[Animal models in urological laparoscopic training]. / Modelos experimentales en la cirugía laparoscópica urológica.

We present the experience of the Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (MISC) in the development of a modular training model in laparoscopic surgery. The experience analysis includes the description of the training objectives, the learning process of simple and advance laparoscopic urologic techniques, as well as some current and future considerations before applying the laparoscopic techniques. This learning program pretends to optimize the knowledge of the surgeon and the clinical practice of these surgical techniques. The phases of the learning process have been classified in four levels, which include different modules and models and whose application will depend on the experience and surgical skills. This pyramidal training system permits the student to advance step by step through each level depending on her surgical skills. We have presented our experience in twelve courses about laparoscopic urology and four courses of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, in which more than 300 urologists have assisted. Furthermore, some Spanish Urology Units have been developing special experimental training programs on laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy or laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty with Anderson-Hynes technique. It has been previously described that laparoscopic modular learning constitutes a very useful concept to avoid problems related to an incomplete and incorrect learning process. Also it seems clear that the laparoscopic training reduces the learning curve in laparoscopic urologic techniques.

Modelos experimentales en la cirugía laparoscópica urológica / Animal moels in urological laparoscopic training

Presentamos la experiencia del Centro de Cirugía de Mínima Invasión (CCMI) en el desarrollo de un modelo de entrenamiento secuencial para la formación en cirugía laparoscópica urológica dotado con diferentes niveles de experiencia. Este análisis incluye la descripción de los objetivos de formación, el proceso de enseñanza de las técnicas urológicas sencillas y avanzadas y algunas consideraciones actuales y futuras antes de aplicar con éxito las técnicas laparoscópicas. El resultado final del programa de aprendizaje pretende optimizar la formación del cirujano y la práctica clínica de estas técnicas quirúrgicas. Las etapas del aprendizaje han sido clasificadas en cuatro niveles, diferenciándose a su vez una serie de módulos y modelos para el aprendizaje cuya aplicación dependerá de la experiencia y destreza del cirujano. Basado en este sistema piramidal de entrenamiento hemos establecido un programa de aprendizaje donde el alumno avanza paso a paso a través de cada nivel dependiendo de su nivel de habilidad. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en doce cursos de formación en laparoscopia urológica y cuatro cursos de formación en prostatectomía radical laparoscópica, habiendo asistido más de 300 urólogos a dichas actividades. Por otra parte, destacamos la puesta en marcha conjunta con algunos Servicios de Urología españoles de programas especiales de aprendizaje experimental de técnicas más complejas, como la prostatectomía radical laparoscópica, nefrectomía parcial o pieloplastia desmembrada de Anderson-Hynes. Como ya hemos advertido en otros trabajos, y como aseveran otros grupos, el aprendizaje laparoscópico por niveles constituye un concepto muy útil para evitar problemas derivados de un aprendizaje quirúrgico incompleto e incorrecto, al tiempo que permite reducir la curva de aprendizaje de las técnicas quirúrgicas urológicas haciendo posible implantar técnicas de cierta complejidad técnica en la práctica quirúrgica habitual en la especialidad de Urología

We present the experience of the Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (MISC) in the development of a modular training model in laparoscopic surgery. The experience analysis includes the description of the training objectives, the learning process of simple and advance laparoscopic urologic techniques, as well as some current and future considerations before applying the laparoscopic techniques. This learning program pretends to optimize the knowledge of the surgeon and the clinical practice of these surgical techniques. The phases of the learning process have been classified in four levels, which include different modules and models and whose application will depend on the experience and surgical skills. This pyramidal training system permits the student to advance step by step through each level depending on her surgical skills. We have presented our experience in twelve courses about laparoscopic urology and four courses of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, in which more than 300 urologists have assisted. Furthermore, some Spanish Urology Units have been developing special experimental training programs on laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy or laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty with Anderson-Hynes technique. It has been previously described that laparoscopic modular learning constitutes a very useful concept to avoid problems related to an incomplete and incorrect learning process. Also it seems clear that the laparoscopic training reduces the learning curve in laparoscopic urologic techniques

Apparency of pulsed and continuous pheromone to male gypsy moths.

Quiescent male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) exposed in a wind tunnel to either pulsed (0.5-, 2- or 5-sec on, followed by a two-fold time interval off) or continuous streams of synthetic pheromone responded similarly in the proportions and latencies of wing fanning. Similarly, upwind anemotactic flight tracks in pulsed (1-sec on and 1-sec off) and continuous plumes of pheromone were indistinguishable. These data suggest that in the gypsy moth (1) pulsed pheromone stimuli would not lower the threshold, despite the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio; and (2) temporal modulation of the pheromone plume at 1-sec intervals does not alter the "preprogrammed" upwind flight pattern.