Inflammation inhibitory activity of green tea, soybean, and guava extracts during Sars-Cov-2 infection through TNF protein in cytokine storm.

Coronavirus disease is caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) known as COVID-19. COVID-19 has caused the deaths of 6,541,936 people worldwide as of September 27th, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 severity is determined by a cytokine storm condition, in which the innate immune system creates an unregulated and excessive production of pro-inflammatory such IL-1, IL-6, NF Kappa B, and TNF alpha signaling molecules known as cytokines. The patient died due to respiratory organ failure and an acute complication because of the hyper-inflammation phenomenon. Green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive substances are well-known to act as anti-inflammation, and antioxidants become prospective COVID-19 illness candidates to overcome the cytokine storm. Our research aims to discover the bioactivity, bioavailability, and protein targets of green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive compounds as anti-inflammatory agents via the TNF inhibition pathway. The experiment uses in silico methods and harnesses the accessible datasets. Samples of 3D structure and SMILE identity of bioactive compounds were retrieved from the KNApSAck and Dr Duke databases. The QSAR analysis was done by WAY2DRUG web server, while the ADME prediction was performed using SWISSADME web server, following the Lipinsky rules of drugs. The target protein and protein-protein interaction were analyzed using STRING DB and Cytoscape software. Lastly, molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.2 and visualization with BioVia Discovery Studio 2019. The identified study showed the potential of green tea, soybean, and guava's bioactive compounds have played an important role as anti-inflammation agents through TNF inhibitor pathway.

Quercetin prevents chronic kidney disease on mesangial cells model by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and TGF-ß1/SMADs pathway.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) happens due to decreasing kidney function. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been shown to result in the progression of CKD. Quercetin is widely known to have various bioactivities including antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Objective: To evaluate the activity of quercetin to inhibit inflammation, stress oxidative, and fibrosis on CKD cells model (mouse mesangial cells induced by glucose). Methods and Material: The SV40 MES 13 cells were plated in a 6-well plate with cell density at 5,000 cells/well. The medium had been substituted for 3 days with a glucose-induced medium with a concentration of 20 mM. Quercetin was added with 50, 10, and 5 µg/mL concentrations. The negative control was the untreated cell. The levels of TGF-ß1, TNF-α, and MDA were determined using ELISA KIT. The gene expressions of the SMAD7, SMAD3, SMAD2, and SMAD4 were analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results: Glucose can lead to an increase in inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-ß1, MDA as well as the expressions of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and a decrease in SMAD7. Quercetin caused the reduction of TNF-α, TGF-ß1, MDA as well as the expression of the SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and increased SMAD7. Conclusion: Quercetin has anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antifibrosis activity in the CKD cells model. Thus, quercetin is a promising substance for CKD therapy and further research is needed to prove this in CKD animal model.

Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Conditioned Medium of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ATMSC)-Treated Fresh Frozen Plasma.

BACKGROUND Inflammation is the body's first response to an illness that causes irritation or infection. Inflammation is tightly correlated with aging, which is a progressive degenerative process. Conditioned medium (CM) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CM-ATMSCs) has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis and dermal fibroblast migration, as well as reduce wrinkles and improve wound healing. This study aimed to observe the production of inflammatory modulators - interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, IL-10, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB) - in CM-ATMSCs treated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) at passages 3 (P3), 7, 11, and 15. MATERIAL AND METHODS ATMSCs P3 were obtained from liposuction of female donors, and the CM from ATMSCs was collected. Measurement of these cytokines was performed with ELISA. RESULTS At many passages, IL-6, a proinflammatory modulator, was discovered to be the most powerful modulator among FFP- and non-FFP-treated cells. However, CM-ATMSCs treated with FFP and in the late passage have significant differences (P<0.05) compared to non-FFP treatments and in other passages in their effects on secretion of inflammatory modulators. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CM-ATMSC has the potential to secrete proinflammatory modulators.

Corilagin potential in inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory stress in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7).

Objectives: Inflammation is thought to be the common pathophysiological basis for several disorders. Corilagin is one of the major active compounds which showed broad-spectrum biological and therapeutic activities, such as antitumor, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of corilagin in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Materials and Methods: Anti-oxidant activities were examined by free radical scavenging of H2O2, NO, and *OH. The safe concentrations of corilagin on RAW264.7 were determined by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay on RAW264.7 cell lines. The inflammation cells model was induced with LPS. The anti-inflammatory activities measured IL-6, TNF-α, NO, IL-1ß, PGE-2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels using ELISA assay. Results: The results showed that corilagin had a significant inhibition activity dose-dependently in scavenging activities toward H2O2, *OH, and NO with IC50 values 76.85 µg/ml, 26.68 µg/ml, and 66.64 µg/ml, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of corilagin also showed a significant decrease toward IL-6, TNF-α, NO, IL-1ß, PGE-2, iNOS, and COX-2 levels at the highest concentration (75 µM) compared with others concentration (50 and 25 µM) with the highest inhibition activities being 48.09%, 42.37%, 65.69%, 26.47%, 46.88%, 56.22%, 59.99%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Corilagin has potential as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines by its ability to scavenge free radical NO, *OH, and H2O2 and also suppress the production of proinflammatory mediators including COX-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell lines.

Mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) as protective agent in glucose-induced mesangial cell as in vitro model of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the activity of mangosteen peels extract (MPE) as protection agent on induced-glucose mesangial cells (SV40 MES 13 cell line (Glomerular Mesangial Kidney, Mus Musculus)). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MPE was performed based on maceration method. Cytotoxic assay was performed based on MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) method, while the level of TGF-ß1 (Transforming growth factor-ß1) and fibronectin in glucose-induced mesangial cells were assayed and determined using ELISA KIT. RESULTS: In viability assay, MPE 5 and 20 µg/ml has the highest activity to increase cells proliferation in glucose-induced mesangial cells at 5, 10, and 15 days of incubation in glucose concentration (5 and 25 mM) (P<0.05). In inhibitory activity of TGF-ß1 and fibronectin level, MPE 5 µg/ml (glucose-induced 5 mM) show the lowest level compared to positive control and other treatments (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: MPE can increase cell proliferation in glucose-induced mesangial cells and significantly reduce the level of TGF-ß1 and fibronectin. MPE activity has correlates to inhibit the diabetic glomerulosclerosis condition and may increase mesangial cell proliferation.

Effects of insulin-like growth factor-induced Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrogenesis in an osteoarthritis model.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the collagen type II (COL2) and SOX9 expression in interleukin growth factor (IGF-1)-induced Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) and the level of chondrogenic markers in co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1ß-CHON002 as osteoarthritis (OA) cells model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WJMSCs were induced with IGF1 (75, 150, and 300 ng/ml) to enhance their chondrogenesis capability. The gene expression of SOX9 and COL2 was evaluated with quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, IGF1-WJMSCs were co-cultured with IL1ß-CHON002 cells in varied ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1). Chondrogenic markers ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL were measured with ELISA. RESULTS: The IGF1-WJMSCs had an increased expression of COL2 and SOX9. ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP1, MMP3, and RANKL levels were decreased in the co-culture IGF1-WJMSCs and IL1ß-CHON002. CONCLUSION: The IGF1-induced WJMSCs were capable to enhance chondrogenesis, indicated by increased expression of SOX9 and COL2 and decreased expression of ADAMTS1, ADAMTS5, MMP3, MMP1, and RANKL. These findings can be further used in the osteoarthritis treatment.

Anti-inflammatory properties of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanol extract and epigallocatechin gallate in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells

Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of oolong tea ethanol extract (OTEE) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7).Methods:A cytotoxic assay using MTS tetrazolium was conducted to find a nontoxic level of OTEE and EGCG toward RAW 264.7 cells.Interleukins (IL-6,IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-tα (TNF-α),and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) levels were measured by ELISA,and nitric oxide (NO) levels measured by a nitrate/nitrite colorirnetric assay to determine the inhibition activity of OTEE and EGCG.Results:Lipopolysaccharide induction increases NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α levels compared with the untreated cell (negative control).The positive control,lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 without treatments showed the highest level of all pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulators tested in this study.The positive control was used as standard to obtain OTEE and EGCG inhibition activity toward NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1 β,and TNF-α.OTEE had a higher inhibition activity toward NO,COX-2,IL-6,and IL-1 β than EGCG;the reverse was seen for TNF-α.However,both OTEE and EGCG suppressed production of NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α.Conclusions:OTEE and EGCG have the potential for use as anti-inflammatory drugs,which is shown by their ability to reduce the production of NO,COX-2,IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α in active macrophages.