RESUMO
Previous studies have shown that COVID-19 leads to thrombotic complications, which have been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Neutrophils are the largest population of white blood cells and play a pivotal role in innate immunity. During an infection, neutrophils migrate from circulation to the infection site, contributing to killing pathogens. This mechanism is regulated by chemokines such as IL-8. Moreover, it was shown that neutrophils play an important role in thromboinflammation. Through a diverse repertoire of mechanisms, neutrophils, apart from directly killing pathogens, are able to activate the formation of thrombi. In COVID-19 patients, neutrophil activation promotes neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, platelet aggregation, and cell damage. Furthermore, neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of endothelitis. Overall, this review summarizes recent progress in research on the pathogenesis of COVID-19, highlighting the role of the prothrombotic action of neutrophils in NET formation.
Assuntos
COVID-19/imunologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Pulmão/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Trombose/imunologia , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/terapia , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/metabolismo , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/virologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/virologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Inflamação/patologia , Rim/citologia , Rim/imunologia , Rim/patologia , Rim/virologia , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/complicações , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/imunologia , Síndrome de Linfonodos Mucocutâneos/virologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Trombose/complicações , Trombose/patologia , Trombose/virologiaRESUMO
The gut microbiome is known as an important predictive tool for perceiving characteristic shifts in disease states. Multiple renal diseases and pathologies seem to be associated with gut dysbiosis which directly affects host homeostasis. The gastrointestinal-kidney dialogue confers interesting information about the pathogenesis of multiple kidney diseases. Moreover, aging is followed by specific shifts in the human microbiome, and gradual elimination of physiological functions predisposes the microbiome to inflammaging, sarcopenia, and disease. Aging is characterized by a microbiota with an abundance of disease-associated pathobionts. Multiple factors such as the immune system, environment, medication, diet, and genetic endowment are involved in determining the age of the microbiome in health and disease. Our present review promotes recently acquired knowledge and is expected to inspire researchers to advance studies and investigations on the involved pathways of the gut microbiota and kidney axis.