Acute coronary syndromes are associated with a reduction of VLA-1+ peripheral blood T cells and their enrichment in coronary artery plaque aspirates.

Memory T cells producing interferon (IFN)γ and expressing very late antigen-1 (VLA-1) integrin collagen receptors are found in carotid atherosclerotic plaques, suggesting their involvement in coronary artery disease (CAD) as well. To determine the role of VLA-1+ T cells in CAD percent of CD3+ T cells binding monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to VLA-1 in peripheral blood (PB), and in coronary plaque material aspirated during coronary arterography and arterial blood, were analyzed in a cohort of 117 patients with CAD and 34 controls without CAD. % VLA-1+ T cells in PB was 0.63 ± 0.09% in controls compared to 0.96 ± 0.95% in patients with CAD (p<0.009). The increase was due to a marked elevation of % VLA-1+ T cells in stable CAD (1.6 ± 0.27%) whereas % VLA-1+ T cells during acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and in patients with ischemia by thalium SPECT scan had significantly lower levels. % VLA-1+ T cells in coronary artery plaque material aspirated during therapeutic angiography in patients with ACS was significantly higher than in arterial blood (1.39 ± 0.96% vs 0.75 ± 0.84%, p<0.035, n=3). Thus, % VLA-1+ T cells increases in the PB during stable CAD but decreases in ACS. The finding of their enrichment in coronary blood containing atherosclerotic plaque aspirates suggests that a shift of VLA-1+ T cells from blood to atherosclerotic plaques may play a role in plaque instability in patients with ACS.

Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main limitation of primary PCI in acute MI is lack of tissue reperfusion due to distal embolization. We sought to examine the safety and feasibility of a manual thrombus aspiration device in patients undergoing primary PCI. METHODS: Seventy-eight consecutive patients with ST-elevation MI eligible for primary PCI were included. The device was used immediately after guidewire crossing only if a total occlusion (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction [TIMI] flow 0) existed or if a large filling defect was observed. End points were TIMI flow immediately after thrombus aspiration and at the end of procedure and ST resolution of more than 70%. RESULTS: Mean age was 59+/-12 years, and 79% of patients were males. Risk factor profile included smoking in 62%, diabetes in 21%, hypertension in 46%, and hyperlipidemia in 45%. The infarct-related artery was LAD in 42%, RCA in 36%, and LCX in 22%. Initial TIMI flow was 0 in 71%, I in 10%, and II/III in 19%. Immediately after aspiration, TIMI flow was II/III in 89% of patients and I in 9%. Direct stenting was performed in 73%. Final TIMI flow was III in 90%, II in 9%, and 0 in 1%. ST-segment resolution of more than 70% was observed in 76% of patients. No major device-related complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this preliminary data, manual thrombus aspiration using the Export device during primary PCI appears to be feasible and safe. The advantages over routine primary PCI should be further evaluated in randomized trials.

Oral acetylcysteine as an adjunct to saline hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography. A randomized controlled trial and review of the current literature.

AIMS: To determine laboratory and clinical benefit of oral acetylcysteine, as an adjunct to saline hydration, in chronic renal insufficiency patients undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 80 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (mean [+/-SD] serum creatinine concentration 2.0+/-0.39mg/dl), who underwent coronary angiography with or without intervention. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either acetylcysteine (600mg orally t.i.d.) or placebo, in addition to intravenous 0.45% saline (1ml/kg of body weight per hour), 12h prior to and after coronary angiography. There was an increase of >/=0.5mg/dl in the serum creatinine concentration 48h after coronary angiography in seven of the 80 patients (9%): in four of the 41 patients (10%) in the acetylcysteine group and in three of the 39 patients (8%) in the placebo group (P=0.52). The incidence of in-hospital adverse clinical events (acetylcysteine, 5% vs placebo, 8%, P=0.47) and the length of hospital stay [acetylcysteine, median (interquartile range) 4 (2-4) days vs placebo, 2 (2-4) days, P=0.44] did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings do not support routine prophylactic administration of oral acetylcysteine as an adjunct to saline hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in chronic renal insufficiency patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Primary angioplasty with routine stenting compared with thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have yielded conflicting data on the advantage of primary angioplasty compared with thrombolysis in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). These studies, however, were performed before the contemporary widespread use of intracoronary stents and glycoprotien IIb/IIIa antagonists. METHODS: We prospectively compared the outcome of 130 consecutive elderly patients (aged > or =70 years) with ST-elevation AMI who were admitted to 2 similar neighboring medical centers. Patients were assigned to receive either thrombolytic therapy with accelerated tissue-type plasminogen activator (center I) or primary angioplasty with routine stenting (center II). RESULTS: Of the patients assigned to receive primary angioplasty, 91% underwent stenting. At 6 months, patients treated with primary angioplasty, compared with those treated with thrombolytic therapy, had a lower incidence of reinfarction (2% vs 14%, P =.053) and revascularization for recurrent ischemia (9% vs 61%, P <.001) and a significant reduction in the prespecified combined end point of death, reinfarction, or revascularization for recurrent ischemia (29% vs 93%, P <.01). Primary angioplasty remained an independent predictor of the triple combined end point after controlling for potential covariables (relative risk 0.63, 95% CI 0.38-0.84). Major bleeding complications were also significantly reduced in the primary angioplasty group (0% vs 17%, P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with thrombolysis, primary angioplasty with routine stenting in elderly patients with AMI is associated with better clinical outcomes and a lower risk of bleeding complications.

Left main coronary artery atresia: extremely rare coronary anomaly in an asymptomatic adult and an adolescent soccer player.

Left main coronary artery atresia is a very rare coronary anomaly with only 33 cases reported in the literature, of whom only 1 patient is asymptomatic. Pediatric patients are usually very symptomatic early in life (dyspnea, syncope, failure to thrive, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death), whereas adult patients begin showing symptoms (angina or sudden death) only at an advanced age. Given the high risk related to the presence of left main coronary artery atresia, and in view of the good results obtained by coronary artery bypass surgery, coronary artery revascularization should always be considered as the possible treatment of choice for establishing adequate myocardial blood flow.

Subclavian coronary steal syndrome: an obligatory common fate between subclavian artery, internal mammary graft and coronary circulation.

The long-term patency of the left internal mammary artery (IMA) has made it the preferred conduit for myocardial revascularization. The proximal segment of the subclavian artery becomes functionally connected to the coronary circulation as a result of IMA implantation during coronary artery bypass surgery. The subclavian coronary steal syndrome results from stenosis in the left subclavian artery proximal to the IMA, compromising blood flow to the myocardium. We describe 7 patients, aged 55-75 years, 1.7-10.5 years after coronary bypass who presented with recurrent angina due to subclavian artery stenosis. The IMA graft was found open in each patient. A true steal mechanism was not demonstrated, casting doubt on the syndrome's traditional name. Angioplasty and stenting of the subclavian artery resulted in the immediate disappearance of angina and continuous benefit at a follow-up of 3-32 months. The subclavian coronary steal syndrome, although rare, is a severe condition readily treated by angioplasty and stenting.