Assessing the exposure risk of large pelagic fish to oil spills scenarios in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico.

Exposure risk is assessed based on modeling suitable habitat of large pelagic fish and oil spill scenarios originating at three wells located in the western GM's deep waters. Since the fate of the oil depends on the oceanographic conditions present during the accident, as well as the magnitude and duration of the spill, which are not known a priori, the scenarios used are a statistical representation of the area in which oil spilled from the well could be found, given all possible outcomes. The ecological vulnerability assessment identified a subset of bony fish with low-medium vulnerability and elasmobranchs with medium-high vulnerability. The oiling probability and exposure risk of both bony fish and elasmobranchs hotspots vary by well analyzed. Thus, these results provide essential information for a risk management plan for the assessed species and others with economic or conservation importance distributed in the GM and worldwide.

Schwannoma of the breast: an unexpected diagnosis by magnetic resonance. / Schwannoma mamario: un diagnóstico inesperado por resonancia magnética.

Schwannomas consist of benign tumors that arise from the nerves, however, they are not frequent in the breast. Our search criteria only found 28 cases described in Literature. We show the case about a 63 years old woman who underwent a breast magnetic resonance (MR) because of high risk for breast cancer, in which a lession on her left breast was found. Not only MR features seemed to be benign, but ultrasound and mamography features, too. The diagnosis of schwannoma was confirmed by ultrasound-guided biopsy. Findings in conventional radiology were correlated with those described in the reviewed literature. In our opinion, this case results valuable due to the inicial diagnosis by MR, which is not an imaging proof for bening tumors, innitially. According to the revised bibliography these features are pretty funny, as mamography and ultrasound, with histological findings, are the clues for the usual diagnosis.

Prognostic value of apoptosis in breast cancer (pT1-pT2). A TUNEL, p53, bcl-2, bag-1 and Bax immunohistochemical study.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death produces cells breaking into several fragments of nuclei, cytoplasm or both nuclei and cytoplasm, known as apoptotic bodies which can be visualized in haematoxylin-eosin staining. Some genes (promoters and suppressors) control this process and certain mutations may induce the expression of abnormal proteins, which can be detected by immunohistochemical staining. Apoptosis can be detected by the TUNEL method either identifying apoptotic bodies or cells at the initial stages of the fragmentation process. We have studied 186 cases of infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma, stages pT1-pT2, and analysed the prognostic significance of tumour recurrence and overall survival of apoptotic index (AI) through univariate and multivariate analysis. We have also studied the immunohistochemical protein expression of apoptosis promoter and suppressors gene (p53, nuclear expression; bcl-2 and Bax, cytoplasm expression; BAG-1, nuclear and cytoplasm expression). The results indicate prognostic significance of p53 and bcl-2 related to patient death and bcl-2 and tumour size to tumour recurrence, bcl-2 acting as a protector factor (apoptotic suppressor) in both situations. On the other hand, we have not found useful prognostic information of AI either to tumour recurrence or overall survival in univariate or multivariate studies. In this study, Bax expression does not provide a new prognostic role in breast carcinoma, although it contrasts to the bcl-2 action and accelerates death.

Genetics education for primary care providers in community health settings.

Patients who are in need of genetic services are often inappropriately managed, in part due to inadequate knowledge of genetic issues among primary health care providers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a genetics education program on the knowledge and attitudes of primary care providers in community health settings. A total of one hundred twenty-one primary care providers who work in Texas Public Health Region VIII participated in an educational program designed to provide basic genetics information. A one-group pretest-posttest design was used to assess knowledge and attitudes of subjects, and comparisons were made pre and post intervention. Pretest assessment revealed less than adequate knowledge about basic genetic principles and relatively positive attitudes among the subjects. Following the program, there were statistically significant increases in both knowledge about genetic conditions (P = .001) and attitudes toward provision of genetic services (P = .001). These results indicate that primary health care providers, motivated to learn complex materials and new skills in order to assist their patients, can do so in a relatively short time period.

Chlamydia trachomatis en las infecciones respiratorias agudas del tracto inferior en menores de 6 meses / Chlamydia trachomatis in low tract acute respiratory infections in infants under 6 months of age

En este trabajo retrospectivo se presentan los resultados de serología para Chlamydia trachomatis, de detección de sus antígenos así como de infecciones mixtas a virus y clamidia en niños menores de 6 meses con neumonía o bronquiolitis internados en hospitales públicos de Buenos Aires. Se estudiaron 297 sueros pertenecientes a dos poblaciones: a) niños con etiología viral y bacteriana negativa y b) niños en los que no se excluyó previamente etiología viral ni bacteriana. Los anticuerpos anti-C. trachomatis (IgG e IgM) se investigaron por enzimoinmunoensayo (EIE), microinmunofluorescencia (MIF) y/o inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). En 145 aspirados nasofaríngeos (ANF) se investigó Virus Sincicial Respiratorio (RSV) y Adenovirus por IFI. En 25 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección reciente por clamidia se determinó antígeno clamidial en el ANF por EIE. Se determinó la presencia de infección reciente por C. trachomatis en el 15 por ciento de los casos (45/297) mediante la detección de IgM específica, seroconversión para IgG en muestras pareadas y/o títulos elevados y estables de IgG. El 29,6 por ciento de los pacientes presentó IgG (88/297). La frecuencia de infección reciente en las dos poblaciones de niños fue similar. En neumonías se registró una frecuencia significativamente mayor de infección reciente por C. trachomatis (24,3 por ciento) que en bronquiolitis (11,6 por ciento) (p<0,007). En el 40 por ciento de los pacientes con infección reciente por C. trachomatis (10/25) se pudo demostrar la presencia de antígeno clamidial en ANF. El 62 por ciento de los niños con infección reciente fueron menores de 2 meses de edad. En el análisis de las historias clínicas no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los niños con infección reciente por C. trachomatis versus los que presentaron diagnóstico negativo. Se detectó RSV en el 37 por ciento de los casos estudiados, Adenovirus en el 4 por ciento e infección mixta RSV-clamidia en el 5,5 por ciento. Estos resultados señalan la importancia en nuestro medio de C. trachomatis en las neumonías y bronquiolitis en menores de 6 meses y sugiere la necesidad de su diagnóstico rápido para instituir el tratamiento específico. (AU)

Chlamydia trachomatis en las infecciones respiratorias agudas del tracto inferior en menores de 6 meses / Chlamydia trachomatis in low tract acute respiratory infections in infants under 6 months of age

En este trabajo retrospectivo se presentan los resultados de serología para Chlamydia trachomatis, de detección de sus antígenos así como de infecciones mixtas a virus y clamidia en niños menores de 6 meses con neumonía o bronquiolitis internados en hospitales públicos de Buenos Aires. Se estudiaron 297 sueros pertenecientes a dos poblaciones: a) niños con etiología viral y bacteriana negativa y b) niños en los que no se excluyó previamente etiología viral ni bacteriana. Los anticuerpos anti-C. trachomatis (IgG e IgM) se investigaron por enzimoinmunoensayo (EIE), microinmunofluorescencia (MIF) y/o inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). En 145 aspirados nasofaríngeos (ANF) se investigó Virus Sincicial Respiratorio (RSV) y Adenovirus por IFI. En 25 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección reciente por clamidia se determinó antígeno clamidial en el ANF por EIE. Se determinó la presencia de infección reciente por C. trachomatis en el 15 por ciento de los casos (45/297) mediante la detección de IgM específica, seroconversión para IgG en muestras pareadas y/o títulos elevados y estables de IgG. El 29,6 por ciento de los pacientes presentó IgG (88/297). La frecuencia de infección reciente en las dos poblaciones de niños fue similar. En neumonías se registró una frecuencia significativamente mayor de infección reciente por C. trachomatis (24,3 por ciento) que en bronquiolitis (11,6 por ciento) (p<0,007). En el 40 por ciento de los pacientes con infección reciente por C. trachomatis (10/25) se pudo demostrar la presencia de antígeno clamidial en ANF. El 62 por ciento de los niños con infección reciente fueron menores de 2 meses de edad. En el análisis de las historias clínicas no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los niños con infección reciente por C. trachomatis versus los que presentaron diagnóstico negativo. Se detectó RSV en el 37 por ciento de los casos estudiados, Adenovirus en el 4 por ciento e infección mixta RSV-clamidia en el 5,5 por ciento. Estos resultados señalan la importancia en nuestro medio de C. trachomatis en las neumonías y bronquiolitis en menores de 6 meses y sugiere la necesidad de su diagnóstico rápido para instituir el tratamiento específico.

Histological and radiographic determination of the age of physeal closure of the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal fibula of the New Zealand white rabbit.

A longitudinal study was performed in a series of 124 New Zealand White rabbits to determine the radiographic versus the histologic age of closure of the growth plates of the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal fibula. Periodic assessment was made by standard radiographs and histological studies. Histologically, growth plates in the distal femur closed at 19-24 weeks; growth plates in the proximal tibia, at 25-32 weeks; and growth plates in the proximal fibula, at 26-32 weeks. Radiographically, evidence of closure of growth plates in the distal femur occurred at 20-23 weeks; in the proximal tibia, at 22-27 weeks; and in the proximal fibula, at 23-31 weeks. A discrepancy in age between radiographic and histologic closure of the growth plate occurred in 3.6% of the femora, 10.9% of the tibias, and 16% of the fibulas.

Total IgG and IgG subclass specific antibody responses to insulin in diabetic patients.

Abnormal antibody responses to insulin in diabetic patients have been associated with syndromes of insulin hypersensitivity and abnormal insulin pharmacokinetics. In this study, we evaluated total and IgG subclass antibody responses to insulin in 70 diabetic subjects on insulin distributed into five clinical groups, and in two control groups using ELISAs with CDC/WHO recommended monoclonal antibodies. As expected, levels of total IgG insulin antibody were greater in diabetic patients treated with insulin than in the control group of diabetic patients on oral agents or nondiabetic controls. Insulin antibody responses of the IgG2 subclass were negligible to absent in all groups. Adult diabetic patients on insulin without complications and those with insulin associated anaphylaxis had mean values of IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 insulin antibodies no different from those of controls. Patients with local hypersensitivity had elevated IgG1 responses. Type I diabetic patients had elevated IgG3 responses. A group of Type II diabetic patients selected for high levels of total IgG insulin antibodies had elevated levels of IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 antibody responses. Thus, the IgG subclass response to insulin primarily involves IgG subclasses 1, 3, and 4 and varies with the type of diabetes and complications of insulin therapy.

Sarcoidosis presenting as antinuclear antibody positive glomerulonephritis.

A 43 year old woman who initially presented with the nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) was given the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One year later the patient developed progressive subcutaneous nodules on her forearms, with histopathology of non-caseating granulomas. Further evaluation of the patient showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy and interstitial lung disease with numerous granulomas, establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The presence of autoimmune antibodies and glomerulonephritis has been reported in sarcoidosis, but this case is believed to be the first in which both glomerulonephritis and ANAs are present in a sarcoid patient.

Anaphylaxis. Why it happens and what to do about it.

Anaphylaxis is an often severe, potentially life-threatening symptom complex. Urticaria, airway edema, vascular collapse, asthma, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are common clinical signs. Recently recognized syndromes of anaphylaxis include reactions due to exercise, food preservatives, aspirin, steroids, dialysis, various serums, and human seminal fluid. Initial therapy is directed at maintaining an effective airway and circulatory system. Administration of aqueous epinephrine is always indicated. Other measures may include oxygen delivery by controlled flow, administration of an aerosolized beta agonist, slow infusion of aminophylline, and rapid infusion of intravenous fluid. Patients with severe acute reactions should be monitored in-hospital.

A factor from bursa of Fabricius inhibits in vitro the chorionic gonadotropin response of the chick testis.

The effect of bursa of Fabricius on the endocrine function of the chick testis was studied using an isolated testis cell preparation. Testosterone secretion, both basal and under hCG stimulation, was measured in the incubation medium. The bursal extract inhibited the response of the testis cells to hCG detected as a reduced testosterone secretion. The normal basal secretion of the testis cells was not modified by the bursal extract. To analyze some characteristics of the bursal factor, fractions of approximately known molecular weight were obtained by filtering through Amicon membranes. The active factor was found in the fraction corresponding to 1000-10000 Da. Its activity disappeared after heating of trypsin incubation, suggesting the peptidic nature of the bursal factor. Tissue extracts from gut and spleen did not modify the hCG response of the testis cells. There was inhibition of the hCG response by thymus extracts of the newly hatched chicken. These results add new evidence of a modulatory effect of the immunogenic organs on the endocrine function of the testis in the newly hatched chicken.

Ultrastructure of Leydig cells in the testis of chicken submitted to early embryonic surgical bursectomy.

Different developmental stages of maturation in the Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue are described. The ultrastructure of Leydig cells in chickens submitted to early embryonic surgical bursectomy was compared to sham-operated controls. Subsequent quantitative studies in the testis of the 17.5 days old chick embryo and in newly hatched chickens showed a greater number of differentiated Leydig cells in the bursectomized animals as compared with controls. This phenomenon has been observed at both ages studied and is in agreement with the higher testosterone production previously described in the bursectomized chickens.