Trayectorias de la enseñanza de las matemáticas en ingeniería: entornos colombiano y norteamericano

RE S U M E N Este texto presenta una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos, tipo scoping review, sobre educación matemática en programas de ingeniería, en los entornos colombiano y norteamericano, durante el periodo 2000 - 2020. La exploración, surgida del proyecto de investigación "Fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de la enseñanza de la matemática en ingeniería", siguió los protocolos del Instituto Joanna Briggs y consideró literatura especializada incluida en Scopus y Publindex. La información, clasificada como "experiencia pedagógica", "reflexión" o "revisión", permitió describir tendencias de investigación y acción respecto a la enseñanza, el aprendizaje, el currículo y la evaluación de las matemáticas en ingeniería. Los resultados permitieron concluir que en el contexto norteamericano existe un interés significativo por la investigación sobre el aprendizaje, el currículo y la evaluación de las matemáticas en ingeniería, desde enfoques sistêmicos, interdisciplinarios y socioculturales. En contraste, la literatura sobre el tema en Colombia presenta una tendencia al estudio de procesos de enseñanza, desde perspectivas disciplinares y cognitivas de la educación matemática.

This paper presents a systematic review of scientific articles, scoping review type, on mathematics education in engineering programs, in the Colombian and North American environments, during the period 2000 - 2020. The exploration, which arose from the research project "Theoretical and methodological foundations of mathematics education in engineering", followed the protocols of the Joanna Briggs Institute and considered specialized literature included in Scopus and Publindex. The information, classified as "pedagogical experience", "reflection" or "review", allowed describing research and action trends regarding teaching, learning, curriculum and assessment of engineering mathematics. The results allowed concluding that in the North American context there is a significant interest in research on learning, curriculum and assessment of engineering mathematics, from systemic, interdisciplinary and sociocultural approaches. In contrast, the literature on the subject in Colombia presents a tendency to study teaching processes from disciplinary and cognitive perspectives of mathematics education.

Este texto apresenta uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos, tipo revisão de escopo, sobre educação matemática em programas de engenharia, nos ambientes colombiano e norte-americano, durante o período de 2000 a 2020. A exploração, decorrente do projeto de pesquisa "Fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da educação matemática em engenharia", seguiu os protocolos do Instituto Joanna Briggs e considerou literatura especializada incluída no Scopus e no Publindex. As informações, classificadas como "experiência pedagógica", "reflexão" ou "revisão", permitiram descrever as tendências de pesquisa e ação em relação ao ensino, aprendizagem, currículo e avaliação da matemática de engenharia. Os resultados levaram à conclusão de que no contexto norte-americano há um interesse significativo na pesquisa sobre aprendizagem, currículo e avaliação de matemática de engenharia a partir de abordagens sistêmicas, interdisciplinares e socioculturais. Em contraste, a literatura sobre o assunto na Colômbia mostra uma tendência a estudar os processos de ensino a partir de perspectivas disciplinares e cognitivas da educação matemática.

Evaluación de los retrasos en actividades de construcción utilizando redes Bayesianas: Caso de estudio / Delay assessment of construction site activities using Bayesian networks: Case study / Avaliação dos atrasos nas atividades de construção utilizando redes Bayesianas: Estudo de caso

RESUMEN Los retrasos en proyectos de construcción son atribuídos a la concurrencia de factores que afectan el buen desarrollo, y mitigarlos, constituye uno de los mayores desafios que afronta la industria, ya que requiere tener en cuenta la dependencia e incidencia integrada de ellos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de factores de retraso sobre la duración de actividades de construcción, a través de un método que emplee las redes Bayesianas. Siguiendo la metodologia de investigación basada en el diseno, y aplicando un caso de estudio, se propone un método que incluye cómo identificar los principales factores de retraso que afecten las actividades; cómo representar la influencia y dependencia de estos factores por medio de una red Bayesiana; y cómo estimar el nivel de influencia por medio de la simulación de la red. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran como la aplicación de una red Bayesiana se puede emplear como apoyo a los profesionales de obra para gestionar las actividades de construcción y tomar decisiones en la medida que se actualice la información de la red bayesiana.

ABSTRACT The concurrence of multiple factors adversely affects construction project performance, resulting in delays. Mitigating such factors is challenging for the industry because solutions must include dependence and influence. Hence, managers must consider their systemic and integrated influence on the construction process for tracking projects. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of delay factors on the duration of construction site activities using Bayesian network techniques. Based on the design-based research methodology and the application in a case study this study proposed a method that involves three steps. First, identifying the main delay factors affecting construction activities; second, designing an influencing model as a Bayesian network; and third, estimating the integrated influence of such factors by simulating the Bayesian network. The results showed how a Bayesian network could support the construction team in managing the construction-site activities and making decisions about the performance of the construction process.

RESUMO Atrasos nos projetos de construção são atribuídos à concorrência de múltiplos fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento adequado do projeto, e mitigá-los é um dos maiores desafios enfrentados pelo setor; pois requer levar em conta a incidência integrada dos mesmos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de um grupo de fatores sobre a duração das atividades de construção, utilizando a técnica da rede Bayesiana. Seguindo a metodologia de pesquisa baseada em projeto, foram identificados os principais fatores de atraso que afetam as atividades de construção e as relações de causa e efeito foram modeladas para estimar sua influência sobre a duração das atividades de fundação de um projeto de construção. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostram como a aplicação de uma rede Bayesiana pode ser usada para apoiar os profissionais do local no gerenciamento das atividades de construção e na tomada de decisões relativas ao desenvolvimento do projeto, considerando a incerteza e os fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento do projeto.

Medically Attended Outpatient Coronavirus Infections in Ecuadorean Children During the 20 Months Preceding Countrywide Lockdown Related to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic of 2020.

BACKGROUND: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause respiratory tract infections during childhood manifesting as common colds, bronchiolitis, croup and pneumonia. In temperate geographies, HCoV activity peaks between December and March. The epidemiology and manifestations of HCoV infections have not been previously reported from Ecuador. METHODS: Children <5 years who presented with ≥2 symptoms consistent with an acute respiratory tract infection were eligible for enrollment. After obtaining informed consent, demographic data and details regarding the acute illness were recorded. Secretions collected with a nasopharyngeal swab underwent diagnostic testing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 850 subjects were enrolled. A total of 677 (80%) tested positive for at least 1 pathogen, including 49 (7.2%) who tested positive for ≥1 HCoV type. HCoV-NL63 was the most frequent type detected (39%), followed by HCoV-OC43 (27%), 229E (22%) and HKU1 (12%). Nearly all subjects who tested positive for HCoV had nasal congestion or secretions (47/49; 96%). The most frequent syndromic diagnosis was common cold (41%), followed by bronchiolitis (27%). We found no association between the infecting HCoV type and subject's syndromic diagnosis (P > 0.05) or anatomic location of infection (upper vs. lower respiratory tract; P > 0.05). The 2018-2019 peak HCoV activity occurred from October to November; the 2019-2020 peak occurred from January to February. CONCLUSIONS: HCoVs were detected in ~7% of outpatient Ecuadorean children <5 years of age with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. The most frequently detected HCoV types, and the period of peak HCoV activity differed for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons.

Novel Cranial Implants of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia as Acoustic Windows for Ultrasonic Brain Therapy.

Therapeutic ultrasound can induce changes in tissues by means of thermal and nonthermal effects. It is proposed for treatment of some brain pathologies such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, and cancer. However, cranium highly absorbs ultrasound reducing transmission efficiency. There are clinical applications of transcranial focused ultrasound and implantable ultrasound transducers proposed to address this problem. In this paper, biocompatible materials are proposed for replacing part of the cranium (cranial implants) based on low porosity polycrystalline 8 mol% yttria-stabilized-zirconia (8YSZ) ceramics as acoustic windows for brain therapy. In order to assess the viability of 8YSZ implants to effectively transmit ultrasound, various 8YSZ ceramics with different porosity are tested; their acoustic properties are measured; and the results are validated using finite element models simulating wave propagation to brain tissue through 8YSZ windows. The ultrasound attenuation is found to be linearly dependent on ceramics' porosity. Results for the nearly pore-free case indicate that 8YSZ is highly effective in transmitting ultrasound, with overall maximum transmission efficiency of ≈81%, compared to near total absorption of cranial bone. These results suggest that 8YSZ polycrystals could be suitable acoustic windows for ultrasound brain therapy at 1 MHz.

[Spontaneous liver rupture in a patient with choledocholithiasis resolved by ERCP]. / Ruptura hepática espontánea en paciente con antecedente de coledocolitiasis resuelta por colangiopancreatografia retrograda endoscópica.

We present the case of a 34 years old female patient who presents with abdominal pain and elevated total and direct bilirrubins, so she underwent ERCP Reporting: a) successful sphincterotomy without complications, b) choledocholithias is endoscopically resolved, c) secondary cholangitis. She developed significant abdominal pain at 72 h, with hypovolemic shock and peritoneal irritation. She was taken to the surgery, finding a grade III liver laceration. This one was resolved with liver raffia and packing, during the same operative time cholecystectomy was performed. A second look was performed at 24 h, achieving adequate control of bleeding after placing hemostatic (Nexstat®). The patient developed a subdiaphragmatic abscess which needed drainage by another laparotomy. After which the patient had a satisfactory evolution, so she was discharged.

Efectividad del tratamiento homeopático en pacientes con trastorno del sueño / Effectiveness of the homeopathic treatment in patients with sleeping disorder

Se realizó un estudio experimental, de tipo intervención terapéutica, en 48 pacientes con trastorno del sueño, atendidos en el Centro de Salud Mental del municipio de Contramaestre, de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta junio de 2015, con vistas evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento con homeopatía. Se conformaron 2 grupos de 24 integrantes cada uno: el primero recibió los beneficios de los remedios homeopáticos y el segundo, tratamiento convencional. Entre los resultados principales predominaron el trastorno ansioso (50,0 por ciento) y el uso de la pasiflora (45,0 por ciento). El tratamiento homeopático resultó ser tan efectivo como el convencional, la evolución clínica fue más rápida y no produjo reacciones adversas(AU)

An experimental, of therapeutic intervention study type was carried out, in 48 patients with sleeping disorder, assisted in the Mental Health Center of Contramaestre, in Santiago de Cuba, from January to June, 2015, aimed at evaluating the response to the treatment with homeopathy. Two groups of 24 members each were formed: the first one received the benefits of the homeopathic remedies and the second, conventional treatment. Among the main results the anxious disorder (50.0 percent) and the use of passiflora (45.0 percent) prevailed. The homeopathic treatment was as effective as the conventional one, the clinical course was faster and it didn't produce adverse reactions(AU)

Efectividad del tratamiento homeopático en pacientes con trastorno del sueño / Effectiveness of the homeopathic treatment in patients with sleeping disorder

Se realizó un estudio experimental, de tipo intervención terapéutica, en 48 pacientes con trastorno del sueño, atendidos en el Centro de Salud Mental del municipio de Contramaestre, de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta junio de 2015, con vistas evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento con homeopatía. Se conformaron 2 grupos de 24 integrantes cada uno: el primero recibió los beneficios de los remedios homeopáticos y el segundo, tratamiento convencional. Entre los resultados principales predominaron el trastorno ansioso (50,0 %) y el uso de la pasiflora (45,0 %). El tratamiento homeopático resultó ser tan efectivo como el convencional, la evolución clínica fue más rápida y no produjo reacciones adversas.

An experimental, of therapeutic intervention study type was carried out, in 48 patients with sleeping disorder, assisted in the Mental Health Center of Contramaestre, in Santiago de Cuba, from January to June, 2015, aimed at evaluating the response to the treatment with homeopathy. Two groups of 24 members each were formed: the first one received the benefits of the homeopathic remedies and the second, conventional treatment. Among the main results the anxious disorder (50.0%) and the use of passiflora (45.0%) prevailed. The homeopathic treatment was as effective as the conventional one, the clinical course was faster and it didn't produce adverse reactions.

Growth and pectinase production by Aspergillus Mexican strain protoplast regenerated under acidic stress.

Protoplasts from Aspergillus sp. FP-180 and Aspergillus awamori NRRL- 3112 were released and regenerated at extreme acidic conditions. The best conditions for protoplast release were 0.8 M KCI, pH 5.8, and 3 h of digestion using mycelia from 12- to 16-h cultures from either Aspergillus sp. FP-180 or A. awamori NRRL-3112. The addition of fresh mycelia to an ongoing digestion after 1 h increased protoplast 4.5-5 times. A regeneration efficiency of 90% was attained at pH 6.0, and it was possible to regenerate protoplasts at pH 1.7 with a regeneration efficiency of 0.5% for Aspergillus sp. FP-180. The LpH-10 strain, derived from protoplast from Aspergillus sp FP-180, was able to regenerate at pH 1.7 and grow at pH values as low as 1.5, values at which the original strain is unable to grow. Regeneration at extreme pH improved the performance of LpH-10 strain. It showed a twofold increase in cell growth at pH 2.0 in liquid culture and a higher pectinolytic activity in relation to that produced by the original strain.