A review on food subsystem simulation models for the water-food-energy nexus: development perspective.

Agricultural crops are the primary food source because livestock and poultry products also indirectly depend on crops. A significant obstacle to adopting the water, food, and energy (WFE) nexus is the lack of a comprehensive and easy-to-use simulation model for the food subsystem focusing on crops. By reviewing the articles in Scopus and Google Scholar databases, WFE nexus studies can be divided into two categories: simulation-based and conceptual-based studies of WFE nexus. Based on the developmental perspective on food subsystem modeling in the WFE nexus, the conceptual studies were excluded, and the modeling studies were reviewed. Two points of view can be used for WFE nexus modeling: 1. hard-link modeling and 2. soft-link modeling. Comparing these two types of modeling showed that hard-link modeling cannot model the interrelations of the food subsystem, and this shortcoming is of great importance. This study reviewed the crop growth models (CGMs) used in the WFE nexus system from the development perspective. The technical characteristics of the CGMs have been evaluated according to the requirements of the CGMs. Finally, a checklist based on the criteria defined for the nexus system has been provided, which can guide researchers in choosing the appropriate CGMs for the food subsystem with the nexus approach. The analysis revealed that none of the CGMs studied alone were sufficient to develop a simulation model for the food subsystem with the WFE nexus. However, the AquaCrop model met more criteria.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan.

Iran has invariably been under the growing public health threat of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a significant barrier to local development that hinders the prevention and control efforts toward eliminating the disease. So far, no comprehensive and in-depth epidemiological analysis of the CL situation has been carried out nationwide. This study aimed to employ advanced statistical models to analyze the data collected through the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Communicable Diseases during 1989-2020. However, we emphasized the current trends, 2013-2020, to study temporal and spatial CL patterns. In the country, the epidemiology of CL is incredibly intricate due to various factors. This fact indicates that the basic infrastructure, the preceding supports, and the implementation plan related to preventive and therapeutic measures need crucial support. The leishmaniasis situation analysis is consistent with desperate requirements for efficient information on the control program in the area. This review provides evidence of temporally regressive and spatially expanding incidence of CL with characteristic geographical patterns and disease hotspots, signifying an urgent need for comprehensive control strategies. This information could be a suitable model and practical experience in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where over 80% of CL is reported.

Framing a novel holistic energy subsystem structure for water-energy-food nexus based on existing literature (basic concepts).

It is interesting to note that the country of Iran is essential in terms of energy production and consumption, and the economy of Iran is mainly dependent on energy revenues. Therefore, thermal and hydropower plants consume water to produce various energy carriers. Considering that Iran is suffering from water stress, the nexus of water and energy becomes very important. This paper frames a comprehensive structure for Iran's energy subsystem within the Water, Energy, and Food (WEF) nexus system. The energy subsystem's supply and demand side in the proposed framework are formulated using data and physic-based equations. The presented framework addresses most interactions between WEF subsystems in a dynamic and adaptive setting. It is shown that through analysis of binding interactions between WEF, different management scenarios can boost the flexibility of the supply and demand side of the energy subsystem. In addition, by incorporating this framework, the water subsystem will manage the allocated and consumed water on the supply side and arrive at the most desirable outcome for the water sector. Also, the optimal cropping pattern could be evaluated based on energy consumption.

A preliminary approach based on numerical simulation modelling and evaluation of permeable reactive barrier for aquifer remediation susceptible to selenium contaminant.

In this study, numerical groundwater modelling software (GMS) was applied for a 2D transient state predictive (flow and contaminant fate and transport) conceptual model for heavy metal (Selenium in this research) contaminated groundwater, Imamzadeh-Jafar Aquifer, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. The performances of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) in pollutant removal in the contaminated aquifers were studied by helping the MODFLOW-MT3DMS model. The spatiotemporal distribution of Selenium (Se) contaminant over the aquifer was illustrated using the calibrated flow and contaminant model. According to the findings, the downward movement of Se has resulted in an unsafe and undesirable water quality status in the Imamzadeh-Jafar aquifer, which is supported by field data. The sensitivity analysis of PRB layouts, geometric features, and reactant material characteristics was conducted in groundwater remediation. The numerical model results illustrated that the PRB thickness, ranging from 10 to 500 m, manifested the drop in Se concentration approximately from 40 to 46%. The results shed light on the hydraulic conductivity variations of reactant materials have effects less than 0.5% in Se removals. Furthermore, the decay rate variations in the ranges from 0.0001 to 0.01 d-1 could result in Se removal from 5 to 100%. According to studies, if the contaminant sources are prevented, in a) installation of PRB and b) not installation of PRB scenarios, the Imamzadeh-Jafar aquifer remediation will take 6 months and 84 months, respectively.

A new paradigm of water, food, and energy nexus.

In recent decades, global forecasts show that the demands for freshwater, energy, and food have been affected by population growth, economic development, international trade, and increasing urbanization and food diversity. Moreover, cultural changes and other phenomena have adversely affected the water, energy, and food (WEF) resources demand. Consequently, climate change adverse impact, which is an undesirable phenomenon, will be increased at a staggering rate. Numerous studies have emphasized that the lack of integrated and systematic management strategies threaten these indispensable resources' ability to meet growing demand. In many countries, the security of WEF resources, which is related to each other, has become three non-traditional security challenges that overshadow these communities' development. Before realizing the importance of interactions between these three vital resources, the management strategies were typically used for one source, which was completely independent of the other two. Since these strategies did not consider the interactions between the three systems, the applied strategies' results were sometimes contradictory. Also, due to the lack of attention to these three sectors' vital connections, the competition level among these systems has been increased. Therefore, in recent years, the study of the complex interactions and connections between these resources has led to the emergence of a new term called WEF nexus in the scientific communities. Most studies about the WEF nexus have only described the current situation or, ideally, analyzed several predetermined scenarios. However, the adopted approach should be able to analyze different scenarios and be efficient and robust enough to develop a variety of strategies and utilize them for macro-policies. In this study, after reviewing the complex interactions between the WEF systems, it was tried to introduce a novel paradigm for the WEF nexus, which concentrates on expanding the possible space of WEF nexus.

Energy simulation modeling for water-energy-food nexus system: a systematic review.

Since essential nexus variables were not considered in the energy subsystem, this study focused on the role of energy in the Water, Energy, and Food nexus (WEF nexus) system. The energy subsystem interacts with water and food on the supply and demand sides. The WEF nexus-based energy model has not been reviewed recently. This study provides a systematic review of 459 articles regarding energy simulation modeling issues relating to the WEF nexus system. The keyword ("energy" AND "simulation" AND "nexus") as well as "water" OR "food" OR "climate" OR "land" OR "carbon" OR "environment" is used for searching WEF nexus documents for energy simulation. The review highlighted that the energy subsystem is modeled online (One-way) and offline (Two-way), and the energy simulation struggles to represent its system boundary with the water and food subsystems in different spatial scales (household to global). The energy subsystem of the WEF nexus did not address return flow from cooling towers and crop energy consumption comprehensively. In the research, the supply and demand section of the energy subsystem demonstrated that a comprehensive simulation model for energy can be developed using the nexus system approach. The energy subsystem's supply, primarily power plants, interacts with the water subsystem, and the energy generation policy is based on water use. The WEF nexus system assesses renewable energy effects to reduce tradeoffs. In addition, energy demand is related to energy consumption, so the energy consumption for each crop can be calculated and explained the appropriate cultivation pattern based on it.

Species Composition and Spatial Distribution of Medically Important Scorpions in the Northern Part of Kerman Province, Iran.

Background: Kerman Province is one of the endemic foci of scorpionism in southeastern Iran. Totally 17 species are reported for Kerman Province fauna. The current study seeks to determine the fauna of medically important scorpions in northern parts of this province. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to March 2021. The specimens were captured from different areas, by rock-rolling during day and using Ultraviolet light at night. The specimens were preserved in ethanol (80%) and then identified using reliable identification keys for scorpions. Results: Totally, 499 specimens were captured from eight cities in northern Kerman. In total, 11 species belonging to three families were identified. Buthacus sp. is reported for the first time from Kerman Province. Buthacus sp., Hottentotta cf. juliae, and Hottentotta cf. schach, were the lowest in frequency of occurrence, against Mesobuthus navidpouri as the highest frequency. Conclusion: The results of this study are useful for the preparation of regional or monovalent antivenom for the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. Additionally, the obtained data are useful for the effective planning of scorpion control programs in the northern parts of Kerman Province, Iran.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluating the Antifungal Activity of Rumex acetosella, Teucrium polium, and Glycyrrihize globra var. violacca on Pathogenic Dermatophytes and Determining Phenolic Compounds

Since the authors are not responding to the editor's requests to fulfill the editorial requirement, therefore, the article has been withdrawn.Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php BENTHAM SCIENCE DISCLAIMER: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

Fifty years of struggle to control cutaneous leishmaniasis in the highest endemic county in Iran: A longitudinal observation inferred with interrupted time series model.

Negligible data are available following major social activities and environmental changes on leishmaniasis. Therefore, how interactions between these events influence cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) risk is not well-known. This longitudinal study was undertaken to explore the impact of interventions conducted between 1971 and 2020 in Bam county, which has had the highest disease burden in Iran. Only confirmed CL cases during this period were taken into account. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 using the X2 test to assess the significance of the difference between proportions. Moreover, we used interrupted time series (ITS) to assess the impact of three environmental events during this period. Overall, 40,164 cases of CL occurred in the past five decades. Multiple complex factors were among the leading causes that synergistically induced the emergence/re-emergence of CL outbreaks in Bam. The main factors attributed negatively to CL control were cessation of malaria spraying activity, expansion of the city spaces, and a massive earthquake creating new breeding potentials for the vectors. The highest impact on CL incidence during these years was related to the earthquake [coefficient = 17.8 (95% CI: 11.3, 22.7); p-value < 0.001]. Many factors can contribute to CL outbreaks in endemic foci. They also can cause new foci in new areas. Since humans are the single reservoir for CL in this area, early detection and effective management significantly contribute to controlling CL to reduce the disease burden. However, essential evidence gaps remain, and new tools are crucial before the disease can ultimately be controlled. Nevertheless, sustained funding and more trained task forces are essential to strengthen surveillance and case management and monitor the interventions' impact.

Dexamethasone: Insights into Pharmacological Aspects, Therapeutic Mechanisms, and Delivery Systems.

Dexamethasone (DEX) has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, allergies, ocular disorders, cancer, and, more recently, COVID-19. However, DEX usage is often restricted in the clinic due to its poor water solubility. When administered through a systemic route, it can elicit severe side effects, such as hypertension, peptic ulcers, hyperglycemia, and hydro-electrolytic disorders. There is currently much interest in developing efficient DEX-loaded nanoformulations that ameliorate adverse disease effects inhibiting advancements in scientific research. Various nanoparticles have been developed to selectively deliver drugs without destroying healthy cells or organs in recent years. In the present review, we have summarized some of the most attractive applications of DEX-loaded delivery systems, including liposomes, polymers, hydrogels, nanofibers, silica, calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. This review provides our readers with a broad spectrum of nanomedicine approaches to deliver DEX safely.

A review on water simulation models for the WEF Nexus: development perspective.

The primary impediment to adopting the Water, Energy, and Food (WEF) Nexus is a lack of a comprehensive and user-friendly simulation model. According to our search on Google Scholar and the Scopus databank, WEF Nexus studies can be divided into three broad categories: (1) studies about the nexus concept, (2) studies related to nexus modeling and software development, and (3) case studies. Given that the present study's objective is to review various solutions for WEF Nexus modeling and also to prepare a checklist of available models to find a better model for nexus simulation, we excluded papers and studies which were related to the nexus concept. After that, we split up other papers that talked about nexus and software development into (1) integrated and (2) compiled approaches. Then, it was attempted to identify the shortcomings in each approach. It was shown that the existing integrated WEF Nexus models (such as MUSIASEM, NexSym, CLEW, and ANEMI) had some significant drawbacks compared to compiled alternatives. Several of the major shortcomings of existing integrated models include the following: (1) They did not cover all spatial scales; (2) they included only a limited number of interactions across WEF subsystems; and (3) some of these models were unavailable. Therefore, as a general result of the current study, it was shown that compiled approach is generally preferable compared to available integrated models. In this regard, we tried to find the best water simulation models to implement in the nexus concept. We searched for papers about water simulation models and defined water subsystem requirements in the nexus concept. So, we evaluated each water simulation model based on its ability to cover water subsystem requirements. This work illustrates the capability of a suitable water simulation model to be utilized in the nexus concept and provides a holistic checklist to choose the preferred water simulation model based on the needs of each issue.

Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid in the Presence of Acetaminophen Utilizing MoS2-Nanosheet-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode.

We used MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) for surface modification of screen-printed electrode (MoS2NSs-SPE) aimed at detecting isoniazid (INZ) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). According to analysis, an impressive catalytic performance was found for INZ and AC electro-oxidation, resulting in an appreciable peak resolution (~320 mV) for both analytes. Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammogram (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to characterize the electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrode for the INZ detection. Under the optimal circumstances, there was a linear relationship between the peak current of oxidation and the various levels of INZ (0.035-390.0 µM), with a narrow limit of detection (10.0 nM). The applicability of the as-developed sensor was confirmed by determining the INZ and AC in tablets and urine specimens, with acceptable recoveries.

Amplified electrochemical sensor employing screen-printed electrode modified with Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite for high sensitive analysis of Sudan I in present bisphenol A.

This study utilized a facile one-pot protocol to synthesize Ni-cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ni-ZIF-67) nanocomposite, which was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite was subsequently applied to modify a screen-printed electrode (SPE) as a durable sensor for detection of Sudan I concomitantly with bisphenol A (BPA), with remarkably increased electrochemical response when comparing with a bare SPE. The results showed the calibration plot to be linear in the concentration range between 0.03 µM and 535.0 µM, with a narrow limit of detection of 9.0 nM (S/N = 3). Our proposed protocol was successful in detecting target analytes in real tap water and food specimens.

Green Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: A Review of Their Characterization and Industrial and Medical Applications.

Metal organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of hybrid networks of supramolecular solid materials comprising a large number of inorganic and organic linkers, all bound to metal ions in a well-organized fashion. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are a sub-group of MOFs with imidazole as an organic linker to metals; it is rich in carbon, nitrogen, and transition metals. ZIFs combine the classical zeolite characteristics of thermal and chemical stability with pore-size tunability and the rich topological diversity of MOFs. Due to the energy crisis and the existence of organic solvents that lead to environmental hazards, considerable research efforts have been devoted to devising clean and sustainable synthesis routes for ZIFs to reduce the environmental impact of their preparation. Green chemistry is the key to sustainable development, as it will lead to new solutions to existing problems. Moreover, it will present opportunities for new processes and products and, at its heart, is scientific and technological innovation. The green chemistry approach seeks to redesign the materials that make up the basis of our society and our economy, including the materials that generate, store, and transport our energy, in ways that are benign for humans and the environment and that possess intrinsic sustainability. This study covers the principles of green chemistry as used in designing strategies for synthesizing greener, less toxic ZIFs the consume less energy to produce. First, the necessity of green methods in today's society, their replacement of the usual non-green methods and their benefits are discussed; then, various methods for the green synthesis of ZIF compounds, such as hydrothermally, ionothermally, and by the electrospray technique, are considered. These methods use the least harmful and toxic substances, especially concerning organic solvents, and are also more economical. When a compound is synthesized by a green method, a question arises as to whether these compounds can replace the same compounds as synthesized by non-green methods. For example, is the thermal stability of these compounds (which is one of the most important features of ZIFs) preserved? Therefore, after studying the methods of identifying these compounds, in the last part, there is an in-depth discussion on the various applications of these green-synthesized compounds.

Chitosan: A versatile bio-platform for breast cancer theranostics.

Breast cancer is considered one of the utmost neoplastic diseases globally, with a high death rate of patients. Over the last decades, many approaches have been studied to early diagnose and treat it, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and MRI and biomarker tests; do not show the optimal efficacy. These existing approaches are accompanied by severe side effects, thus recognizing these challenges, a great effort has been done to find out the new remedies for breast cancer. Main finding: Nanotechnology opened a new horizon to the treatment of breast cancer. Many nanoparticulate platforms for the diagnosis of involved biomarkers and delivering antineoplastic drugs are under either clinical trials or just approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is well known that natural phytochemicals are successfully useful to treat breast cancer because these natural compounds are safer, available, cheaper, and have less toxic effects. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Further, it has outstanding features, like chemical functional groups that can easily modify our interest with an exceptional choice of promising applications. Abundant studies were directed to assess the chitosan derivative-based nanoformulation's abilities in delivering varieties of drugs. However, the role of chitosan in diagnostics and theranostics not be obligated. The present servey will discuss the application of chitosan as an anticancer drug carrier such as tamoxifen, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc. and also, its role as a theranostics (i.e. photo-responsive and thermo-responsive) moieties. The therapeutic and theranostic potential of chitosan in cancer is promising and it seems that to have a good potential to get to the clinic.

Desiccation of a saline lake as a lock-in phenomenon: A socio-hydrological perspective.

Understanding of how anthropogenic droughts occur in socio-hydrological systems is critical in studying resilience of these systems. This is especially relevant when a "lock-in" toward watershed desiccation occurs as an emergent outcome of coupling among social dynamics and surface and underground water processes. How the various processes collectively fit together to reinforce such a lock-in and what may be a critical or ignored feedback worsening the state of the socio-hydrological systems remains poorly understood. Here we tackle this gap by focusing on the case of Lake Urmia in Iran, a saline lake that faces the same fate as that of Aral Sea due to over-extraction of water sources that feed the lake. We develop an integrative, system-level understanding of how various anthropogenic, surface and underground environmental processes collectively generate the water scarcity and soil salinization issues in the study case. To this end, we investigate a paradoxical phenomenon wherein the increase of soil salinity has not noticeably affected the level of vegetation cover in Lake Urmia Basin. The outcome of our analysis may provide useful insights for informing policymakers how to cope with drought and water scarcity issues in many fragile saline lakes around the world that are currently under threat by overexploitation.

Photodynamic therapy for leishmaniasis: Recent advances and future trends.

Leishmaniasis has infected more than 12 million people worldwide. This neglected tropical disease, causing 20,000-30,000 deaths per year, is a global health problem. The emergence of resistant parasites and serious side effects of conventional therapies has led to the search for less toxic and non-invasive alternative treatments. Photodynamic therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to produce reactive oxygen species for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this regard, natural and synthetic photosensitizers such as curcumin, hypericin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, phthalocyanines, phenothiazines, porphyrins, chlorins and nanoparticles have been applied. In this review, the recent advances on using photodynamic therapy for treating Leishmania species have been reviewed.

Electrochemical Detection of Hydrazine by Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Ferrocene Derivatives, Ionic Liquid, and CoS2-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite.

The electrocatalytic performance of carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with ferrocene-derivative (ethyl2-(4-ferrocenyl[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)acetate), ionic liquid (n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), and CoS2-carbon nanotube nanocomposite (EFTA/IL/CoS2-CNT/CPE) was investigated for the electrocatalytic detection of hydrazine. CoS2-CNT nanocomposite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. According to the results of cyclic voltammetry, the EFTA/IL/CoS2-CNT-integrated CPE has been accompanied by greater catalytic activities for hydrazine oxidation compared to the other electrodes in phosphate buffer solution at a pH 7.0 as a result of the synergistic impact of fused ferrocene-derivative, IL, and nanocomposite. The sensor responded linearly with increasing concentration of hydrazine from 0.03 to 500.0 µM with a higher sensitivity (0.073 µA µM-1) and lower limit of detection (LOD, 0.015 µM). Furthermore, reasonable reproducibility, lengthy stability, and excellent selectivity were also attained for the proposed sensor. Finally, EFTA/IL/CoS2-CNT/CPE was applied for the detection of hydrazine in water samples, and good recoveries varied from 96.7 to 103.0%.

A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor.

BACKGROUND: Epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are occurring more frequently and spreading faster and farther than before in many areas of the world. The present study aimed to assess a long-lasting emerging epidemic (2005-2019) of 5532 cases with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in peri-urban areas of Kerman city in southeastern Iran. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out for 15 years in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The data were passively obtained through the health surveillance system and the Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center. Every subject was diagnosed using direct smear microscopy. The representative causative agent was further examined by ITS1-PCR, PCR-RFLP, 7SL RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. For each subject, a case report form designating demographic and clinical data was recorded. RESULTS: A different pattern of ACL incidence was found in peri-urban areas compared to that in the city of Kerman. The incidence rate of ACL cases has significantly increased (P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2016 in new settlements with a gradual decline after that. The overall average risk of contracting the disease was 7.6 times higher in peri-urban areas compared to Kerman city, an old endemic focus. All isolates consisting of six variants were confirmed to be Leishmania tropica. The overall pattern of the ACL infection indicates that the etiological agent of ACL is propagated and transmitted by the bite of female Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies from person to person from dissimilar clones as reflected by the complexity of the migrants' backgrounds in the province. CONCLUSIONS: The movement of populations and establishment of new settlements in peri-urban areas close to endemic areas are major risk factors for and are directly linked to CL. The underlying factors of this emerging ACL epidemic caused by L. tropica were disasters and droughts, among others. A robust commitment to a multilateral approach is crucial to make improvements in this area. This will require decisive coordinated actions through all governmental factions and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, active and passive case detection strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment could help control the disease.

Evaluation of Different Attractive Traps for Capturing Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis, Southeast of Iran.

BACKGROUND: The attraction of phlebotomine sand flies to plant and animal hosts is due to the produced chemical compounds, affecting the olfactory receptors of the insects. Therefore, novel and effective methods, such as Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB) and Attractive Toxic Baits (ATB), are based on the effective materials that attract sand flies toward the host. The present study was designed to identify the attractive materials in plants and animals for using in ATSB and ATB. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in July 2018 on endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Iran. Different baits, including mango, nectarine, grape, banana, melon and watermelon, defibrinated blood of cattle, sheep, goat and chicken, urine of cattle, sheep, goat and ultimately, simple and complex chemicals, such as CO2, 1-octanol, lactic acid and human sweat were placed inside the traps, and the rate of the sand flies attraction to these materials was studied. Furthermore, data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the sand flies attraction between the traps containing watermelon, urine of cattle, and sheep, and chemicals such as CO2 and human sweat and the control trap (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that watermelon and CO2 are the potential candidates for using in ATSB and ATB, respectively.