are females, and one-half present before the age of 40. Some studies suggest a higher incidence and severity of disease in black females than in whites. Scleroderma affect approximately 20 new patients per million per year and has an estimated prevalence of approximately 250 patients per million in the United States, the synonyms from this disease including Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), or diffuse scleroderma. Scleroderma is a multisystem disorder characterized by skin thickening and vascular abnormalities. Causes of scleroderma remain mysterious. Immunologic abnormalities are suggested by the presence of characteristic autoantibodies such as ANA,anticentromere, and anti-Scl-70 antibodies. In addition to skin, the most commonly affected organs are lung and kidney. Three major diseases subsets are recognized based on the extent of skin disease. Limited disease is defined as skin fibrosis in distal extremities and some areas of face and neck. Limited diseases are also known as CREST syndrome. Diffuse disease includes patients with skin abnormalities extending to the proximal extremities (i.e., above the elbow or knee) and trunk. Localized disease manifests as patches (morphea) or bandlike (linear scleroderma) areas of skin thickening.
