Extracellular Vesicles: A New Approach to Study the Brain's Neural System and Its Diseases.

In normal and pathophysiological conditions our cells secrete vesicular bodies known as extracellular particles. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-bound extracellular particles. A majority of these extracellular vesicles are linked to cell-to-cell communication. Brain consists of tightly packed neural cells. Neural cell releases extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid. Extracellular vesicle mediated crosstalk maintains neural homeostasis in the central nervous system via transferring cargos between neural cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, small extracellular vesicle transfer misfolded proteins to healthy cells in the neural microenvironment. They can also cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and stimulate peripheral immune response inside central nervous system. In today's world different approaches employ extracellular vesicle in various therapeutics. This review gives a brief knowledge about the biological relevance of extracellular vesicles in the central nervous system and relevant advances in the translational application of EV in brain disorders.

The assessment of musculoskeletal disorders, quality of life, and comorbidities in older people in Bangladesh.

Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that significantly impact the state of health, especially in older people. The study, which employed a cross-sectional design and practical sampling, included 206 participants among them 124 (62.2%) were men and 82 (39.8%) were women, from all over Bangladesh with musculoskeletal issues of varying severity and impact. The mean age of the participants was 64.9 (SD 4.3). The study was carried out between January and June of 2022. The majority of participants experienced musculoskeletal pain. Back pain was the most commonly complained of symptom among the participants (74.9%). It was also common to have limited mobility as a result of arthritic change, which eventually affected daily activities like taking care of oneself. To improve the health of the older adult population, more studies must be conducted to identify the many factors that contribute to musculoskeletal issues. The development of effective prevention and rehabilitation programs must then be based on this knowledge.

Community mental health in Peshawar, the need to reform.

Community mental health is a neglected field in many developing countries including Pakistan. Common mental disorders are high in prevalence, particularly in women. Community mental health services are lacking in Peshawar, which faces a number of challenges owing to sociopolitical instability. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate and interpret current research relevant to community mental health reform, including a review of the evidence regarding community mental health service. A selected review of published literature was undertaken using the PubMed, PsychINFO and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases. The intervention studies included in this review demonstrate that community based mental health services closely aligned with primary care services have the potential to facilitate improvements in access to care and also improvements in mental health outcomes. It concludes that lack of proper mental health policy and non-integration of mental health in primary health care adversely affects the outcome of mental health progress in community.