Impacto en el patrón de atención en cirugía de cabeza y cuello y las medidas sanitarias adoptadas durante los primeros 150 días de la era COVID-19 / Impact on the pattern of care in Head and Neck Surgery and the regional and institutional policy changes adopted during the first 150 days of the COVID-19 era

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia COVID-19 generó una reestructuración en la atención quirúrgica mundialmente debido a su alta transmisibilidad y la inherente limitación de los recursos humanos y materiales disponibles. Objetivo: Describir el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el Equipo de Cirugía Cabeza y Cuello del Complejo Asistencial Barros Luco Trudeau (CABL) en su ejecución clínico-quirúrgica y la secuenciación organizada de las medidas sanitarias aplicadas a lo largo del tiempo durante los primeros 150 días de iniciada la pandemia en Chile. Materiales y Método: Realizamos una revisión retrospectiva de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía y/o evaluados ambulatoriamente durante el período COVID-19 comprendido entre el 3 de marzo y el 31 de julio de 2020, comparado con el mismo intervalo de tiempo de 2019. Características clínicas y medidas sanitarias empleadas durante este período fueron sintetizadas. Resultados: Detectamos un descenso del 64% en atención ambulatoria y un descenso del 58% en la carga quirúrgica, comparado con el año 2019. Durante el período COVID-19 de 2020, un total de 61 pacientes fueron sometidos a intervención quirúrgica. La principal indicación de cirugía fue cáncer en un 75,4% (46). No se reportaron pacientes contagiados por COVID-19 en los 14 días siguientes a la hospitalización. Se discuten las consideraciones perioperatorias empleadas y restricciones nacionales/institucionales sanitarias. Conclusión: La crisis sanitaria mundial secundaria al COVID-19 generó una reducción en las atenciones ambulatorias y cirugías realizadas por Equipo de Cabeza y Cuello CABL. A pesar de las restricciones sanitarias, organizamos estratificadamente la atención para preservar la resolución de casos críticos no diferibles en cabeza y cuello.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic generated a restructuring of surgical care worldwide due to the disease's high transmissibility and the inherent limitation of available human and material resources. Aim: The study's aim was to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the head and neck surgery team at Complejo Asistencial Barros Luco Trudeau (CABL) in clinical-surgical execution and organization of sanitary sequencing measures implemented over time during the first 150 days after the pandemic started in Chile. Materials and Method: We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing surgery or outpatient evaluation during the COVID-19 period from 03-03-2020 to 07-31-2020, compared to the same time interval in 2019. Clinical characteristics and sanitary measures used during this period were synthesized. Results: We detected a 64% decrease in outpatient care and a 58% decrease in surgical load from 2019. During the COVID-19 period of 2020, a total of 61 patients underwent surgical intervention. The main indication for surgery was cancer, in 75.4% of patients (46). COVID-19 was not reported in any patients in the 14 days following hospitalization. We discussed the perioperative considerations used and the national/institutional sanitary restrictions. Conclusions: The global health crisis to COVID-19 generated a reduction in outpatient care and surgeries performed by the CABL head and neck team. Despite health restrictions, we organized care stratified to preserve critical head and neck non-deferrable cases.

Photoacoustic characterization of wheat bread mixed with Moringa oleifera.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is applied to evaluate the impact of Moringa at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10%) on the elaboration, sanity, texture, and color of wheat bread. It was found that: i) Photoacoustic signal amplitude values of bread significantly increase from 37 to 90% when moringa powder concentration raises from 1.25% to 10%, at 300 nm wavelength. ii) Comparing the photoacoustic signal values at 300, 330, and 370 nm wavelengths, produced by the different bread types, there were statistically significant differences. iii) The sanitary quality of bread mixed with a 2.5% of moringa is relatively higher than the ones obtained for other concentrations, such that the number of fungal colonies were reduced by 99% in comparison with the control bread without moringa, after six days of storage. Moringa at 2.5% of concentration could thus improve the sanitary quality of wheat bread. iv) The addition of moringa for making bread slows down its textural changes (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, resilience, and chewiness) during storage. v) Finally, the highest correlation between the photoacoustic amplitude and the moringa concentration occurs at the wavelengths of 300 and 330 nm, which could be related to significant changes in the content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

[Hip fracture in the elderly: epidemiology and costs of care]. / Fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor: epidemiología y costos de la atención.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology and to estimate the direct medical costs of hip fracture among elderly patients in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, cross sectional and retrospective study was undertaken. Hospital discharge and surgical procedures for the period 2013-2018 were the databases used for the analysis, and obtained from General Directorate of Health Information. Variables included were sex, federal entity, age, year of discharge, and fracture type according to the CIE-10; and also, the supplies needed for the surgical procedures. RESULTS: A total of 16,829 patients with hip fracture were discharge, 69% were women, and the mean for age was 79 years old and for the hospital stay length was nine days. The most frequent fracture type was the femur neck with 77% and the average medical costs was USD$45,122,228.00. CONCLUSION: Falling risks increase with age, especially in patients among 80-89 years of age, hence, is expected that this type of pathology increases in the following years. The medical costs for treatment of hip fracture represents an economic impact on health services. For that reason, the implementation of prevention strategies, risk of falling for example, is the one of most efficient approach.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo general de la investigación fue describir la epidemiología y estimar los costos médicos directos de la fractura de cadera en el adulto mayor en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal retrospectivo. Se utilizaron dos bases de datos obtenidas de la Dirección General de Información en Salud del período 2013-2018: egresos hospitalarios y procedimientos quirúrgicos. Las variables incluidas fueron: sexo, entidad federativa, edad, año de registro y tipo de fractura de acorde a la CIE-10; de igual forma, todos los insumos necesarios para la realización del procedimiento quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 16,829 ingresos de pacientes con fractura de cadera. Las mujeres representaron 69% del total de pacientes, la edad en promedio fue de 79 años y la estancia hospitalaria fue de nueve días, 77% de las fracturas fueron de cuello de fémur y el promedio de los costos médicos directos de los procedimientos ascendieron a USD $45,122,228.00 para el período estudiado. CONCLUSIÓN: El riesgo de caídas aumenta con la edad, especialmente en el grupo etario de 80-89 años, por lo que se espera que este tipo de patologías se incremente en los próximos años. De igual forma, los costos para la atención de estas fracturas representan un impacto económico para los sistemas de salud. De manera que la implementación de estrategias de prevención, por ejemplo, en caídas es el método más eficiente para contribuir al envejecimiento saludable.

Influence of high power ultrasound on natural microflora, pathogen and lactic acid bacteria in a raw meat emulsion.

Raw meat emulsions may have natural, spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms due to the origin and characteristics of this food matrix. All of these microorganisms must be minimized during industrial processing to make food consumption safe and meet quality regulations. Therefore, in this research, the effect of probe ultrasound on the inactivation of three kinds of microorganisms in a raw meat emulsion is evaluated. The microorganisms are: natural microflora NAM, Listeria monocytogenes LIS, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii LAC. A high-intensity probe ultrasound system was used, during 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 min, with pulsed waves of 0.0, 10, 20 and 30 seg, and 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 W of power. The interrelation between time, wave pulse cycle, and power factors was assessed. The results showed a positive linear independence effect in the treatments without wave pulse for each microorganism, and a quadratic interaction with the time and the ultrasound power for the inactivation of the three kinds of microorganisms. Besides, the desirability function for the inactivation reached up to 60% of the microbial population with the probe ultrasound treatment, with 10 min, a 7.56 s wave pulse and 400 W of power. Thus, these results could be useful to decide the incorporation of mild and emerging technologies in a meat industry line process.

Seroepidemiological evidence for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in three Venezuelan rural communities.

Taenia solium is the most common parasite infection of the brain, causing neurocysticercosis and typically found in rural communities with free-ranging pigs. Identification of transmission in rural areas is essential for its control. Risk factors and transmission of the parasite were evaluated in three rural Venezuelan communities (Valle del Rio and Potrero Largo, Cojedes state; and Palmarito, Portuguesa state) by a questionnaire (112 households) and coprological (492 samples) and serological (433 human and 230 porcine sera) analysis, respectively. Typical risk factors were found in all three communities: free-foraging pig husbandry, deficient sanitary conditions, high open defecation and ignorance of the parasite life cycle. Coprological examinations revealed a high level of soil-transmitted parasites. Importantly, two T. solium adult worm carriers were identified in each of the three communities. Anti-metacestode antibodies and the HP10 secreted metacestode glycoprotein were detected at significant levels in human and porcine sera in Valle del Rio, Potrero Largo and Palmarito. In conclusion, these communities may be considered to be endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis, and the instigation of an appropriate control programme is recommended.

Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. coinfection in mammals of Venezuelan coendemic areas.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are protozoans that cause American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, respectively. In endemic foci where both diseases coincide, coinfection can occur. The objective of this work was the characterization of the parasites involved in coinfection in several endemic areas of Venezuela. METHODS: Molecular characterization was done in 30 samples of several species of mammals (Didelphis marsupialis, Equus mulus, Rattus rattus, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and Sciurus granatensis) from the states of Anzoategui, Cojedes and Capital District diagnosed with T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. coinfections. For the typing of T. cruzi DTUs, the markers of miniexon, 24Sa rDNA, 18Sa rDNA, and hsp60-PCR-RFLP (EcoRV) were used. Infection by Leishmania spp. was characterized by miniexon multiplex PCR for complexes of Leishmania and ITS1-PCR-RFLP (HaeIII, HhaI, and RsaI) for the identification of the species. RESULTS: The T. cruzi TcI was present in 100% of the coinfected mammals, which included 76.7% of triple infection by T. cruzi TcI-complex-L. (L) mexicana-L. infantum/chagasi, 13.3% of double infection by T. cruzi TcI-L. mexicana and 10% of double infection by T. cruzi Tcl-L. infantum/chagasi. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the double or triple infection is a phenomenon existing in almost all the coendemics areas and mammals studied, which might influence the mechanisms of adaptation and pathogenicity of these parasites.

Obtención y Análisis del Espectro de Absorción Óptico de Sangre de Rata Fisher con Daño Hepático Mediante Espectroscopia Foto acústica / Obtaining and Analysis of Optical Absorption Spectrum of Fisher Rat Blood with Hepatic Damage by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Resumen: La Espectroscopia Fotoacústica (EFA), ha destacado de entre las técnicas fototérmicas por su versatilidad para la caracterización de diversos tipos de muestras, incluyendo las de tipo biológicas. En este estudio, se compararon y analizaron mediante EFA, las diferencias entre los espectros de absorción ópticos de sangre de ratas macho Fisher en tres casos, control (ratas sanas), con daño hepático, y con daño hepático tratadas con Curcuma longa. Los resultados experimentales demostraron diferencias en los espectros de absorción ópticos de cada caso analizado, por lo que EFA se propondría como una técnica complementaria, no convencional para el estudio del efecto de la Curcuma longa en daño hepático inducido en modelo animal.

Abstract: Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) stand outs among Photothermal techniques due to its versatility for the characterization of different types of materials, including biological samples. In this study, were compared and analyzed by PAS, the differences between the optical absorption spectra of blood of male Fisher rats, in three cases, control (healthy rats), liver damage and liver damage treated with Curcuma longa. The experimental results show differences in the optical absorption spectra of each analysed case, therefore PAS would be proposed as a non conventional complementary technique, to study the effect of Curcuma longa in induced liver damage for an animal model.

Fermentation of Dietetic Fiber from Green Bean and Prickly Pear Shell by Pure and Mixture Culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 450B.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation of dietary fiber from green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and prickly pear shell (Opuntia ficus-indica) by Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 450B growing as mono-culture and co-culture, the fermentation products, and proteins expressed during this process. The analysis of the fermentation profile showed a major growth of bacteria in the culture media of each dietary fiber supplemented with glucose, and particularly B. bifidum 450B at 48 h showed the highest growth. In the case of the co-culture, the growth was lower indicating the possible negative interaction between L. acidophilus LA-5 and B. bifidum 450B and may be due to the less amount of carbohydrates and the high content of non-soluble fiber that affected the nutrients availability for the bacterial strains. The pH changes indicated the presence of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), being acetate (46-100%) the main SCFA. Changes in the proteome concerned proteins that are involved in carbohydrate and other carbohydrate pathways. The characterization of the bacteria according to the growth, metabolites, and proteins expressed allows understanding the response to the change of environmental conditions and could be useful to understand L. acidophilus LA-5 and B. bifidum 450B strains' adaptation to specific applications.

Variability among strains of Aspergillus section Nigri with capacity to degrade tannic acid isolated from extreme environments.

Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that cause astringent flavor and turbidity in food. Tannase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of tannins and is used in food industry. This study was conducted to determine the genetic variability and the tannase alleles variation in fungal strains isolated from soil and plants at five extreme areas of Coahuila, México. Two screening assays under 1 and 20 % of tannic acid were performed, with the isolations. In these assays, it was possible to identify 756 and 128 fungal strains, respectively. The major fungal variability was observed in "Cuatro Ciénegas" with 26 strains. The microorganisms were distributed in 11 groups, which correspond to Aspergillus section Nigri. AN7 and AN1 groups showed the major number of isolates from "Paila" and "Cuatro Ciénegas" locations, respectively. In the last location, the major diversity and specific richness were found. But in "Ojo Caliente," tannase allele conservations were observed.

Reference Equations for Impulse Oscillometric and Respiratory System Model Parameters in Anglo and Hispanic Children / Ecuaciones de referencia para parámetros de oscilometría de impulsos y de modelo del sistema respiratorio en niños anglos e hispanos

Abstract The Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) has been recognized as a useful diagnostic tool. Previous research by our group has shown that R5 (Resistance at 5 Hz), R5-R20 (frequency dependence of resistance), AX (the "Goldman Triangle") and the extended Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor (eRIC) model-derived parameter Cp (peripheral Compliance) are reliable measures that track respiratory system function. Here we determined the predictive equations from 112 asthmatic and non-asthmatic Anglo and Hispanic children data, that were previously classified into four groups: Normal, PSAI (Probable Small Airway Impairment), SAI (Small Airway Impairment), and Asthma by using regression analysis of IOS and eRIC model parameters as dependent variables regressed against age, height, and weight. Height showed the greatest correlation with IOS and eRIC model parameters and provided the most significant reference values for these measures in Anglo and Hispanic children. These values could serve as a useful framework for diagnosis, early interventions, and treatment of respiratory diseases in this population.

Resumen El Sistema de Oscilometría Impulsos (por sus siglas en Inglés: IOS) ha sido reconocido como una herramienta de diagnóstico útil. Investigaciones previas realizadas por nuestro grupo han demostrado que R5 (Resistencia a 5 Hz), R5-R20 (dependencia a la frecuencia de la resistencia), AX (el "Triángulo de Goldman") y el párametro Cp (Capacitancia periférica) derivado del modelo extendido Resistencia-inductor-condensador (eRIC) son medidas fiables que monitorean la función del sistema respiratorio. El presente estudio determina las ecuaciones de predicción de 112 niños Anglo e Hispanos asmáticos y no asmáticos, que previamente clasificados en cuatro grupos: Normal, PSAI (por su nombre en inglés: Probable daño en las vías aéreas menores), SAI (por su nombre en inglés: Daño en las vías aéreas menores), y Asma. Las ecuaciones de predicción se determinaron mediante análisis de regresión de parámetros del IOS y del modelo eRIC (variables dependientes) contra edad, estatura y peso. La estatura mostró la mejor correlación con los parámetros del IOS y del modelo eRIC, proporcionando los valores de referencia más significativos para estas medidas en niños Anglos e Hispanos. Estos valores podrían servir como un marco de referencia útil para el diagnóstico, intervenciones tempranas, y tratamiento de las enfermedades respiratorias en esta población.

Note: Photopyroelectric measurement of thermal effusivity of transparent liquids by a method free of fitting procedures.

In a recent paper published in this journal [R. Ivanov et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 064902 (2015)], a methodology free of fitting procedures for determining the thermal effusivity of liquids using the electropyroelectric technique was reported. Here the same measurement principle is extended to the well-known photopyroelectric technique. The theoretical basis and experimental basis of the method are presented and its usefulness is demonstrated with measurements on test samples.

Pregnancy rate in dairy cows treated with progesterone for six days during estrus synchronization with PGF2α.

The present study evaluated the effect of progesterone supplementation during a double PGF2α injection synchronization protocol on pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) and on the incidence of twin births. Seven hundred and eighty three dairy cows were synchronized with two injections of PGF2α 14 days apart, starting on day 35 postpartum for their first postpartum insemination. Six days before the second PGF2α injection, cows were treated either with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID-Delta) and an intramuscular injection of 500mg of progesterone (n=387) or served as control (n=396) and did not receive progesterone treatment. Cows were inseminated 12h after being detected in estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed 40-45 days later by transrectal palpation. Progesterone administration improved (P<0.05) the percentage of cows detected in estrus in multiparous [(192/255) 75% vs (161/267) 60%], but not in primiparous cows [93/132 (70%) vs 90/129 (70%)]. Progesterone treatment increased P/AI in multiparous [53/192 (28%) vs 27/161 (17%)] but not in primiparous cows [25/93 (27%) vs 29/90 (32%)]. The incidence of twin births tended to be lower (P=0.09) in cows treated with progesterone [1/74 (1%)] than in the control group [4/53 (7%)]. It is concluded that progesterone administration during estrus synchronization with two PGF2α injections in dairy cows improves estral response and increases P/AI in multiparous, but not in primiparous cows, and tended to decrease the incidence of twin births.

Respiratory tract infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a black swan (Cygnus atratus).

A 3-year-old male black swan (Cygnus atratus), belonging to a private collection, died suddenly and was subjected to post mortem examination. At necropsy, caseous exudate was observed in the lungs and air sacs; granulomatous lesions characterized by epithelioid macrophages and abundant mycobacteria were observed microscopically. Avian tuberculosis associated with Mycobacterium bovis was confirmed by bacteriologic isolation, biochemical tests and molecular methods. The organism was identified as spoligotype SB0140, which is frequently found in cattle and people in North America. In this case, interspecies transmission could have been the source of infection because the swan cohabited with cattle.

Caracterización del consumo de suplementos nutricionales en población físicamente activa de gimnasios del sur de Chile / Characterization of nutritional supplements consumption in physically active population in gyms of southern Chile

El consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN) se ha investigado generalmente en relación al rendimiento deportivo. Menos información existe en relación a población no deportista pero físicamente activa. Objetivo y metodología: El objetivo fue conocer las características de los consumidores de SN en 412 usuarios (179 mujeres) de gimnasios de cuatro ciudades del sur de Chile. El instrumento utilizado para recolectar datos correspondió a un cuestionario previamente validado (1), estructurado con preguntas cerradas, alternativas y preguntas abiertas en relación al consumo de SN. Para su interpretación se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y de comparación (i.e. Chi cuadrado). El nivel de significancia estadística se estableció en p<0,05. Resultados: los resultados revelan que 22% de los usuarios consumen SN. De los hombres consumidores, 37% lo realiza para aumentar masa muscular y 36% para mejorar el rendimiento físico. Entre las mujeres, 32% los consume por motivos relacionados a salud. Los SN más consumidos fueron: proteínas (36%), vitaminas y minerales (11%), creatina (10%), aminoácidos y carbohidratos (8%). En cuanto al perfil del consumidor, está representado por jóvenes de entre 15 a 25 años, dedicados en su mayoría al estudio y al trabajo, con menos de un año de asistencia al gimnasio y una frecuencia de asistencia ≥ 3 sesiones/semana. Conclusión: un relativamente bajo consumo de SN fue observado,en comparación con deportistas, influenciado por la edad,el género y el uso de dieta o alimentación especial. Varones jóvenes (i.e. 15 a 25 años de edad) que trabajan, con una alta frecuencia de asistencia a gimnasios (≥ 3 sesiones/semana) son los principales consumidores de SN...

Three novel input logic gates supported by fluorescence studies: organic nanoparticles (ONPs) as chemo-sensor for detection of Zn²âº and Al³âº in aqueous medium.

Organic nanoparticles (ONPs) of N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylimine) (salen) were synthesized and applied for specific recognition of Zn(2+) and Al(3+) ions in an aqueous medium. The results show that fluorescence intensity rises with the increasing concentration of Zn(2+) in salen solution, proving that salen-ONPs detect Zn(2+) efficiently in the aqueous medium as chemo-sensor. Furthermore, the salen-ONPs/Zn(2+) system performs as an ON-OFF switch between pH 6.0 and 4.0. Amusingly, although salen-ONPs/Al(3+) does not show any significant effect in the fluorescence spectra, highest fluorescence intensity was observed when Al(3+) ion was added to salen-ONPs/Zn(2+) in a sequential order (addition of Zn(2+) to salen-ONPs, followed by Al(3+)). This system can be applied as a novel three inputs logic gate supported by the fluorescence for the detection of Zn(2+) and Al(3+) in biological and environmental samples. It appears that photo induced electron transfer (PET) occurs in the salen-ONPs when the fluorophore is excited. For salen/Zn(2+) system, the PET is being inhibited considerably by lowering the receptor HOMO energy due to the formation of a bond between the metal ion and ligand, enhancing the fluorescence emission. This is consistent with the theoretical study that the energy of HOMO of the ligand is lower than that of Zn(salen)(2+) complex.

QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E MICROBIOLÓGICA DO LEITE CRU PRODUZIDO NA REGIÃO DO VALE DO TAQUARI, ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do leite produzido em propriedades com sistema de ordenha manual e mecânica na região do Vale do Taquari, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o mês de setembro de 2014. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de 912 produtores, cuja produção mensal é de cerca de 4,7 milhões de litros, verificando nestes, as concentrações de gordura, proteína, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). Tais análises foram realizadas por um dos laboratórios credenciados ao Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), e posteriormente ponderadas de acordo com o volume de cada produtor. Ao final das análises físico-química, a média de gordura e proteína foram, respectivamente, 3,75 % e 3,19 %. Em relação às concentrações encontradas de gordura e proteína nos leites analisados, as mesmas atendem as legislações vigentes, não havendo problemas na produção em relação a estas. Em relação às análises microbiológicas, a CCS foi de 734.000 células/ml, enquanto a CBT 1.479.000 UFC/ml. Entretanto, os resultados microbiológicos obtidos demonstram uma qualidade inferior do que a preconizada pelo MAPA, que é de 300.000 UFC/ml para CBT e de 500.000 células/ml para CCS. Tais resultados refletem uma maior necessidade de ação a campo dos técnicos das empresas privadas e dos órgãos estaduais de ass

IMPORTÂNCIA DO PROGRAMA DE PAGAMENTO POR QUALIDADE NA MICROBIOLÓGICA DO LEITE NA REGIÃO DE SÃO LUIS DE MONTES BELOS, ESTADO DE GOIÁS

O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar a importância dos programas de pagamento por qualidade (PPQ) de leite na melhoria a campo do produto. O presente estudo analisa os dados desde 2008, ano da implantação do mencionado programa por um laticínio na região de São Luís de Montes Belos, Estado de Goiás, até quatro anos posteriores da mesma, Além da CBT, o PPQ bonificava outras variáveis, como quantidade de gordura, proteína e Contagem de Células Somáticas (CCS). Foram analisadas, através de amostragem individual de cada produtor pertencente à região, cerca de 4,7 milhões de litros de leite por mês. Tais análises foram realizadas em um dos laboratórios credenciados ao MAPA e ponderadas pelo volume de cada produtor para posterior comparação.No início do ano de implantação do PPQ, a CBT média, ponderada pelo volume dos produtores, era de 2.171.236 UFC/ml. A melhoria da qualidade nos quatro anos que sucederam a implantação do PPQ foi constante. No último mês de acompanhamento, houve redução de 88 % na CBT comparada a inicial, passando a mesma a ser de 251.549 UFC/ml. Para os produtores que já fornecem leite à empresa, o PPQ serve como estímulo de melhoria, além de atrair novos fornecedores que queiram valorizar o leite fornecido por eles. Em contrapartida, produtores que acabam por ter valores descontados pela má qualidade, acabam por migrar para outros laticínios ou ainda aban

AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE LIPOLÍTICA E PROTEOLÍTICA DE PSEUDOMONAS ISOLADAS DURANTE A ORDENHA MECÂNICA E MANUAL E NA ESTOCAGEM DO LEITE CRU REFRIGERADO

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade lipolítica e proteolítica em placas de Pseudomonas spp. isoladas durante a obtenção e armazenamento do leite cru refrigerado de propriedades com sistema de ordenha manual e mecânica, em períodos de chuva e seca. Os isolados de Pseudomonas spp. foram obtidos a partir de suabe de superfícies e equipamentos de ordenha e a partir de amostras de leite durante o armazenamento em tanque de expansão. Para a atividade lipolítica e proteolítica, os isolados foram semeados em Ágar Tributirina e Ágar Leite, respectivamente. Foram comparadas as porcentagens de presença de isolados em tipo de ordenha e período do ano. A atividade lipolítica foi verificada apenas no período da seca, sobressaindo a ordenha manual com melhor condição para o não desenvolvimento de tal atividade. Já para a atividade proteolítica, em apenas um ponto de colheita houve diferença quanto ao período, chuva e seca, sendo melhor na seca, e em outros três pontos houve diferença quanto ao tipo de ordenha, sendo em duas a manual e em uma a mecânica com melhor condição para não desenvolvimento da atividade enzimática. Mesmo não havendo diferenças significativas de presença de atividade enzimática em alguns pontos de colheita, os números, em porcentagem de presença de atividade, apresentados são consideravelmente altos (37±11% lipolítica e 29±14% proteolítica média e desvio pa

Escherichia coli POTENCIALMENTE PATOGÊNICA NA CADEIA DE PRODUÇÃO DE QUEIJO ELABORADO A PARTIR DE LEITE CRU

Escherichia coli em alimentos pode indicar contaminação microbiana de origem fecal e, portanto condições sanitárias insatisfatórias. Diversas linhagens são comprovadamente patogênicas aos seres humanos e animais. Assim, a pesquisa laboratorial de Escherichia coli auxilia na detecção do real risco de uma toxinfecção alimentar. Objetivou-se avaliar a presença de E. coli na cadeia produtiva de queijos elaborados a partir de leite cru. Para isso, colheu-se amostras em cinco pequenas propriedades leiteiras, produtoras de queijos elaborados a partir de leite cru, da região do Município de Jaboticabal, nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes bovinas, água da sala de ordenha e de manipulação dos queijos, leite, mão do ordenhador, balde ou superfície interna da teteira utilizada na ordenha mecânica, utensílios de produção do queijo, superfície de manipulação, mão do manipulador do queijo, soro do queijo e queijo. Através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) buscou-se 20 genes de virulência para diferentes E. coli patogênicas: patogênica extra intestinal (ExPEC), shigatoxigênica (STEC), enteropatogênica (EPEC), enterotoxigênica (ETEC), enteroinvasiva (EIEC) e enteroagregativa (EAEC). Após análise de 100 amostras (20 amostras de cada propriedade), detectou-se isolados potencialmente ExPEC em leite, fezes, balde, água, tubulação de ordenha mecânica, superfíc

QUALIDADE MICROBIOLÓGICA DE LEITE CRU PRODUZIDO EM FAZENDAS DA REGIÃO DE VOTUPORANGA, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, DURANTE 2012

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a Contagem Bacteriana Total (CBT) do leite produzido em propriedades com sistema de ordenha manual e mecânica na região de Votuporanga, no Estado de São Paulo, de janeiro a dezembro de 2012, e verificar a conformidade em relação à Instrução Normativa n62, do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Foram analisadas, através de amostragem individual de cada produtor pertencente à região, cerca de 1,5 milhão de litros de leite por mês. Tais análises foram realizadas em um dos laboratórios credenciados ao MAPA, e ponderadas pelo volume de cada produtor, para posterior comparação. Os resultados de CBT (em UFC/ml) obtidos ao fim do trabalho foram: janeiro (776.000), fevereiro (680.000), março (397.000), abril (581.000), maio (420.000), junho (636.000), julho (434.000), agosto (442.000), setembro (538.000), outubro (548.000), novembro (741.000) e dezembro (613.000). Dos 12 meses analisados em 2012, sete estiveram dentro dos limites, na média, estabelecidos pelo MAPA que era de 600.000 UFC/ml nesse período. A média anual de CBT no ano mencionado foi de 567.000 UFC/ml, resultado esse considerado razoável e propício para a industrialização de lácteos, já que o mesmo atende a legislação para o mencionado produto. Entretanto, a melhoria contínua da qualidade do leite a campo é de fundamental importância visto que muitos dos problemas tecnol