RESUMO
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of oral habits in the mixed dentition of schoolchildren in Dharan, Nepal and compare this prevalence between sexes, races, and age.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 830 schoolchildren of 10 randomly selected schools in Dharan. The presence or absence of oral habits was determined using a structured questionnaire, and an oral examination of the children was carried out under natural light. A chi-square test was used to compare the association of oral habits with age, sex and race.
Results: The most prevalent oral habit was tongue thrusting (39.6 percent), while the habit of biting objects was the least prevalent (0.8 percent). Mouth-breathing was statistically significant for sex (P = 0.010), whereas biting objects (P = 0.035) and self-inflicting habits (P = 0.005) were statistically significant for race. Lip sucking (P ≤0.001) and lip-biting habits (P = 0.001) were statistically significant for age.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of periodic screenings and timely referral for the early detection of oral habits and its associated effect on the developing occlusion.
Assuntos
Dentição Mista , Sucção de Dedo , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Hábitos , Humanos , Nepal , Prevalência , Hábitos LinguaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to detect occult metastases in lymph node negative breast cancer patients using cytokeratin (CK) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and correlate this with primary tumor size and grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 32 cases including 12 prospective and 20 retrospective cases of axillary lymph node negative breast cancer were studied. CK and EMA IHC were performed to detect micrometastases. RESULTS: Axillary lymph node metastases were detected in 18.75% of previously node negative cases using CK and EMA IHC. CK was found to be more sensitive for detection of metastases compared to EMA. A highly significant correlation was observed between tumor grade and axillary lymph node metastases detected by CK and EMA. However, no significant correlation was found between tumor size and axillary lymph node metastases detected by IHC. CONCLUSION: In the present study, there was an increase of 18.75% in the occult metastases detection rate using CK and EMA. To conclude, IHC detection of occult metastases should be done using CK in all axillary node negative cases, especially in T1 and T2 stage tumors.
RESUMO
The effects of beta adrenergic agonists, clenbuterol (2 mg/kg body weight/d) and isoproterenol (12 mg/kg body weight/d), in normal innervated and denervated rat gastrocnemius muscle were investigated. The daily administration of beta adrenergic agonists to normal innervated rats for a short period (7 d) resulted in the hypertrophy of gastrocnemius as confirmed from the measurement of total tissue protein contents. The development of denervation atrophy witnessed a stimulation in the expression of acid and alkaline phosphatases, pointing to an enhanced myofibrillar degeneration. An administration of beta adrenergic agonists inhibited the expression of raised levels of these enzymes in denervated muscle. A measurement of 3-methylhistidine in muscle revealed a loss of amino acid with the progress in the development of denervation atrophy. Serum and urine samples from denervated rats showed a progressive accumulation of 3-methylhistidine. Clenbuterol and isoproterenol treatment to these rats resulted in an inhibition of 3-methylhistidine accumulation. When 3-methylhistidine was used as a marker of myofibrillar degeneration, the results seemed to suggest that the degeneration of cyto-contractile apparatus accompanying denervation atrophy is attenuated in the presence of beta adrenergic agonists, implying that these sympathomimetic drugs are capable of reversing denervation atrophy in rat gastrocnemius.
